Write a brief introduction to the traditional culture of China according to the knowledge learned in the history of the seventh grade.

The order of dynasties in China's history: Xia, Shang, Zhou-Qin-Han-Three Kingdoms, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties (please remember the establishment time, capital and founding monarch of Xia, Shang, Western Zhou, Eastern Zhou, Qin, Western Han, Eastern Han, Three Kingdoms, Western Jin and Eastern Jin).

Xia, Shang, Western Zhou, Spring and Autumn, Warring States, Qin, Western Han and Eastern Han Dynasties

Wei, Western Jin, Sixteen States, Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Northern Qi, Sui

Western Wei Dynasty and Northern Zhou Dynasty

Shuni virus

Chen Liang in the Eastern Jin and Song Dynasties

A country in the Zhou dynasty

Unit 1 The Origin of China Civilization

The ancient inhabitants of China

Humans evolved from apes, and whether they can make tools is the fundamental difference between humans and animals.

"Theory of Three Represents" theory is a map of ancient residents;

Represents the time and place of cultural discovery.

Yuanmou people lived in Yuanmou County, Yunnan Province about1700,000 years ago.

Peking man lived in Zhoukoudian in southwest Beijing about 700,000 to 200,000 years ago.

Neanderthal is a cave located at the top of Gulong Mountain in Zhoukoudian, southwest of Beijing, about 18,000 years ago.

Progress chart of comparison between cavemen and Beijingers;

A social organization that represents the concept of fire in the tool manufacturing of culture, physique and body.

Peking man has preserved some features of apes from 700,000 to 200,000 years ago.

Primitive man used natural fire to make rough stone tools.

Neanderthals were about 18 thousand years ago, and their appearance was basically the same as that of modern people. He mastered polishing and drilling techniques to make artificial fires.

Know how to love beauty and bury blood-related clans after death.

Lesson 2 primitive farming life

Two representatives of China's primitive farming life;

A place where primitive humans discovered production, activities, tools, houses and appliances.

The original inhabitants of Hemudu lived about 7000 years ago. Hemudu Village, Yuyao City, Zhejiang Province, grows rice, raises pigs, dogs, cattle and sheep in the Yangtze River valley.

Made of bones, we have used ground stone tools to make pottery and learned to spin.

About five or six thousand years ago, the original inhabitants of Banpo planted millet and vegetables and raised pigs and dogs in banpo village, near Xi, Shaanxi. Semi-basement houses made of ground stone tools are widely used for fishing and hunting.

Lesson 3 China's ancestors

1. Why do China people often proudly call themselves "descendants of the Chinese people"?

1, Yan Di and Huangdi are the ancestors of the Chinese nation: Huangdi Tribe and Yan Di Tribe defeated Chiyou in Zhuolu and formed an alliance from then on. After a long period of development, the future Huaxia nation was formed. Huaxia nationality is the predecessor of the Han nationality and the backbone of the Chinese nation.

Yan Di and Huangdi made outstanding contributions to Chinese civilization.

Second, abdication system.

During the Yao, Shun and Yu dynasties, the method of democratic election of tribal alliance leaders was called "abdication system".

Unit 2 the emergence of the state and social changes

Lesson 4 The Rise and Fall of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties

First, the replacement of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties.

The establishment of dynasties, the time of death, the capital, the founding monarch and the king of the country.

Xia Dynasty, about 2070 BC, about 65438 BC+0600 BC, Yucheng Yujie.

From 65438 BC to 1046 BC, the Shang Dynasty moved its capital many times, and Pan Geng moved its capital to Tang Yin.

65438 BC+0046 BC 7765438 BC+0 BC Haojiang, Zhou Youwang, Zhou Wuwang.

Zhou Pingwang, Luoyi, 770 BC, Eastern Zhou Dynasty.

Second, why can Shang Tang defeat Xia He?

Three. Xia, Shang and Zhou politics

1, Qi inherited his father's footsteps and became the second generation king of Xia Dynasty. Since then, the hereditary system has replaced the abdication system, and the "public world" has become the "home world".

2. Various state institutions (including government agencies, military, criminal law and prisons) were established in the Xia Dynasty. ) as a tool for slave owners to oppress civilians and slaves.

3. The enfeoffment system of the Western Zhou Dynasty

(1) The purpose of enfeoffment is to consolidate the rule.

(2) The enfeoffment system includes two aspects:

The son of heaven distributed the land and people to relatives and heroes and made them princes.

(2) Duties of princes: obey the orders of the Emperor of Zhou; Pay tribute to the emperor; Defend the territory in peacetime and lead troops to fight against the emperor in wartime.

