Xibo people in history, from which ethnic group?

Xibo nationality is one of the ethnic groups with less population in China. "Xibo" is a national name. People in China have rhinoceroses; Different transliteration and writing methods, such as Shi Bi, Xianbei, Biya, Bai Xi, Xi Bi and Xibe. There are different opinions about the meaning of the word "Jingxibo". One is that it is a beast with a hook, that is, it is called "Xi Pi" (the biography of Xiongnu in Han Dynasty); A place name. The area around Shiweishan in Huanan, Hailar is called Xibo, and people living in this area are named after it. Most people in this nation think they are adherents of Xianbei, and there are many legends circulating among the people. Concentrated in Shenyang, Kaiyuan, Yixian, Beizhen, Xinmin, Fengcheng and other places in Liaoning, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. It is mainly concentrated in Chabuchar Xibe Autonomous County of Yili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture and Huocheng County and Gong Liu County of Yili River Basin. Yuji lives in Fuyu, Qianguoerluosi Mongolian Autonomous County of Jilin Province and Beijing. According to the statistics of the fifth national census in 2000, the population of Xibo nationality is 188824. Xibo people living in the northeast use Chinese and Mongolian; Xibe people living in Xinjiang use Xibe language, belonging to Altai Manchu and Tungusic languages. There is Xibo.

The origin and change of nationalities Xibo nationality is related to Xianbei in ancient times. Initially nomadic in the eastern foot of Daxing 'anling Mountains, to the Sixteen Kingdoms period (304-439). Murong and other departments moved south to the Yellow River basin and established political power, and then merged with the Han nationality. A few Xianbei people still live in Nenjiang, Chu Er and Songhua River basins, and maintain the original mode of production. These Xianbei people are the ancestors of Xibe people today. It is also said that Xibo nationality originated from Xiongnu, or Shiwei, or Jurchen. Before the Qing Dynasty, they flourished in a vast area with Botun (now Fuyu County, Jilin Province) as the center, east to Jilin, west to Hulunbeier, north to Nenjiang and south to Liaohe River Basin. Generations live by fishing and hunting, and the catch is basically evenly distributed, and everyone has a share.

From the end of16th century to the beginning of17th century, Xibo people were conquered by Manchu rulers and merged into Eight Banners Mongolia and Eight Banners Manchuria. During the period of 100 years, Xibo people have dispersed from their long-term residence to many areas. Frequent garrison and transfer, not only to the three northeastern provinces, but also to Yunnan and Xinjiang. 1764, 10 16 people were recruited to the frontier of Xinjiang, with more than 2,000 dependents. Since then, Xibo people have separated in the northeast and northwest. Young people act as "armor" and police officers, while idle workers and their families engage in agricultural and sideline production. The Eight Banners system made Xibo people under the direct rule of Qing Dynasty, and their economic life and social organization changed greatly, from the original fishing and hunting economy with great mobility to a stable agricultural economy.

socioeconomics

Xibo people who lived in Daxinganling and Hulunbeier grasslands in the early days later moved to Nenjiang and Songhua River basins. Live a fishing and hunting lifestyle. When the Eight Banners were included in the early Qing Dynasty, the feudal relations of production formed and developed. Flag land is "public", which is distributed according to the rank of flag officer and armor, and the number varies. It was originally "salary" and "military pay". In the thirty-second year of Qianlong (767), the Xibo nationality in Xinjiang was also compiled as the Eight Lu Niu (Banner) and stationed in the Yili River Basin. In the seventh year of Jiaqing (1802), with the support of Turgen, the general manager of Northwest Camp, after hard struggle, water was diverted from the Chabuchar Pass, and a grand canal was dug from the cliff, which eventually attracted the Ili River to irrigate fertile fields, hence the name "Chabuchar Canal", which means "granary". Xibe people settled in the north and south of the canal successively. Later, together with the Eight Banners, they successively dug some canals in Yili, Bortala and Tacheng, and reclaimed 65,438+10,000 mu of fertile land, so that some local brothers learned a lot of agricultural production knowledge and technology? . It has contributed to the development and defense of the frontier. /kloc-in the 1980s of 0/9, the flag system began to disintegrate, and the flag land was gradually concentrated in the hands of a few landlords. Xibo people are getting poorer and poorer, becoming employees and tenants. Take Chabuchar No.3 and fourth area as examples. The landlords and rich peasants, who account for only 5% of the total population, account for 30% of the total land area, occupying all grasslands and a large number of livestock. The poor farm labourers, who account for 58% of the total population, only account for 148% of the total land and have almost no livestock. Tin! From generation to generation, the Bai people have demanded the abolition of land ownership, land clearing, the issuance of title deeds and the rational use of grasslands, and they have struggled for this, but they have all been brutally suppressed.

