What are the methods of evaluation?

Question 1: What are the main methods of learning evaluation? Educational evaluation is based on certain educational standards. Collect information through the system, and make a value judgment based on the comparison of standards and information. Teaching evaluation, as a value judgment activity, is one of the most commonly used teaching techniques for teachers. In teaching, teachers judge students' learning performance, learning results, learning methods and learning habits, so as to guide, encourage, criticize, correct and improve students' learning output. In the usual teaching, I will always give students an evaluation through language, facial expressions and eyes to convey my love for students. I used to use the following teaching evaluation methods: 1, instant oral evaluation method; 2. Evaluate students' learning attitude; 3. Evaluate students' classroom performance; 4. Evaluation of students' homework; 5. Evaluation of students' academic performance. After studying this topic, I think the questioning and evaluation of Dean Gu Zhiyue is worth a try. Questioning evaluation is a commonly used evaluation method, which can feedback the teaching effect of teachers. In order to understand students' mastery of knowledge, it is necessary to ask some questions, which are questions. First of all, through students' answers, teachers can understand students' knowledge and the differences of different students' mastery of the same knowledge. Secondly, in order to arouse students' in-depth thinking about knowledge, under the teacher's question, students describe their answers and cause thinking. After the students answer the questions, the teacher will make a summary, which is the evaluation. But you can't just make a simple right or wrong evaluation. Teachers should use some encouraging or guiding language to evaluate. Encourage and praise students who answered correctly, and further guide their thinking direction. Guidance is more useful than criticism, especially for students who answer incorrectly. Although the students made a mistake, they should be compensated effectively. This compensation can be cognitive or motivational, and students can be guided and motivated through compensation. This method is often used in our daily teaching. If you don't ask questions, you won't understand students, but understanding is the beginning of students' learning. If you don't evaluate students, you won't get effective compensation, but effective compensation can promote their effective development and guide them to move forward healthily. In the future teaching, I will use teaching evaluation reasonably to guide students to learn effectively.

Question 2: What are the commonly used evaluation methods? There are four basic methods of asset appraisal:

1. Income present value method, which estimates the expected annual income of the appraised assets in the foreseeable future, converts it into present value with an appropriate discount rate, and then accumulates and sums it up to get the current price of the appraised assets, that is, the appraised value.

2. Replacement cost method, that is, the total cost required to re-purchase or build an appraised asset in a brand-new state under the existing conditions is deducted from the actual physical obsolescence, functional obsolescence and economic obsolescence of the appraised asset, and the difference is taken as the current price of the appraised asset, that is, the appraised price. Or, estimate how new the appraised assets are relative to their brand-new state, that is, the new rate, and then multiply the total cost by the new rate to get the product as the appraisal price.

3. The current market price method refers to selecting the same or similar assets as the reference object in the market, and comparing and adjusting the price difference between the appraised assets and the reference object according to various value influencing factors, so as to obtain the appraised price of the appraised assets.

4, the liquidation price method, refers to the enterprise in bankruptcy or closure, according to the liquidation price to determine the price of the assets to be evaluated.

The following principles should be followed when selecting evaluation methods.

1. The selection of appraisal method should be compatible with the appraisal purpose, market conditions at the time of appraisal, the state of the appraised object in the appraisal process and the type of assets appraisal value determined. The purpose of asset appraisal is to solve the problem of why asset appraisal is needed, which is the first problem to be considered in asset appraisal. Generally speaking, the purpose of asset appraisal will affect the determination of appraisal hypothesis, appraisal scope and appraisal object, thus affecting the determination of appraisal method. Therefore, the purpose of asset appraisal restricts the choice of asset appraisal methods. Secondly, the choice of evaluation method is restricted by the type of evaluation object, physical and chemical state and other factors. Because different evaluation methods evaluate the value of assets in different ways, it is necessary to analyze which way is the most suitable according to the characteristics of the assets being evaluated. When evaluating, we should first distinguish whether the assets to be evaluated are single assets or whole assets, tangible assets or intangible assets, general assets or special assets, and whether the assets created by labor are reproducible or unrepeatable resource assets. Generally speaking, income method and market method can be considered for overall assets, intangible assets and unrepeatable resource assets; Generally, a single tangible asset can choose the market method; Specific assets that can be copied and assets created by labor can be evaluated by cost method.

Thirdly, the selection of evaluation methods is restricted by whether the data and main economic and technical parameters needed for the application of various evaluation methods can be collected. Each evaluation method needs a lot of corresponding data. If these data cannot be collected in a short time or it is very difficult to collect, we can only choose other alternative methods to evaluate. For example, public welfare assets without monetary income, low-profit loss-making enterprises, assets with irregular and unpredictable returns, and assets with uncertain risk-return ratio cannot be evaluated by income method, and cost method can be considered.

