Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Traditional stories - The Analects of Confucius Zi Han

The Analects of Confucius Zi Han

the original 9.1 zihan (1) speaks of profit and (2) lives and benevolence.

note (1) rare: rare, very few. (2) and: approval and affirmation.

Confucius seldom talked about interests, but he was in favor of destiny and benevolence.

The analysis of "Zi Han talks about profit" shows Confucius' contempt for "profit". In The Analects of Confucius, we also see him talking about "profit" in many places, but he basically advocates "putting righteousness before profit" and "emphasizing righteousness over profit". It can be said that Confucius rarely talks about "profit". In addition, this chapter says that Confucius agrees with "fate" and "benevolence", which shows that Confucius attaches great importance to this. When Confucius talks about "destiny", he often connects "destiny" with "heaven", that is, "destiny", which is an integral part of Confucius' thought. Confucius also talked about "benevolence", which is the core of his thought. We have also commented on this in the previous chapter, please refer to.

The original 9.2 Daxiang Party member (1) said, "Great Confucius! Erudite without fame (2). " When the son heard of it, he said to his younger brother, "What can I do? Hold on to it? How about shooting? I am in control. "

Note (1) Daxiang Party: In ancient times, 5 families were one party, and Daxiang was the name of the party. This means the people in this place, the Daxiang Party. (2) erudite but not famous: knowledgeable, so you can't praise him in a certain way.

someone in the place of Daxiang Party said, "Confucius is really great! He is so knowledgeable that he can't be praised for his expertise in one aspect. " Confucius heard this and said to his students, "What should I specialize in?"? What about driving? Or archery? I'd better drive. "

There is another explanation for the sentence "learned but not famous" in this chapter, that is, "learned extensively, but unfortunately there is no skill to be famous." Those who hold this view believe that Confucius is great on the surface, but in fact he is not knowledgeable. He knows everything and is not good at anything. In this regard, we feel that it seems a little too demanding to blame.

the original 9.3 Confucius said: "Ma Mian (1) is also a ceremony; Today is also pure (2), frugal (3), I follow the crowd. Worship (4), courtesy also; Thank you today, Tai (5) also. Although it is against the public, I am from the bottom. "

Note (1) Hemp crown: a hat made of linen. (2) Pure: silk, black silk. (3) Thrift: Thrift, hemp is labor-intensive, and silk is thrifty. (4) Bow down: Before meeting the monarch, the minister bowed down under the hall, and then bowed down in the hall. (5) ty: here refers to arrogance and arrogance.

Confucius said, "A hat made of linen conforms to the rules of etiquette. Now everyone uses black silk, which is more economical than in the past. I agree with everyone's practice. (I see the monarch) First of all, you should bow down under the hall, which is also in line with the ceremony. Now everyone bows down in class, which is a sign of arrogance. Although it is different from everyone's practice, I still advocate worshipping in the hall first. "

An analysis of Confucius' approval of using a frugal black silk hat instead of a hat made of hemp shows that Confucius is not stubbornly insisting that everything should conform to the rules of the rites of Zhou, but is unwilling to make concessions on the principle he thinks, because the problem of bowing involves the big problem of "the defense of the monarch", which is fundamentally different from wearing a hat.

The original 9.4 Zi Jue Si-Wu Yi (1), Wu Bi (2), Wu Gu (3), Wu Me (4).

Note (1) Meaning: conjectures, conjectures and suspicions. (2) must: must. (3) solid: stubborn. (4) Me: This refers to selfishness.

Confucius put an end to four evils: no subjective suspicion, no expectation to be realized, no opinionated behavior, and no selfishness.

Comment on "Juesi" is a major feature of Confucius, which involves people's moral concepts and values. Only by doing these things first can people improve their morality and cultivate their noble personality.

The original 9.5 Zi was afraid of Kuang (1) and said, "Wen Wang (2) is gone, but Wen is not here (3)." Heaven will lose sven, and the deceased (4) shall not be with (5) sven; If the sky is not lost, what will the Kuang people give (6)? "

Note (1) Fear of Kuang: Kuang, a place name, is in the southwest of Changyuan County, Henan Province. Fear, be threatened. In 496 BC, Confucius went through Kuangdi from Weiguo to Chen. The Kuang people were plundered and killed by the Yanghu of Lu State. The appearance of Confucius is similar to that of Yanghu, and Kuang people mistakenly think that Confucius is Yanghu, so they besieged him. (2) King Wen: Zhou Wenwang, surnamed Ji Mingchang, the father of Zhou Wuwang, the founding king of the Western Zhou Dynasty, was one of the ancient sages considered by Confucius. (3) here, it refers to Confucius himself. (4) Post-deceased: Confucius refers to himself here. (5) and: the same as "lift", here is the meaning of mastery. (6) If you give me what you want, do what you want to me.