After liberation, Xibe people entered a new era of national equality, unity and mutual assistance, and enjoyed equal rights with all ethnic groups politically. 1954, Chabuchar Xibo Autonomous County was established, and a series of social reforms were carried out, and it embarked on the socialist road. The production of workers and peasants has been developing continuously, and the people's living standards have been improving. Although agriculture is still the mainstay, after the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, agricultural machinery for scientific farming and orange planting has been popularized. Industrial and mining enterprises have further developed. All social undertakings are full of vitality.

Xibe population170,000. Mainly distributed in Xinjiang Ili Chabuchar Xibo Autonomous County and Liaoning, Jilin and other provinces. Xibe nationality belongs to Manchu branch of Manchu-Tungusic family of Altai language family, which is very close to Manchu. Xibo people use Chinese, Uygur and Kazakh at the same time. Xibo language was changed on the basis of Manchu in 36 years of the Republic of China (1947), and it has been used ever since.

Xibo people live in Hulunbeier grassland and Nenjiang River basin. /kloc-In the middle of the 8th century, they moved westward to Chabuchar, Xinjiang, and now they live in Xibo Autonomous County, Huocheng, Gong Liu and other counties in Chabuchar, Xinjiang, and are scattered in Shenyang, Kaiyuan, Yixian, Beizhen, Xinmin, Fengcheng, Fuyu, eastern Inner Mongolia and Nenjiang River Basin in Heilongjiang Province.

Xibe people like to ride horses and shoot arrows. Therefore, Xibo people enjoy the reputation of "archery nation". They can sing and dance well, and "Dhombre" is a unique plucked instrument of Xibe nationality.

In the early Xibe generation, hunting and fishing were the livelihood, while Chaerchar mainly managed agriculture by planting rice, and the animal husbandry was also relatively developed.

In the northwest, northeast and parts of Inner Mongolia, you can see some people who are good at riding and shooting. Sometimes they leap and whip for horse racing, sometimes they bow and arrow for archery, sometimes they wrestle in groups of three or five, and sometimes they practice weightlifting several times with great interest ... They are Xibo people.

There are more than 6.5438+0.72 million Xibe people, who are distributed in Xibe Autonomous County of Chabuchar, Huocheng County and Gong Liu County in Xinjiang. Shenyang, Kaiyuan, Yixian, Beizhen, Xinmin, Fengcheng, Fuyu and eastern Inner Mongolia are also distributed.

Xibe and Manchu are very close. Xibo people in Chabuchar, Huocheng, Gong Liu, Tacheng and other places in Xinjiang still maintain their own spoken and written languages, and they also use Chinese, Uygur and Kazakh. Xibo nationality in northeast China is basically the same as Han nationality and Manchu nationality in language, food, clothing, housing and transportation. Xibo language was slightly changed from Manchu in 1947, and it is still in use today.

The early Xibe people lived by hunting and fishing. At present, Xibo people in Chabuchar area are engaged in agriculture, mainly planting rice, and animal husbandry is relatively developed. There are also many young people engaged in commerce and handicrafts. The number of cadres in our country has been growing, there are all kinds of professionals, and hospitals and schools have been established.