Fourthly, the selection of evaluation methods should consider the work efficiency and the professional knowledge of the appraisers.

In a word, when choosing evaluation methods, we should pay attention to local conditions and make the best use of the situation, and we can't choose them mechanically in a certain mode or order. And no matter which evaluation method is chosen, it is necessary to ensure that the evaluation purpose, assumptions, parameters and evaluation results are consistent in nature and logic.

Question 3: What are the commonly used evaluation methods?

1, income present value method

It is to estimate the expected annual income of the appraised assets in the foreseeable future, convert it into present value with an appropriate discount rate, and then accumulate and sum to get the present value of the appraised assets, that is, the appraised value.

The advantage of income method is that it can fully consider all kinds of depreciation factors of assets, and because it measures the value of assets with future income, its result is more acceptable to investors. Its limitation lies in that the estimated cash flow of most equipment is brought by the whole assets such as fixed assets, current assets, land and intangible assets (including houses, machinery and equipment), so it is difficult to quantify it on a single machine. Predicting future income and determining discount rate are subjective factors, which directly affect the accuracy and credibility of evaluation results.

2. Replacement cost method

It is the current price of the appraised assets, that is, the appraised price, which refers to the difference between the total cost required to rebuild or make the appraised assets in a brand-new state under the current conditions minus the actual physical obsolete depreciation, functional obsolete depreciation and economic obsolete depreciation of the appraised assets. Or, estimate how new the appraised assets are relative to their brand-new state, that is, the new rate, and then multiply the total cost by the new rate to get the product as the appraisal price.

Cost method is to measure the value of assets from the perspective of cost. First of all, it estimates the cost of brand-new assets that are exactly the same as the appraised object or have the same function. If the appraised object is brand-new equipment or brand-new factory building, the value of the appraised object is its replacement cost. According to the principle of substitution, when dealing with assets, the price that buyers are willing to pay will not exceed the cost of repurchasing or building the assets according to market standards. If the appraised assets have been used, all kinds of depreciation caused by natural wear and tear, technological progress or external economic environment during use shall be deducted from the replacement cost. Therefore, the cost method is a method to estimate the replacement cost of the appraised assets and the substantial depreciation, functional depreciation and economic depreciation of the assets, and deduct all kinds of depreciation from the replacement cost as the asset appraisal value.

3. Clearing price method

The liquidation price law applies to companies declared bankrupt by the people's court in accordance with the provisions of the Enterprise Bankruptcy Law of the People's Republic of China (for Trial Implementation). Companies generally do not adopt this method in the shareholding system reform. When the liquidation price method is used to evaluate assets, the revaluation value shall be evaluated according to the realizable value of assets at the time of liquidation.

4. Market comparison method

The price of the appraisal object is determined according to the price of similar or comparable reference objects in the open market. If the reference object and the evaluated object are not exactly the same, it needs to be adjusted according to the influence of the difference between the evaluated object and the reference object on the numerical value. The main factor affecting the market value of machinery and equipment is the comparison factor. Comparative factor is an index system, which should fully reflect the factors affecting value. Incomplete or only using individual indicators to evaluate the value is inaccurate. Generally speaking, the comparative factors of equipment can be divided into four categories, namely, individual factors, transaction factors, regional factors and time factors.

Market comparison method needs an effective and fair market to evaluate machinery and equipment. Effective means that the information provided by the market is true and reliable, and the evaluation reference object is active in the market. Fairness means that the market should have all the conditions for fair trading, and every decision of buyers and sellers is made on the basis of prudence and sufficient information, and it is assumed that the price will not be improperly * * *.

