Braun drum was invented in which dynasty?

The rattle is a traditional and ancient musical instrument and toy in China, which appeared in the Warring States Period. The main body of the rattle is a small drum with two projectiles on each side and a handle under the drum. The projectile rotating the drum handle shakes the drum to make a sound. Drum body can be wood or bamboo, mud and cardboard; The drum surface is made of sheepskin, cowhide, snakeskin or paper, among which the wooden rattle with sheepskin surface is the most typical. The early rattle was a musical instrument, not a toy. Ringing bells is not unique to a certain place. Rattlesnakes have appeared in all parts of China and ethnic minority areas. Ring bells are popular in Zhuoni, Zhongdian, Weixi, Lijiang, Sichuan, Yanyuan and northern China. Rattlesnakes are widely distributed all over the world, covering five continents.

The origin of rattle

A long history Speaking of the appearance of rattle, it has a long history. The rattle was produced after the drum. As early as the Neolithic painted pottery, the suspected drum was found. 1978, a bronze drum was unearthed in Leigudun, Sui County, Hubei Province. A column is inserted on the base, and the center of the column is a drum. The drum body is a long wooden drum, similar to today's waist drum. This sword drum is definitely shaped like a giant rattle, but it has no ears. During the Warring States period, there was also a kind of "drum platform", which was extremely flat and covered with drums on both sides. The drum is fixed with two rows of staggered drum nails, similar to the drums used by modern "Drum Tree" rappers. The drum body is hung on the drum frame through three metal rings. The drum frame is carved with lacquer wood, with the double phoenix facing * * *, and the base is Shuang Hu's drum body. The appearance of these drums provided a foundation for the production of rattles.

The earliest rattle was called "táo". As a percussion instrument produced in the Warring States period, the sound produced by both ears is difficult to control, and the rhythm, melody and sound size of the sound cannot be completely and accurately completed.

Historical records record the "wandering" in the Book of Songs, "Bi, Bi, Yi." Among them, "táo" is a cockroach. If the drum is small, it has a handle and two ears. If you shake it with its handle, the other ear will hit you, too.

The rattle has appeared in three fields since its development in Song Dynasty. One is the use of ritual music; The second is commercial use; The third is children's toys. Rites and music in the past dynasties have rapids, and the Song Dynasty is no exception. Commercial use refers to the "peddler drum", and folk peddlers generally hold bells to attract customers. At the same time, rattles have become children's favorite toys. In Song Li's "Salesman Map" in the Southern Song Dynasty, we can see the rattle in the painting, which is quite exquisite in shape. The drum handle is made into a gourd handle, which looks like a jar with special ears, similar to a pimp. When the handle is shaken, the pimp makes a sound on the drum surface. There is also a kind of "four-layer rattle", which consists of four small drums from small to large, stacked one by one and rotated 90 degrees alternately. Each drum has two ears made of projectiles, and there are smooth and delicate handles under the drum. According to this picture, people nowadays have copied this kind of peddler drum, and when they shake it, they make a sound, which is high and low, tinkling and pleasing to the ear.

The Five Ruitu written by Su Hanchen in the Southern Song Dynasty has a wonderful rattle. Five boys, wearing masks or putting makeup on their faces, got together to dance exorcise, one of them holding a rattle in one hand. Hold the drum in your right hand and raise it to your forehead and left finger; Holding the drum in the left hand, pointing to the right from the chest. The two rattles are the same, both of which are double drums. The upper drum is flat and round, and the lower drum is long and similar to the waist drum. The surface of the drum is painted with patterns; The drum body of the long drum is inlaid with small flowers in copper, which is exquisite and beautiful to an unprecedented extent. Rattle, also known as rattle, is a percussion instrument, which is found in Tibetan, Naxi, Mongolian, Manchu, Han and other ethnic groups. Moreover, different regions have different names, so the nicknames of rattles are rich and colorful. The rattle was called Fu, Fu and Lu in ancient times. In Tibetan, it is called Damaru, Dake, Raolu, Reba Gongga and Zhuoni Drum. Naxi people call Dongba drum and tambourine. Han nationality is also known as snare drum, peddler drum, wave drum, Braun drum and wave drum, and some areas in the south of the Yangtze River are also known as Yao.

In fact, most of the names of rattles come from different ways of writing. Although the writing is different and the words are different, the pronunciation is similar. But the name "rattle" is the most popular. There are three main uses of ringing bells: one is for music and ceremony, the other is for business, and the third is for children's toys.