When Confucius was besieged by people in Kuangdi, he said, "After Zhou Wenwang died, didn't the ritual and music culture of the Zhou Dynasty all reflect on me? If god wants to destroy this culture, then I can't master it; If God doesn't destroy this culture, what can the Kuang people do to me? "

It's not the first time for Confucius to be besieged when he was out lobbying. Of course, this time it was a misunderstanding. However, Confucius has his own firm belief. He emphasizes the subjective and dynamic role of individuals and thinks that he is the successor and disseminator of Zhou Wenhua. However, when Confucius was repeatedly in trouble, he also felt the limitations of manpower, and attributed the decisive role to heaven, indicating his recognition of "destiny."

original 9.6 Taizai (1) asked Yu Zigong, "What is the relationship between the master and the sage? How many can also? " Zi Gong said, "The commander of the solid heaven (2) is holy and powerful." When Zi heard this, he said, "Does Taizai know me? I'm cheap, so I can be mean (3). How many gentlemen are there? Not much. "

note (1) Taizai: official name, who is in charge of the court affairs of the monarch. Some people say that Taizai here is Taizai Bo of the State of Wu, but it cannot be confirmed. (2) vertical: let, make, unlimited. (3) despicable things: despicable things.

Taizai asked Zigong, "Is Confucius a saint? Why are you so versatile? " Zi Gong said: "It was God who made him a saint and made him versatile." When Confucius heard this, he said, "How can Taizai know me? Because of my humble position as a teenager, I know many humble skills. Will a gentleman have so many skills? Not much. "

Comment and analysis As a student of Confucius, Zi Gong thinks that his teacher is a genius, and he is endowed with versatility by God. But Confucius denied this here. He said that he was a lowly teenager and needed to master more skills to make a living, which showed that Confucius did not admit that he was a saint at that time.

The original 9.7 prison (1) said: "Zi Yun,' I don't try (2), so I am an artist'."

Note (1) Prison: Zheng Xuan said that this person was a student of Confucius, but this person was not seen in Historical Records. Biography of Zhong Ni Disciples. (2) try: use, be appointed.

Zi Zhen said: "Confucius said,' I didn't become an official (when I was young), so I learned many skills'."

Comment on this chapter, which is related to the content of the previous chapter, is also used to explain Confucius' thought that "I was not born to know". He doesn't consider himself a "saint" or a "genius". He said that his versatility was due to his poor life when he was young, so he mastered many skills to make a living.

the original 9.8 Confucius said, "I have Zhihu."? Ignorance is also. There is a man (1) asking me, and it is empty (2). I knocked (3) at both ends (4) and exhausted (5). "

Note (1) Bifu: Confucius called people from the countryside and the lower classes. (2) Empty: refers to the emptiness and ignorance in Confucius' own mind. (3) knock: knock and ask. (4) two ends: two ends, which refer to positive and negative, always, and up and down. (5) Exhaustion: Exhausting and trying to investigate.

Confucius said, "Do I have knowledge? Actually, there is no knowledge. A countryman asked me that I had no idea what he was talking about. I just ask from both ends of the question, so that I can figure it all out. "

Comment on Confucius himself, who is not arrogant. This is also the case. People can't be very proficient in everything in the world, because people's energy is limited after all. However, Confucius has a basic method to analyze and solve problems, which is "knocking on both ends and exhausting". As long as we grasp the two extremes of the problem, we can find a solution to the problem. This method embodies the Confucian doctrine of the mean and is a very meaningful way of thinking.

the original 9.9 Confucius said, "If the phoenix bird (1) doesn't arrive, the river won't draw a picture (2), and I'm married!"

note (1) phoenix bird: a divine bird in ancient legends. Legend has it that the phoenix bird appeared in Shun and Zhou Wenwang times, and its appearance symbolizes that the "holy king" will be born. (2) The river can't draw a picture: It is said that in the ancient Fu Xishi era, there were dragons and horses in the Yellow River carrying eight diagrams. Its appearance also symbolizes that the "holy king" will be born.

Confucius said: "The phoenix bird will not come, and there will be no eight diagrams in the Yellow River. My life is over! "

Comment on Confucius' hard work to restore the ritual system. In his later years, he saw that the recovery of Zhou Li seemed to have become a bubble, so he issued the above lament. Judging from these words, in his later years, the religious superstition in Confucius' mind was more serious than before.

Original 9.1 If you see zicui (1), those who wear clothes (2) and those who wear clothes (3), if you see them, you must do (4); After that, it is inevitable (5).

note (1) zicui: the sound of z and Cu, mourning, was made of linen in ancient times. (2) those who wear clothes: crowns, official hats; Clothes, tops; Dress, dress, here refers to the official uniform. Those who wear clothes refer to nobles. (3) blind: gǔ, blind. (4) make: stand up and pay tribute. (5) trend: walk quickly and pay tribute.

When Confucius meets people in mourning, officials and blind people, although they are young, they must stand up and pass by them quickly.

Confucius is very familiar with the rites of Zhou, and he knows what to do when he meets someone. He should be polite to the distinguished, the mourners and the blind. The reason why Confucius did this also shows that he greatly respected "etiquette" and tried his best to restore the ideal society ruled by etiquette.