Question 4: What are the methods of paper evaluation? Investigation is one of the most commonly used methods in scientific research. It is a purposeful, planned and systematic method to collect materials about the actual situation or historical situation of the research object. Investigation is a basic research method commonly used in scientific research. It comprehensively uses historical methods, observation methods and scientific methods, such as talks, questionnaires, case studies, tests, etc., to have a planned, thorough and systematic understanding of educational phenomena, and to analyze, synthesize, compare and summarize a large number of data collected through investigation, thus providing people with regular knowledge. Questionnaire survey is the most commonly used survey method, and it is a research method to collect data in the form of written questions, that is, investigators prepare forms for survey items, distribute or mail them to relevant personnel, ask for instructions to fill in answers, and then recycle, sort out, count and study them. Observation method refers to a method in which researchers use their own senses and auxiliary tools to directly observe the research object according to a certain research purpose, research outline or observation table, so as to obtain information. Scientific observation is purposeful, planned, systematic and repeatable. In scientific experiments and investigations, observation has the following functions: ① Expanding people's perceptual knowledge. 2 inspire people's thinking. (3) lead to new discoveries. Experimental method Experimental method is a scientific research method to discover and confirm the causal relationship between things by changing the main branch and controlling the research object. Its main characteristics are: first, initiative and innovation. Observation and investigation is to understand the research object and find out the problems without disturbing the research object. However, experiments need to actively manipulate experimental conditions, artificially change the existing mode and changing process of objects, and make them obey the needs of scientific understanding. Second, control. Scientific experiments require that according to the needs of research, with the help of various methods and technologies, the interference of various irrelevant factors that may affect science can be reduced or eliminated, so that the research object can be understood in a simplified and purified state. Third, causality. Experiment is an effective tool and necessary way to discover and confirm the causal relationship between things. Literature research method Literature research method is a method to obtain information by investigating documents according to certain research purposes or topics, so as to fully and correctly understand and master the problems to be studied. Literature research methods are widely used in various disciplines. Its functions are as follows: ① It can understand the history and present situation of related problems and help to determine the research topic. ② It can form an overall impression of the research object, which is helpful for observation and visit. ③ Contrast data of real data can be obtained. (4) help to understand the whole picture of things. Empirical research method Empirical research method is a special form of scientific practice research. According to the needs of the existing scientific theory and practice, it puts forward the design, uses scientific instruments and equipment, observes, records and measures the changes of accompanying phenomena, and manipulates purposefully and step by step under natural conditions to determine the causal relationship between conditions and phenomena. The main purpose is to explain the relationship between various independent variables and a dependent variable. In scientific research, quantitative analysis can make people know the research object more accurately, so as to reveal the law more scientifically, grasp the essence, clarify the relationship and predict the development trend of things. Qualitative analysis Qualitative analysis is a qualitative analysis of the research object. Specifically, the method of induction and deduction, analysis, synthesis and abstract generalization is used to process the obtained materials, so as to get rid of the rough, get rid of the false and keep the true, understand the essence of things and reveal their internal laws. Interdisciplinary research method, also called "cross-research method", is a comprehensive study of a discipline as a whole by using the theories, methods and achievements of multiple disciplines. The law of scientific development movement shows that science is highly integrated in high differentiation and forms a unified whole. According to the statistics of relevant experts, there are more than 2,000 disciplines in the world, and the trend of differentiation between disciplines is still intensifying. At the same time, the links between disciplines are getting closer and closer, and there is a unified trend in language, methods and some concepts. Case study method Case study method is a research method to identify a specific object among the research objects, investigate and analyze it, and find out its characteristics and formation process. There are three basic types of case studies: (1) personal investigation, that is, investigation and study of a person in an organization; (2) Group investigation, that is, investigation and study of an organization or group; (3) problem investigation, that is, to investigate and study a phenomenon or problem. Functional analysis >>

Question 5: What are the commonly used job evaluation methods?

Common methods include post reference, classification, arrangement, scoring and factor comparison. Among them, the classification and arrangement method belongs to qualitative evaluation, and the post reference method, scoring method and factor comparison method belong to quantitative evaluation.

(1) permutation method

The ranking method is to rank the relative value of each job according to the evaluator's own experience and judgment without decomposing the work content, so as to determine the relationship between a job and other jobs.

The working steps of the arrangement method are as follows:

① Job analysis. Relevant personnel shall form an evaluation team and make corresponding preparations. Then, they make a comprehensive survey of their work, collect information and data about their work, and write an investigation report.

② Select standard operation. The selected posts must be widely distributed in the existing post structure, and the relationship between them needs to be widely recognized; Must be able to represent the functional characteristics and requirements contained in the post; The standard number of posts is usually10% ~15% of the total number of posts; It is necessary to establish a structural framework for arranging other positions.

(3) post arrangement. The evaluator must have a comprehensive understanding of the relevant work. In the actual arrangement process, the position should be compared not only with the standard position, but also with the already arranged position. After arrangement, the post hierarchy is usually in a pyramid structure.

(4) job classification. According to the evaluation criteria, judge the importance of each post, summarize the evaluation results of each post, and divide the sum of serial numbers by the number of people being evaluated to get the average ordinal number of each post. According to the average ordinal number, the order of relative values of each position is evaluated from small to large.