(3) The significance of the enfeoffment system: the remote areas were developed, the rule was strengthened, and the Western Zhou Dynasty became a powerful country.

Lesson 5 Brilliant Bronze Civilization

The prosperity of agriculture, animal husbandry, handicrafts and commerce has formed a splendid bronze civilization in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties.

First, the superb craftsmanship of bronzes.

The characteristics of bronze casting in Shang and Zhou dynasties are: large scale, many varieties, fine craftsmanship and wide distribution.

Second, develop agriculture and animal husbandry.

Third, the miserable life of slaves.

1. Without personal freedom, you can transfer and trade at will.

2, human sacrifice: every time the Shang slave owners sacrificed their ancestors, they slaughtered a large number of slaves as sacrifices.

3. Martyrdom: After the death of the slave owner, the slave should be killed or buried alive as a funeral object.

Lesson 6 Disputes during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period

First, the spring and autumn hegemony.

1. The purpose of warlord hegemony is to force all countries to recognize his leading position and become the "overlord".

Famous overlords: Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong and Chu Zhuangwang.

2. What are the reasons why Qi Huangong and Jin Wengong became the hegemons?

1 premise: the decline of the royal family

② Strength: Qi Jin became strong rapidly by developing production, training the army and rectifying internal affairs.

3 prestige: establish prestige through "respecting the king and resisting foreign countries" or war.

3, the influence of hegemonic war:

(1) has brought various disasters to the society;

(2) In the war for hegemony, some vassal states were wiped out and some countries with vast territory emerged.

Second, the Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period

1, the purpose of the war: merger and unification

2. The famous battles during the Warring States Period: the Battle of Guiling, the Battle of Maling and the Battle of Changping (the Battle of Changping, the defeat of Zhao Army, the six eastern countries have been unable to resist Qin Jun's attack).

Lesson 7 the era of great change

The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period is a great change in the history of China, which is reflected in:

First of all, economically

1, iron farm tools and popularization in Niu Geng.

2. The famous Dujiangyan

① Designer and builder: Li Bing, prefect of Shu County, Qin State.

② Location: Minjiang River

Significance: Dujiangyan eliminated the flood of Minjiang River and irrigated a large area of farmland, making Chengdu Plain a "land of abundance".

Second, politically-Shang Yang's political reform.

① Time: 356 BC

② Character: Shang Yang carried out political reform with the support of Qin Xiaogong.

Objective: To establish feudal rule, develop feudal economy and be invincible in hegemony.

④ Content and influence:

Content influence

Reward farming

Reward production (people who produce more grain and cloth can avoid corvee) economic development and the country is rich. In short, Shang Yang's reform established a feudal system, which made Qin the most prosperous country in the late Warring States period and laid the foundation for Qin to unify the whole country.

Reward the military (according to the size of the military, the title of Hotan Prefecture). The combat effectiveness of the army is enhanced and the soldiers are strong.

Recognize that land is private and allow free purchase * *> Establish feudal land ownership.

Establish a county system: the monarch directly sends officials to govern and strengthen centralization

Thirdly, culturally, the scholars wrote books, expressed their opinions and debated with each other, forming an academic prosperity situation of "a hundred schools of thought contend".

Lesson 8 and Lesson 9 The Prosperity of China Culture

First, the evolution of the text

Time, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, Late Western Zhou Dynasty, Warring States Period

Oracle Bone Inscriptions Copper Seal Bamboo Slips and Silk Books

Materials tortoise shell, animal bones, bronze bamboo slips, silks.

Two. Achievements in astronomy, calendar, medicine and literature

Classified score

There are many records about solar and lunar eclipses in Oracle Bone Inscriptions in the astronomical Shang Dynasty, which are very reliable by modern scientists.

According to legend, there was a calendar in Xia dynasty more than 4000 years ago, and the calendar in Shang dynasty was more complete.

During the Warring States period, 24 solar terms were defined in one year.

Bian Que, a famous doctor of medicine, has always been used by Chinese medicine.

Literature Qu Yuan and His Masterpiece Li Sao

Third, a hundred schools of thought contended during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

Ideological Content of Representative Works in School Period

The political thought of Confucian Analects in the Spring and Autumn Period-Benevolence, Love and Rule by Virtue.

Educational thought: teach students in accordance with their aptitude, be modest and eager to learn, and learn new things by reviewing old ones.

During the Warring States period, Mencius was benevolent in governing the country and frivolous in paying taxes.

Everything in Laozi's Tao Te Ching in the Taoist Spring and Autumn Period is antagonistic, and the opposing sides can be transformed into each other.