The rattle used for ritual music in ancient times was called "Yun". Naiben is an ancient musical instrument, which has been widely used in court music in past dynasties and is a common musical instrument in performance etiquette. The Book of Songs Geisha says, "Gu Gu He." After textual research, I often play drums, drums and other rituals and music. The annotation of the Book of Classics says: "It belongs to the pleasure under the hall", that is, it is played in the second half of the music. Zhou Li Spring Palace Poem says: "Teach drums, drums, flutes, pipes, strings and songs". It can be seen that the rattle and the flute string have the same parallel status.

The Zhuoni drum, which is popular in Zhuoni, Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Jiangsu Province, has the same shape as the handle drum that is common in all parts of Tibet. It is a big rattle that is played without a hook-shaped drum pestle. Jonny drums come in two sizes. The heads of the two drums are decorated with Tibetan colorful patterns, and small metal rings are installed on both sides of the drum cavity, and leather drum pendants are tied on the rings. When playing, turn the drum handle, so that the drum falls and hits the drum surface left and right, and the sound is loud. Mostly used to accompany Tibetan folk dances.

This kind of rattle is popular in Naxi and Tibetan areas in northwest Yunnan Province, and is mainly made of walnuts. The drum cavity is oblate, with a drum surface diameter of 20 cm and a drum cavity thickness of 12 cm. Both sides of the drum stand are tied with string, and each end of the rope is tied with a small piece of wood. The drum handle is 46 cm long. There is a long-handled rattle in the Yunnan Provincial Museum. The drum head is 22.5 cm in diameter and the drum handle is 93.5 cm in length. When playing, turn the drum handle with both hands, and the small wooden blocks on both sides of the drum tap the drum center to pronounce. Mostly used in Naxi Dongba religion and other occasions.

In Jiaxiang County in the southwest of Shandong Province, there was a popular string drum, in which small drums of different sizes were strung on the drum handle to play the traditional drum worship ceremony suite.

After commercial use entered the folk, it lost the functions of etiquette and music and evolved into a folk audio instrument. In ancient times, vendors often rang bells to attract customers. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Song Li's "Salesman's Map", the vendor held a rather elegant rattle in his hand. All kinds of children's toys and small department stores are hung on his burden, and a special rattle is hung obliquely on the shelf behind him. Four gradually increasing drums are stacked together and alternately rotated by 9 0 degrees. All four drums have binaural shells, and there are smooth and comfortable handles under them. This exquisite rattle is hanging on the shelf, together with other toys, it must be for sale. Generally speaking, the bigger the drum surface of a rattle, the deeper the sound, and the smaller the drum surface, the higher the sound. Here, the drums on all sides are from small to large, with different sizes. When they shake, they will make a high and low sound, and the design is very clever. It can be seen from this rattle that it was very popular as a folk toy in the Southern Song Dynasty and reached a high level.

Yiwu, Zhejiang, the capital of small commodities, has been developed into a "world supermarket" by vendors carrying rattles, and Yiwu people call it "rattle culture".

According to the Records of Yiwu County, as early as the Qing Dynasty, local farmers were engaged in the industry of "changing chicken feathers for sugar". The vendor's sugar bear consists of two laundry baskets, two mountain products boxes, a rattle and a pole. The laundry basket is used to hold items such as chicken and duck feathers, and the box is filled with sugar cakes made of brown sugar and ginger sugar granules, which is the exchange capital of vendors. Later, the goods in the sugar cane gradually increased, and all kinds of small commodities necessary for life were available. Vendors carry sugar cane, shake rattles, walk the streets and lanes, and attract customers with crisp and rhythmic drums. Yiwu people believe that the rattle of "chicken feathers for sugar" gave birth to the world-famous Yiwu small commodity market.

Beijingers think the rattle is their treasure, and they cherish it as much as the Temple of Heaven. Many books reflecting the folk customs of old Beijing have descriptions of ringing bells. For example, in Yanjing Local Records, there is an article "Drumming" that says: Drumming is collecting second-hand goods. The origin of this name is probably because they came out to do business with a small drum in their hands. There are two kinds of drums: one is to play hard drums; One is playing soft drums. The cost of playing hard drums is relatively high, and there is considerable contact with various antique shops. They also open small second-hand shops themselves. Playing soft drums is the opposite of playing hard drums. They go to poor people's homes and alleys to buy old useless things.

Children's Toys With the changes of the times, today's rattles are mainly used for children's toys.

The toy rattle is widely spread because its sound effect and entertainment effect work together. Just like the cries of vendors should be in tune, rattles can make a changing sound to attract attention; Modeling features enhance the appreciation. Even the practical rattle on the vendor's hand is inevitably entertaining, and it always shows a cheerful, relaxed and beautiful temperament when attracting customers.

The production of rattles in modern industrial toys has stopped, because binaural projectiles, such as glass beads and jujube stones, are easily swallowed by children and pose a threat to their personal safety. However, rattles still have a good market in rural areas, and rattles with different materials and styles are still being made.