Yan Yuan sighed (1) in the original 9.11: "Yang Zhi Mi (2) is high, drilling (3) is strong, and looking forward to (4) is ahead, but suddenly it is behind. The master followed the good and tempting (5), and he wrote to me and asked me to be polite, but he couldn't stop. That is, I will exhaust my talents, if I have made a difference (6). Although I want to follow it, at the end (7) has also been. "

note (1) ho: the sound kuì, like a sigh. (2) Mi: More and more. (3) drilling: studying. (4) look: sound zhān, see and see. (5) Follow the course, be good and attractive: follow the course and orderly. Lure, persuade, guide. (6) Zall: tall and superior. (7) End cause: end, nothing, nothing. By, way, path. There is no way here.

Yan Yuan sighed: "(For teachers' knowledge and morality), I looked up, and the more I looked up, the higher I felt;" I study hard, and the more I study, the more I feel inexhaustible. It looks like it's in front, and suddenly it looks like it's behind. The teacher is good at inducing me step by step, enriching my knowledge with all kinds of classics, and restraining my words and deeds with all kinds of etiquette, which makes it impossible for me to stop studying until I have exhausted my best. It seems that there is a very tall thing standing in front of me. Although I want to follow it, there is no way forward. "

Comment on Yan Yuan's strong admiration for his teacher in this chapter, saying that Confucius' knowledge and morality are unattainable. In addition, he also talked about Confucius' educational methods for students, and "being persuasive" became one of the principles that teachers should follow in the future.

Original 9.12 Sub-disease, Zi Lu makes his master a minister (1). In the sick room (2), he said, "It's been a long time, so let it cheat. There is no minister but a minister. Who is bullying me? Bullying the sky? And instead of dying at the hands of ministers, there is no peace (3) dying at the hands of two or three sons? And give it a big burial (4), and die on the road? "

note (1) is a minister: a minister refers to a retainer and a general manager. Confucius was not a doctor at that time, and there was no retainer, but Zilu asked a doorman to act as the retainer of Confucius, who was prepared to take charge of the burial of Confucius. (2) Sick room: the condition is relieved. (3) No peace: I would rather. "Nothing" is a phrasal word and has no meaning. (4) Big burial: refers to the doctor's funeral.

Confucius was seriously ill, and Zilu sent (Confucius's) disciples to be the servants of Confucius. Later, Confucius got better, and he said, "Zhong You has been doing this kind of fraud for a long time. I have no retainer, but I have to pretend to have one. Who am I kidding? Am I lying to God? Wouldn't it be better for me to die under the service of you students than under the service of my retainer? And even if I can't be buried as a doctor, will I be left on the side of the road and no one will bury me? "

Comment on Confucianism's great emphasis on funerals, especially on the hierarchy of funerals. For the dead, we should bury them in strict accordance with the relevant provisions of the rites of Zhou. People of different grades have different burial ceremonies, and it is a big violation of this regulation. Confucius objected to the students' funeral for him according to the doctor's ceremony, in order to abide by the provisions of the rites of Zhou.

original 9.13 zi gong said, "there are beautiful jade in Sri Lanka, isn't it? (1) and hidden? Seek good Jia (2) and sell it? " Confucius said, "What a joy to sell (3)! What a joy to sell! I treat Jia Zhe also. "

note (1)? : the sound yù nù dù, the cabinet for collecting objects. (2) Good Jia: a businessman who knows the goods. (3) sell: sell.

Zigong said, "Here is a beautiful jade. Should I keep it in the cupboard? Or find a businessman who knows the goods to sell? " Confucius said: "sell it, sell it!" I am waiting for someone who knows the goods. "

The comment on "waiting for Jia and selling it" illustrates such a problem. Confucius claimed to be "waiting for Jia". On the one hand, he lobbied everywhere, taking it as his duty to promote the rule of the world by courtesy, expecting rulers of all countries to do his own thing in the world; On the other hand, he is always ready to push himself to the position of governing the country and rely on the power of the regime to promote the ceremony. Therefore, this chapter reflects Confucius' psychology of seeking official positions.

The original 9.14 Zi wants to live in Jiuyi (1). Or: "Ugly (2), so what?" Confucius said, "Where a gentleman lives, how can he be humble?"

note (1) jiuyi: the general term for the oriental minorities in ancient China. (2) ugly: vulgar, culturally closed and uncivilized.

Confucius wants to move to Jiuyi. Someone said, "How can you live there because it is very backward, closed and uncivilized?" Confucius said, "If a gentleman goes to his place, he will not be closed and backward."

Comment on ancient China, people in the Central Plains called people living in the east barbarians, thinking that this place was closed and backward, and the local people were ignorant and uncivilized. When Confucius answered someone's question, he said that as long as there are gentlemen living in these places, spreading cultural knowledge and civilizing people's ignorance, then these places will not be closed and backward.

original 9.15 Confucius said: "I defended myself against Lu (1), and then I was happy (2) and elegant.