During the Warring States Period, Zhuangzi let nature take its course and ruled by doing nothing.

Universal Love by Mozi in the Warring States Period: I hope people can help each other and love each other.

"Non-aggression": Oppose the war of aggression and support the just war.

Legalist Han Feizi advocated reform; Advocate the rule of law; Put forward the establishment of a feudal country with absolute monarchy and centralization.

Sun Tzu's art of war, a strategist "know yourself and know yourself, and you won't be defeated."

Unit 3 the establishment of a unified country

Lesson 10 "The King of Qin swept Liuhe"

First, the unification of the Qin Dynasty.

Unified time: 22 BC1

Capital: Xianyang

Founding Emperor: Qin Shihuang Ying Zheng.

Significance: It ended the infighting situation that lasted for hundreds of years since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and created a new situation of unification. Since then, reunification has been the mainstream of China's historical development.

Second, measures to consolidate reunification.

Impact of measures

The political system of centralization and absolutism has been used in China for more than two thousand years, which has had a far-reaching impact on the history of China.

Economic unity, currency and weights and measures have great influence on promoting economic and cultural exchanges and safeguarding national unity.

Cultural unity writing

Burning books to bury Confucianism destroys culture and limits people's thinking.

The Qin Dynasty, which built the Great Wall in the north and exploited southern Xinjiang militarily, has a vast territory and became the first unified multi-ethnic centralized country in the history of China.

Lesson 1 1 "Killing Qin without virtue"

First, the tyranny of the Qin dynasty

(1) Heavy corvee and taxes

(2) severe criminal law

The tyranny of the Qin dynasty seriously damaged the social economy, increased the burden and pain of the people, and aroused the people's resistance.

Second, Chen Guang Uprising

Time: 209 BC

Uprising place: osawa Township.

After that:

(1) In 209 BC, Chen Sheng and Guangwu revolted in Daze Township.

(2) the insurgents in the Chen Jianli regime, Chen Sheng self-reliance as king.

(3) the insurgents hit near Xianyang and grew to hundreds of thousands of people.

(4) Because of Qin Jun's strength, the uprising was suppressed, and Chen Sheng and Guangwu were killed by his men.

Significance: The first large-scale peasant uprising in China's history, and their revolutionary pioneering spirit inspired millions of working people in later generations to rise up against brutal rule.

Third, the peasant rebels overthrew the Qin Dynasty.

Xiang Yu: The Battle of Julu defeated Qin Jun's main force.

Liu Bang: The rulers of the Qin Dynasty surrendered to Liu Bang, and the Qin Dynasty perished.

Unified Han dynasty

First, the dispute between Chu and Han and the establishment of the Western Han Dynasty

1, the battle between Chu and Han (Xiang Yu, overlord of Western Chu VS Hanwang Liu Bang)

2. The establishment of the Western Han Dynasty

Time: 202 BC

Capital: Chang 'an

The Founding Emperor: Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang

Second, the rule of Wen Jing

1, reason

① Situation in the early Han Dynasty: economic depression and ethnic poverty.

(2) Summarize the lessons of Qin Dynasty's death from tyranny.

2. Measures

(1) Pay attention to the development of agricultural production and reduce the burden on the people.

(2) advocate saving.

During the reign of Emperor Wendi and Emperor Jingdi, the society was relatively stable, the people were rich and the country was prosperous. Historically, the rule of this period was called "the rule of culture and scenery".

Third, the unification of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.

Impact of background measures

In the vassal states of political enfeoffment in the early Han Dynasty, quite a few forces still issued "favor orders" to weaken the feudal forces. The client countries can no longer confront the central authorities.

Schools of thought are still active. They criticized the emperor's policies and accused the central authorities, which was very unfavorable to centralization.

The Five Classics of Confucianism is the main textbook of imperial academy. Confucianism became the orthodox thought of feudal culture.

During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Western Han Dynasty achieved great unity in politics, economy, military affairs and ideology, and entered its heyday, which was also the first heyday of China's feudal era.

Fourth, the establishment of the Eastern Han Dynasty.

Founded in 25 AD.

Capital: Luoyang

Founding Emperor: Emperor Guangwu Liu Xiu

The Rise of Xiongnu and Its Peace War with Han Dynasty

A, modu chanyu unified Mongolian grassland

1, Huns' living customs: living a nomadic life and migrating by weeds.

2. Maodun unified Mongolian grassland for the first time.

3. The development of Xiongnu production (the prosperity of animal husbandry; Learn to farm and start farming and growing grain)

Second, the Huns and the Peace War of the Han Dynasty

Time: Early Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, Emperor Yuan of Han Dynasty.