In the past, most Xibo people were it runners in the family, as many as four or five generations. Xibo people pay great attention to etiquette, and the younger generation should pay tribute to their elders. The "Hala" meeting, composed of male patriarchs, deals with important affairs within the family and implements clan rules. At present, the good tradition of respecting the old and loving the young is still passed down from generation to generation, but the "Hala" meeting has gradually drifted away. Party and government departments at all levels have formulated and implemented measures to build socialist spiritual civilization, such as village rules and regulations. Unity among ethnic groups and with other ethnic groups around them has been further strengthened.

Xibo people mainly eat rice and noodles, but also milk tea, ghee, beef and mutton. Clothing is basically the same as Manchu, and changes and differs with the changes of the times, regional differences and the mutual influence between ethnic groups. In the Qing Dynasty, Xibo men's clothing was almost the same as Manchu clothing, with robes and mandarin jackets, left slits, domes, white socks and embroidered shoes, and they liked to wear earrings, bracelets and rings. The old lady wears a white headscarf in spring, summer and autumn, a cotton hat in winter, and a leopard skin sewn on the brim of the hat, which is called "Kunqiu hat". The girl has only one long braid hanging down from the middle of her back. After marriage, tie a pair of braids and tie them on your head. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, clothing gradually became the same as that of the Han nationality, and only Xibo women in Yili still kept the habit of wearing robes.

Xibo people pay great attention to etiquette, but there are also some taboos. Such as pants, shoes, socks, etc. What you take off when you sleep can't be placed on high places; Can't lie on the kang; Wood can cross clothes, quilts and pillows; You can't sit on the threshold or stand while eating. It is forbidden to knock on tables and bowls. Daughter-in-law can't eat at the same table as her father-in-law and can't sit together; Give others a knife, aim it at yourself, aim it at each other, avoid eating dog meat, and forbid intermarriage with the same surname.

The traditional festival of Xibe nationality is Dunbai Zakun Festival, also called April 18th Festival. Its origin is the westward migration in the history of Xibe nationality. On April 1764 and 18, 275 Xibo officers and soldiers and their relatives from Shenyang and other places were sent by the imperial court to settle in Xinjiang and defend the border. After a long journey of one and a half years, I came to Yili River and established a new home. In order to commemorate this important historical event, Xibe compatriots gathered from all directions to catch up with temple fairs, sing folk songs and hold various cultural and sports activities.

Xibo people can sing and dance well. My favorite plucked instrument is called "Dong Boer". When playing, I held the piano in my arms and fingered it with my right hand. The timbre is similar to Dongbula, which is used for solo, ensemble and dance accompaniment. Kouxian is also a popular musical instrument of Xibe nationality, also known as harmonica, mouth spring and whistle. In Xibe, it is called "Maken". When playing, the left hand puts the string between the lips, and the right hand moves the tip of the spring to unfold it with air vibration. Generally speaking, the tune is improvisational, with a narrow range and beautiful timbre, which is a favorite instrument for Xibe children and women.

Ancient Mystery Legend: According to Xibe folklore, Xianbei, the ancestor of ancient Xibe, lost his way in Xianbei Mountain (now Daxing 'anling) and was trapped in the mountain when he moved south. Later, a god beast led the way to the mountain and came to osawa (Hulunbeier Grassland) in the south. This beast is like a tiger with five claws, as blue as a raccoon and as fast as a dog. Xibo people keep the custom of offering sacrifices to "Xianbei beast" (Rui beast). Hanging the painted animal-shaped pattern on the west wall or north wall of the living room will become the symbol pattern of Xibe nationality over time.

Xianbei beast-a horse like an ox, with horns on its kiss and long wings on its back. It is a favorite decoration of nomadic people such as Xianbei in the north. Legend has it that when Xianbei people moved south in the Eastern Han Dynasty, they were led out of Daxinganling and arrived safely in the south of osawa. Therefore, it has become a totem worshipped by Xianbei people. Xibe ancestors used this as a standard to draw patterns.

1956, Bao Erhan and Feng Jiasheng published a paper that Xianbei Guoluo is an auspicious animal, which is equivalent to a Mongolian animal (drive), that is, a special tiger with five claws. Later, he said that Xianbei Guoluo was a flying horse.