Advantages and disadvantages of permutation method:

The main advantage of this method is that it can establish a new job grade as soon as possible, and it is sometimes used as a preliminary measure to determine unreasonable wage differences. If there are fewer positions in the enterprise, you can choose this method.

Disadvantages:

1. Due to the pyramid-shaped distribution of posts in large enterprises, the number of posts that need to be graded is large and not similar, and the evaluation result must ultimately depend on the evaluator's judgment. So it is difficult to find an appraiser who is quite familiar with the work content. Moreover, the composition of evaluators is not consistent with their respective conditions and abilities, which will inevitably affect the accuracy of evaluation results.

2. Because this method is based on the appraiser's knowledge and experience, it lacks strict and scientific evaluation criteria, which makes the evaluation results flexible and easily disturbed by other factors.

3. Because there is no post factor comparison, the method is simple and rough, and it is only suitable for small and medium-sized enterprises with single production and fewer posts.

(2) Classification

Classification, also known as classification method, is an improvement of arrangement method. It is to formulate a set of post grade standards on the basis of post analysis, and then compare the posts with the standards to divide each grade. Its working steps are as follows: ① post analysis; (2) job classification; ③ Establish hierarchical structure and standards; ④ Post-evaluation arrangement.

The advantages of classification are as follows: ① It is relatively simple and requires relatively little money, personnel and time. Satisfactory results can be achieved in a short time in departments with less complicated work content; (2) Because the formulation of grade standard follows certain basis, the result is more accurate and objective than the arrangement method; (3) When there is a new job or job change, it is easy to quickly determine its grade according to the grade standard; (4) flexible application and strong adaptability, leaving room for negotiation and dispute resolution for both employers and employees.

The shortcomings of the classification method are: ① it is difficult to divide and define the post grade, and it is subjective; (2) It is rough, and it can only classify jobs, and it is difficult to measure the quantitative relationship between jobs, so it is difficult to directly apply it to the salary system.

(3) Paired comparison method

Paired comparison method, also known as mutual comparison method, is to list all the positions to be evaluated together, and compare them in pairs, and the one with the higher value can get 1 minute. Finally, add up the scores of each position, and the highest score is the highest grade. Rank positions according to scores. By calculating the average ordinal number, we can get the ranking of the relative value of posts.

(4) factor counting method

Factor counting method, also known as point weight method and point method, is the most commonly used method in most countries at present. This method is to select several key evaluation elements, determine the weight of each element, divide each element into several different grades, and then give each grade of each element a certain score, which is also called score. Finally, the position is evaluated according to the elements, and the weighted total score of each position is calculated, so as to get the relative value of the position.

The specific steps of factor counting method are as follows:

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Question 6: What are the evaluation methods of systematic evaluation? What system are you talking about? A systematic evaluation method includes: cost-benefit analysis, correlation matrix method, correlation tree method, analytic hierarchy process, fuzzy evaluation method, and I think you are in the wrong category and should not come here.

Question 7: What are the modern comprehensive evaluation methods and what are their advantages? There are many five-point methods, such as AHP, fuzzy method, AHP+fuzzy method, topological method, neural network technology, data envelopment method, grey theory and some comprehensive methods, and so on. Horrible to find a book to read, which contains a lot of content.

Question 8: What are the commonly used evaluation methods in teaching? 1. Scale evaluation method

(1) Overview

1. concept

Scale evaluation method is the most commonly used method in traditional classroom teaching evaluation. It determines in advance the indicators that need to be evaluated and gives the evaluation grade. In the evaluation process, the evaluator gives the corresponding grade evaluation item by item according to the actual situation of classroom teaching.

According to different standards, there are many types of classroom teaching evaluation forms. For example, according to the different evaluation forms of evaluation subjects, there are scales for evaluators other than classroom teaching participants, such as the above example, and there are also evaluation scales for classroom teaching participants.

(B) Design and application of scale evaluation method

Because the basis of scale evaluation method is evaluation scale, the core of scale evaluation method is the formulation of evaluation scale. The core of evaluation criteria lies in the formulation of evaluation criteria.

The general steps of scale evaluation method design are as follows.

1. Define the evaluation purpose and requirements.

Classroom teaching evaluation can achieve different functions, which are realized through evaluation objectives and corresponding classroom teaching evaluation. Therefore, in classroom teaching evaluation activities, evaluation objectives and requirements are the starting point of evaluation, and the framework and content of evaluation system are also very different with different evaluation objectives. For example, the purpose of evaluation is to know whether the basic links of classroom teaching are complete, then the focus of evaluation system will be on the basic links of classroom teaching; If the purpose of evaluation is to understand the interaction between teachers and students in classroom teaching, then the interaction in the evaluation system will receive more attention. The purpose of evaluation actually reflects the guiding role of classroom teaching evaluation itself, that is, it is expected to introduce teaching activities into a certain aspect through classroom teaching evaluation, or to embody some new thinking and ideas in teaching evaluation.