The situation of economic depression and national poverty was ruled by Wenjing, and the Huns split with strong national strength, among which Uhaanyehe surrendered to the Han Dynasty.

Policy and affinity: treat the imperial daughter as a princess, marry the Huns far away, and give a lot of food and textiles every year. Wei Qing and Huo Qubing attacked Xiongnu Zhaojun and left the fortress.

As a result, tarquin sent troops south every year, and pro-Xiongnu did not fundamentally solve the threat of Mobei War. Xiongnu suffered heavy losses and could no longer confront the Western Han Dynasty. It has made great contributions to the friendly coexistence and cultural exchanges between China and Hungary.

What's the difference between those in the early Han Dynasty and those in the Han Dynasty?

Hantong Western Regions and the Silk Road

First, Zhang Qian is connected with the Western Regions.

1. Western Regions: west of Yumenguan and Yangguan in Gansu, now Xinjiang and beyond.

2. Zhang Qian's first mission to the Western Regions.

Time: BC 138.

Task: Contact the Yue family and attack the Huns.

Significance: I learned about the experience of the western regions and their desire to communicate with the Han Dynasty.

3. Zhang Qian's second mission to the Western Regions.

Time: 65438 BC

Mission: To conduct friendly political and economic exchanges with countries in the Western Regions.

4. Establishment of the Western Regions.

Time: 60 BC

Since then, Xinjiang has been under the jurisdiction of the central government and has become an inseparable part of China.

Second, the Silk Road.

1, Silk Road on Land

China's silk and silk products were transported from Chang 'an through Hexi Corridor to today's Xinjiang, then to West Asia and then to Europe, and the treasures of western countries were imported into China.

2. Maritime Silk Road

Prosperous Qin and Han culture (1)

First, the invention of paper and the improvement of papermaking in Cai Lun

1. The invention of paper (time: early Western Han Dynasty)

2. Cai Lun improved papermaking (Cai Houzhi)

3. The spread of papermaking

Second, the Nine Chapters Arithmetic and the Seismograph.

1, Chapter 9 Arithmetic (Summing up the Mathematical Achievements from the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the Eastern Han Dynasty)

2. The seismograph invented by Zhang Heng (recognized as the earliest seismic instrument in the world)

Third, there are many famous doctors.

1, Hua tuo (imperial doctor)

Anesthetic drugs "Mafeisan" and "Wuqinxi"

2. Zhang Zhongjing (medical sage)

Treatise on Febrile Diseases comprehensively expounds the theory and treatment principles of traditional Chinese medicine.

The Prosperous Culture of Qin and Han Dynasties (2)

First, the introduction of Buddhism and the rise of Taoism

1, Introduction to Buddhism

(1) originated in ancient India.

② It was introduced into the Central Plains of China at the end of the Western Han Dynasty.

(3) When Emperor Hanming was in the East, he built the first Buddhist temple in China-Baima Temple.

(4) Doctrine: After death, people can be reincarnated in the afterlife, people can suffer hardships in this life, and if they truly believe in Buddhism, they can be happy in the afterlife.

2. The rise of Taoism

Taoism is a native religion.

② Founder: Zhang Ling

③ It rose among the people in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

(4) Doctrine: advocating self-cultivation and refining Dan medicine in order to live forever.

Second, Sima Qian and Historical Records

Lu Xun's evaluation of Records of the Historian: Historian's swan song and Li Sao without rhyme.

Historical achievements:

(1) It is the first biography of China.

(2) Become a model of biographical history books in later generations.

Literary achievements:

It is an excellent literary work with concise words, vivid language and vivid characters.

Third, the Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses that sensationalized the world.

Known as the eighth wonder of the world.

Unit 4 Separation of Political Power and Integration of the State

The three countries stand upright.

First, the battle of Guandu

Situation: At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the warlord regime and production were severely damaged.

Time: 200 AD

Fighting sides: Yuan Shao VS Cao Cao.

Results: Cao Cao defeated Yuan Jun with less, which laid the foundation for Cao Cao to unify the north.

Second, Battle of Red Cliffs

Situation: Cao Cao basically unified the north and wanted to unify the whole country; Liu Bei and Sun Quan developed their influence in the south.

Time: 208 AD

The warring parties: Cao Cao VS Sun Liu Lianjun

Results: Sun and Liu joined hands to win more with less, which laid the foundation for the tripartite confrontation among the three countries.

Third, the formation of the tripartite confrontation among the three countries.

Title, time, capital, founding monarch

Wei proclaimed himself Cao Pi in Luoyang in 220.