Westward Migration Festival is an unforgettable national festival for Xibe people.

/kloc-Before the 6th century, Xibe ancestors lived in Songnen Plain and Hulunbeier Grassland for generations.

18 In the middle of the 8th century, the Qing government recruited 10 18 Xibo officers and men from Shengjing (Shenyang) and other places, and together with their families, 3,275 people, led by Manchu officials, moved westward to settle fields and guard the border in Yili, Xinjiang. On April 18 of this year's lunar calendar, Xibo people who moved to Xinjiang in the west and Xibo people who stayed in the northeast gathered in Taiping Temple, the Xibo family temple in Shengjing, to pay homage to their ancestors and have a farewell dinner. The next morning, Xibo officers and men and their families bid farewell to their hometown folks and embarked on a long journey to the west. After a year and five months of arduous trek, I arrived in Yili, Xinjiang. Now Chabuchar Xibe Autonomous County is their former residence, where Xibe is their descendant.

More than 2,000 years have passed, and every year on April 18th of the lunar calendar, people will solemnly carry out various commemorative activities and regard this day as their traditional festival.

On this day, Xibe men, women and children will put on their own costumes, get together, play "Dhombre", play "Mock Tune" and dance "Belem", and the dance is vigorous and lively. The girl's "shaking shoulders" and the boy's "duck steps" are vivid, so as to express their yearning for their hometown and their longing for a better life in the future.

"Defamation Festival" is another interesting and unique traditional festival of Xibe nationality.

Legend has it that every year on the 16th day of the first lunar month, the "God of Grains" visits the earth, and people wipe their faces on each other, in order to pray that the grains will not spread smut to the world, so that the wheat can be harvested and the people can be safe. So on this day, people get up early, take the smearing cloth (black ash at the bottom of the pot) or felt prepared at night, and go to the street to wait for someone to smear. Young people who can't help but gang up and make trouble by discrediting from house to house. Don't let go when you meet an old man, but kneel down to show respect, and then wipe a small black spot on the old man's forehead to show respect. Especially for girls, few people can escape the fate of being smeared on their faces. At this time, girls are not afraid, using the same means to discredit the young man's face.

References:

Brief introduction of Xibe nationality

There is a description of Xibo nationality in the Chopin Collection/Wang Zengqi:

On the south bank of Ili River is Chabuchar. This is a Xibe Autonomous County. Xibo people are good at shooting. In dry years, in order to defend the border, they moved here from Hulunbeier in the northeast.

Come, garrison pawn one thousand people, together with their families and relatives and friends willing to catch up with them, * * * five thousand people, walked on the road for more than a year-three years, arrived ahead of time. The travel money sent by the imperial court is all-inclusive for the tour leader. If you arrive early, the team leader can get some white money. Along the way, this team gave birth to 300 children!

What a spectacular, romantic and human team this is. Five thousand people, a nation, men and women, old and young, pots and pans, all their possessions, rode horses, camels, pulled wagons and oxcarts, and set off in a mighty way, bidding farewell to the prairie in the northeast and heading for the Gobi in the northwest. Sunset, morning fog, morning star, big dipper, tent, drinking animals, camping. Fire, kitchen smoke, tea and milk. Sing songs, talk about laughter, and a shout comes from any tent or hood. "Gung-"Another child was born, a little Xibe, a future soldier.

More than a year.

Three hundred children.

Xibe people are proud. They have been stationed here for more than 200 years and have never taken a step back. No one crossed the border, and no one fled back to the northeast. They are deeply rooted in this land.

Xibe people are still good at shooting, and their players often win prizes in archery competitions held in various places.

Xibe people are very smart. They usually speak several languages. Besides Xibe, they also speak Uighur, Kazakh and Chinese. Many of them can still recognize the ancient Manchu language.

Some people who translated and sorted out the old Manchu archives of the Forbidden City were transferred from Chabuchar.

A country of heroes!