What is the basic knowledge of China's calligraphy history?

On the surface, calligraphy refers to the statutes of writing. In life, the word calligraphy has the following meanings: first, it is synonymous with a written work or the floorboard of all written works; Second, an art category generally refers to the art of writing Chinese characters. Kang Youwei said in Guang Yi and Zhou Shuang: "Tang Yan's composition is the music of the Song and Shang Dynasties", from which we can see that the calligraphy in the Tang Dynasty pursued the highest and most rigorous statutes, and its calligraphy achievements were also the highest in the history of calligraphy.

Calligraphy is a unique traditional art in China. Chinese characters in China were created by working people and began to be recorded by pictures. After thousands of years of development, it has evolved into today's writing. Because our ancestors invented the brush, calligraphy came into being. Throughout the ages, Chinese characters were mainly written with a brush. As for other writing forms, such as hard pen and finger calligraphy, their writing rules are basically the same, but they are not completely different from China's calligraphy.

narrow sense

Calligraphy in a narrow sense refers to the methods and laws of writing Chinese characters with a brush. Including writing, calligraphy, stippling, structure, layout (distribution, lines, composition) and so on. For example, the pen refers to the palm and the five fingers are Qi Li; The pen carrying center is unfolded; Stippling is the same as a pen; The structure is shaped by words and echoes each other; The distribution is intricate, the density is appropriate, and the virtual and the real are born together, and the whole chapter is full of gas fields; Every word is ancient for literacy, and every word is big and small, and high is not as good as low.

The connotation of calligraphy mainly includes the following aspects:

1. Calligraphy refers to the art of expressing emotions with Four Treasures of the Study as a tool. The particularity of tools is an important aspect of the particularity of calligraphy art, and it is an important part of calligraphy techniques to fully embody the performance of tools with the help of Four Treasures of the Study. Without Four Treasures of the Study, there would be no calligraphy art.

2. Calligraphy art takes Chinese characters as the carrier. The particularity of Chinese characters is another important aspect of calligraphy particularity. China's calligraphy can not be separated from Chinese characters, and the form of Chinese character stippling and the collocation of radicals are the contents that writers pay more attention to. Different from other pinyin characters, Chinese characters are a combination of form, sound and meaning, which has strong formal significance.

The so-called "six books" of the ancients refer to six methods of pictographic, fingering, comprehending, pictophonetic, transliteration and borrowing of Chinese characters, which is of great guiding significance to the analysis of Chinese character structure.

3. The background of calligraphy art is China traditional culture. Calligraphy is rooted in China traditional culture, which is the background of its existence and development. The calligraphy theory we see today since the Han Dynasty has its own systematicness, integrity and orderliness. Calligraphy theory, like other literary theories, includes not only the technique theory of calligraphy itself, but also the aesthetic theory of calligraphy, all of which shine with the wisdom of ancient China literati.

For example, the theory of how to express the categories of "spirit, qi, bone, flesh and blood" in calligraphy, the theory of techniques such as brushwork, calligraphy and composition, and the theory of creation and evaluation all have their own systems.

4. Calligraphy art noumenon includes brushwork, word method, structure method, composition method, ink method, pen gesture and so on. Calligraphy brushwork is the core content of its techniques. The brushwork, also known as "using a pen", refers to the pen-lifting method with a front. Morphology, also known as "knot" and "structure", refers to the relationship of collocation, insertion, echo and avoidance. Composition, also known as "white cloth", refers to the overall layout of a word, including the handling of the relationship between words and lines. Ink method is the method of using ink, which refers to the treatment of thick and thin dry and wet ink.

broad sense

Calligraphy in a broad sense refers to the writing rules of language symbols. In other words, calligraphy refers to writing with its brushwork, structure and composition according to the characteristics and significance of words, making it a beautiful work of art.

With the development of cultural undertakings, calligraphy is not limited to using brush and writing Chinese characters, but its connotation has been greatly increased. For example, in the use of tools, there are many kinds of pens, such as writing brushes, hard pens, computer instruments, spray gun branding tools, carving knives, engraving machines, and daily tools (mainly hardware and daily tools with hard texture that can be used for writing).