22 1 year, Han proclaimed himself Liu Bei of Chengdu.

In 222, Wu Zhao was named Sun Quan.

Fourth, the economic development of the three countries

Guo Wei: many water conservancy projects have been built, and the production in the north has been restored and developed;

Shu State: Silk industry prospers, and Shu brocade is marketed in the three countries;

Wu: The shipbuilding industry is developed. Wu's fleet arrived in Yizhou (now Taiwan Province Province), which strengthened the connection between the mainland and Taiwan Province Province.

The development of Jiangnan area

First, the rise and fall of the Western Jin Dynasty and the ethnic groups moving inward

1, the unification of the Western Jin Dynasty

1 Wei mieshu;

② In 265, the Western Jin Dynasty replaced Wei;

Founding Emperor: Sima Yan.

Capital: Luoyang

(3) In 280, the Western Jin Dynasty wiped out Wu and achieved reunification.

2. Ethnic groups move in.

Wuhu: Xiongnu, Xianbei, Jiejie, Biandi and Qiang

3. The demise of the Western Jin Dynasty

① Reason: The ruling group was decadent, and the royal family in the Western Jin Dynasty competed for the throne for more than ten years, which exhausted the national strength of the Western Jin Dynasty.

(2) The bureaucratic landlords in the Western Jin Dynasty brutally oppressed the ethnic minorities who moved inward and aroused their resistance.

In 3 16 AD, an inward-moving armed force of Xiongnu perished in the Western Jin Dynasty.

Second, in the water war.

1, situation:

① South: Si Marui rebuilt the Jin Dynasty, with its capital in Jiankang, which was called "Eastern Jin Dynasty" in history.

② North: The pre-Qin regime established by Adi Fu Jian was strong and unified the Yellow River basin.

2. Time: 383 AD

3. both sides of the battle: former Qin VS eastern Jin.

4. Result: The Eastern Jin Dynasty defeated the former Qin Dynasty with fewer victories. The former Qin Dynasty collapsed, and the northern region once again fell into a state of separatist melee. The Eastern Jin Dynasty achieved temporary stability and provided favorable conditions for economic development.

Third, the economic development of Jiangnan.

1, the reasons for the economic development of Jiangnan:

(1) Jiangnan area has superior conditions for developing agriculture.

(2) The migration of population to the south has brought labor and advanced production technology.

(3) There are few wars in Jiangnan and the society is relatively stable.

(4) the hard work of the working people in the North and the South.

Performance:

A lot of wasteland has been reclaimed into farmland.

② Many water conservancy projects have been built.

③ Agricultural technology progress: using green manure and popularizing Niu Geng and manure.

④ Wheat extends to the south of the Yangtze River.

3. Impact: It laid the foundation for the gradual shift of economic center of gravity to the south.

Lesson 20 Great Integration of Northern Nationalities

I. Unification of the North

In 439, the Northern Wei Dynasty established by Xianbei nationality unified the Yellow River basin.

Second, national integration.

1. People of all ethnic groups in the Yellow River Valley have lived together for a long time, and have frequent daily contacts, influencing each other in production technology and living customs, and gradually merging.

2. The reform of Emperor Xiaowen in the Northern Wei Dynasty

Move the capital to Luoyang to better learn and accept the advanced culture of the Han nationality.

Sinicization policy: learning Chinese; Wear hanfu; Use China surname; Marry with the Han nationality; Adopt the official system and laws of the Han nationality; Learn the etiquette of the Han nationality.

These measures of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty promoted national integration.

Lesson 265438 +0 and Lesson 22: Culture of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties

Contribution of representative works of different dynasties.

Mathematics in the Southern Dynasties, Zu Chongzhi's Composition calculated the value of pi to the seventh place after the decimal point for the first time in the world, one thousand years earlier than the world.

Jia Sixie's Book of Qi Yao Min is the first complete agricultural science work in China.

Geography During the Northern Wei Dynasty, Li Daoyuan's Notes on Water Classics focused on recording the waterway system. Comprehensive geography monograph.

The calligraphy and painting of the words written by Wang Xizhi in the Preface to Lanting in the Eastern Jin Dynasty are either beautiful and fresh, or "floating like a cloud and agile as a dragon". Preface to Lanting has the reputation of "the best running script in the world", and Wang Xizhi is called "the sage of books" by later generations.

The Eastern Jin Dynasty painted Gu Kaizhi's Proverbs of Women's History and Luoshen Fu Tu.

The Grottoes Art of Yungang Grottoes in Datong, Shanxi Province in the Northern Dynasties

Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang, Henan Province