For example, the textbook experiment of Beijing 2 1 century basic education curriculum-classroom teaching evaluation scheme formulated by Beijing textbook editing office evaluates classroom teaching according to students' learning conditions, thus promoting students' development. The program holds that the essence of teaching process is the process of students' active learning and development under the guidance of teachers. Teaching is for learning, and teaching is for not teaching. Therefore, the new classroom teaching evaluation should first pay attention to students' learning and development, and reflect the classroom teaching situation, teachers' teaching situation, the essence of teaching process and the basic idea of the new round of basic education curriculum reform, so as to promote students' development and teachers' improvement and improvement of classroom teaching practice. Here, it is clear that the purpose of evaluation is to evaluate students' learning situation in classroom teaching, hoping to understand teachers' teaching situation through students' basic state in classroom teaching and reflect the basic idea of the new round of basic education curriculum reform. Therefore, in the construction of the evaluation system, the core will focus on students' learning situation.

2. Construction of classroom teaching evaluation system and standard.

The evaluation system and standard of classroom teaching are the basis of classroom teaching evaluation and the practical basis of classroom teaching evaluation. These standards and systems are mainly divided into the following three categories.

(1) According to the analysis of various elements of classroom teaching, classroom teaching is divided into teaching purpose, teaching content, teaching method and teaching process, and further subdivided on this basis. This system is characterized by clear structure and distinct context. For example, the Institute of Basic Education of Beijing Academy of Educational Sciences has formulated the textbook experiment of Beijing 2 1 century basic education curriculum-classroom teaching evaluation scheme for primary and secondary schools.

(2) Establish standards according to uncertain problems, such as clear teaching objectives, prominent teaching priorities, proper handling of teaching materials, close connection with practice, reasonable teaching structure, flexible teaching methods, friendly and natural teaching attitude, good teachers' quality and obvious teaching effect. Although this evaluation system is based on some core or key issues in evaluation, it can actually be decomposed and integrated into various elements in classroom teaching from a certain angle, that is, there is no essential difference from the first type of teaching evaluation index system, but the classroom teaching elements recognized or valued by different teaching evaluation standards are different. In fact, in the first kind of evaluation index system, all the classroom teaching elements can't be completely covered, usually including teaching objectives, teaching contents, teaching methods, teaching process and other main contents, and less involving teaching basic skills, teaching design, teaching organization and so on. The lack of these teaching elements is not that they are unimportant, but for evaluation purposes, and they are not the focus of evaluation.

(3) According to the specific behavior in classroom teaching, classroom teaching can be divided into teacher behavior and student behavior. In the aspect of teachers' behavior, it emphasizes continuous encouragement ... >>

Question 9: What are the methods to evaluate yourself? Self-evaluation is a basic understanding of oneself and a positioning of oneself. A good self-evaluation in a resume will be very attractive to employers, but many friends dare not think about it. How to do a good job of self-evaluation? Because in everyone's heart, there is a realistic self and an ideal self. Know your true self, accept it, and you will recognize yourself and be mentally healthy. But if you don't know your true self and can't evaluate yourself correctly, there will be a gap between your true self and your ideal self, showing your dissatisfaction and rejection, resulting in psychological barriers. So, how can we evaluate ourselves correctly? First, take people as a mirror. Others are like a mirror. You can find your own position and know yourself by comparing with your peers. Although this comparison is often subjective, it is a common method to evaluate yourself. But when comparing, we should find people with similar environmental and psychological conditions to compare, so as to be more in line with our actual level. Second, it is clear that other people's evaluation is more objective than their own subjective evaluation. If the difference between self-evaluation and the evaluation of people around you is too big, it means that self-evaluation is biased and needs to be adjusted. However, we should treat others' evaluation with the integrity of cognition. We should not only pay attention to the evaluation of a certain aspect according to our psychological needs, but should listen, analyze, evaluate and adjust ourselves appropriately. Third, practice If you are not sure whether you have a certain talent, you may wish to find an opportunity to show it and get verification from it. Discover your own characteristics through your own experiences and lessons of success and failure, re-recognize yourself in self-reflection and introspection, know your own advantages and disadvantages, and grasp your own direction in life. When you can evaluate yourself correctly, don't worry about your shortcomings. Only by accepting your own shortcomings first can you correct them. Only by accepting yourself first can we improve and develop.