Pigments not only use black ink blocks, inks, adhesives, chemicals, lacquered glazes, etc., but also are colorful and strange; There are too many varieties to mention one by one. From the way of writing, some people write with their hands, others with their feet, and many people write with other organs. Some people don't even use pens to write, such as "pointing at books" and "squeezing books". In terms of writing style, it is not a kind of Chinese characters, and some minority languages have also entered the calligraphy art world, and Mongolian is an example;

There are five main calligraphy styles in China, namely, seal script (including big seal script and small seal script), regular script (including He Jinli), official script (including regular script and regular script), running script (including running script and cursive script) and cursive script (including,, big grass and standard cursive script).

Extended data:

Classification:

1, seal script

Seal script is a general term for big seal script and small seal script. Oracle Bone Inscriptions, 3000 years ago, is the earliest recognizable writing handed down, mainly used for divination. The brushwork is thin and powerful, with many straight lines. There are Fang Bi, round pen and sharp pen, and there are many "hanging needles" for writing. Big seal script refers to inscriptions on bronze inscriptions, bronzes and six-country scripts, which retain the obvious characteristics of ancient hieroglyphics. Xiao Zhuan, also known as "Qin Zhuan", is a commonly used character in Qin State and a simplified font of Da Zhuan, which is characterized by uniform and neat glyphs and is easier to write than Wen Shu.

2. Official script

Lishu, also called Han Li, is a solemn font commonly used in Chinese characters. Its writing effect is slightly wide and flat, the horizontal painting is long and straight, and it is rectangular, paying attention to "silkworm head and goose tail" and "twists and turns". Lishu originated in the Qin Dynasty and was compiled by Cheng Miao. It reached its peak in the Eastern Han Dynasty, which had a great influence on later calligraphy. Calligraphy is called "Tang Kai of Han Li".

For example, the memorial tablet of Confucius Temple made by Xiang and Han Xu is also called the tablet of Confucius Temple in Hanming House, the tablet of Xu Shifa and the tablet of Han Xu. Han Yongshou two years (156), official script. Length 227.2 cm, width 102.4 cm. Confucius Temple in Qufu, Shandong Province. There is no amount. Carved on all sides, all official script. There are sixteen lines of stele Yang, with 36 characters. At the end of the text, there are nine titles such as Han Xu. There are inscriptions on the body and sides of the tablet.

3. Regular script

Regular script is also called regular script, real script and official script. Li Shu, founded by Cheng Miao, has gradually evolved and become more simplified and level. Regular script has the meaning of model, which was first mentioned in Zhang Huaiguan's Shu Duan. People in the Six Dynasties still used it habitually, such as Yang Xin's Cai, and On the Biography of Wei Shou, saying, "Shou is a general, and Jingzhao people are good at regular script." That's the abbreviation of "eight-block method", which didn't replace the name of the official book until the Northern Song Dynasty, and its content was obviously different from the ancient name. There is probably an example of the above.

4. Running script

Running script is developed and originated on the basis of official script, which produces a font between regular script and cursive script to make up for the slow writing speed of regular script and the fuzziness of cursive script. "Go" means "go", so it is not as scribbled as cursive script, nor as straight as regular script. Whether it is cursive or cursive in essence. Those with more patterns than grass patterns are called "running patterns", and those with more grass patterns are called "running grass".

5, cursive script

Cursive script is a font of Chinese characters, which is characterized by simple structure and continuous strokes. Formed in the Han Dynasty, it evolved on the basis of official script for the convenience of writing. There are Cao Zhang, modern grass and weeds, and it feels beautiful in madness. "Shuo Wen Jie Zi" says: "There are cursive scripts in Han Xing". The cursive script began in the early Han dynasty, and its characteristics are: keeping the outline of characters, damaging the official rules, rushing away and rushing away quickly. Because of the meaning of grass, it is called cursive script.