On-site rescue is an important task in medical and health work in peacetime and standing. What are its technologies?

First, on-site cardiopulmonary resuscitation

1, understanding of cardiopulmonary resuscitation

(1) is called the three "most"

Since 1960s, the most respected medical technology in the world;

The most popular first aid technology in the world since 1960s;

It is the most urgent life-saving technology for patients with cardiac arrest and respiratory arrest.

In 2006, Vice-Chairman Zeng Qinghong personally performed cardiac compression surgery for the model of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and instructed that training should be highly valued.

(2) uncomplicated great medical contributions.

From 65438 to 0958, American doctor Peter Sofa petersafar studied that mouth-to-mouth breathing has reliable artificial respiration effect;

1960, Cowen kouwenhoven discovered that chest compression can maintain blood circulation;

Safar confirmed the important role of joint application of these two technologies;

The invention of cardiopulmonary resuscitation model contributes to the popularization of cardiopulmonary resuscitation technology;

The popularization of technology to save patients with cardiac arrest and respiratory arrest makes it possible for people who are in immediate danger to get timely and preliminary assistance.

(3) the urgency of cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

There is no oxygen reserve in the human body. Once the heart stops beating and blood circulation stops, all organs in the body will be hypoxic and ischemic.

The human brain uses the most oxygen, reaching 20%. After 4-6 minutes of ischemia and hypoxia, the brain tissue is damaged, and after 10 minutes, the damage is irreversible. At this time, even if you save your life, you will become a vegetable or seriously mentally retarded;

These 4-6 minutes are the golden moment of first aid, which is also the reason why CPR must be carried out within 4-6 minutes.

(4) Determination of the termination time of cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Involving medical, social, moral, legal and many other issues, in any case, the right to terminate the decision is in the treating doctor or the chief physician of the rescue team;

Internationally recognized effective continuous rescue including advanced life support >: After 30 minutes, if there is still no voluntary circulation, stop. If the rescued person is basically in good condition, sudden death is due to an accident, especially drowning in ice water, which can prolong the rescue time.

Step 2 know how to breathe

The first cry of a baby is the beginning of breathing and the announcement of a new life;

Breathing is a new process of inhaling O2 and expelling CO2 to ensure life activities.

Once people stop breathing, life is at stake, and mouth-to-mouth resuscitation immediately is to send a spring breeze to wake up life.

(1) Physiological process of respiration

1) respiratory system

Respiratory tract: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus and their branches;

Lung: pleura, pleural cavity, alveoli (epithelium 70 square meters);

Diaphragm

2) Respiratory mechanism

Respiratory movement: the pressure difference between inside and outside the lung is formed, which is the power of lung ventilation and carries out rhythmic gas exchange through central regulation;

Gas exchange: Air exchanges O2 and CO2 gases with blood in the form of intra-alveolar diffusion in pulmonary circulation capillaries.

(2) artificial respiration

Is to use artificial methods to help patients who can't breathe spontaneously or have abnormal breathing to breathe passively;

Traditional methods such as supine chest compression, supine arm hugging and prone arm pressing were abandoned because of little effect.

Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation is a fast and effective method to provide oxygen to patients.

The air contains O22 1% and CO20.04%. The exhaled gas still contains 16% O2 and 24% CO2.

The gas O2 obtained by the patient is low, but it is enough to expand the collapsed alveoli, supply O2 and CO2, and excite the center.

3, understand the heart and blood circulation

(1) heart

It is a four-chamber power pump to ensure the directional flow of blood;

Myocardial tissue has excitability, self-discipline, conductivity and contractility;

The conduction system conducts rhythmic pulses from the sinus node.

(2) Blood vessel: a tube consisting of A, V and capillaries.

(3) Blood:

It consists of plasma and blood cells, accounting for 7-8% of its own weight;

Transport O2, CO2 and nutrients to help absorption and discharge;

Defense and protection functions: white blood cells devour bacteria and toxins, produce antibodies, and platelets prevent bleeding; Adjust body temperature and pH value.

(4) Blood circulation

It is the process that blood is pumped out of the heart, flows through A, V and capillaries, and returns to the heart, including systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation.

(5) Mechanism of chest compression

After cardiac arrest, correct compression can produce systolic blood pressure of 60-80mmHg and normal blood output of 1/4- 1/3;

It has become an international standard to use it as soon as possible, and the effect of 30: 2 mouth-to-mouth blowing is reliable.

(6) Common causes of cardiac arrest

Heart diseases: cardiovascular, myocardial, endocardium, tumor, aorta and pulmonary artery diseases;

Drugs: digitalis, quinidine, aminophylline, etc. Which lowers the threshold of cardiac fibrillation and induces arrhythmia;

Acid-base imbalance and water-electrolyte disorder: acidosis, hyperkalemia, hypokalemia, hypocalcemia and magnesium deficiency;

Vagus nerve function: anesthesia induction, gallbladder-heart-pharynx reflex, corneal reflex, sinus reflex, bladder-cervix-anus reflex;

Accidents in anesthesia operation and diagnosis and treatment: cardiac catheterization, thoracoabdominal surgery;

Trauma, electric shock, drowning and hanging; Carbon monoxide poisoning, industrial and agricultural gas poisoning, severe shock, cerebrovascular accident, severe pancreatitis.

(7) The main manifestations of cardiac arrest

Loss of consciousness or loss of consciousness after a brief convulsion (within 20 seconds)

Heart sounds and arterial beats disappear (appear immediately)

Stop breathing or sniffle, and gradually slow down to stop (within 60 seconds)

Others: mydriasis, incontinence, etc. (Appears after 60 seconds)

4. On-site CPR -ABC

A- airway open airway;

B- respiratory artificial respiration;

Circulate chest compressions.

(1) Steps before implementation

1) Judgment consciousness: summoning and tapping.

2) Call for help: If there is no activity or stimulation, immediately call for help and call EMS.

3) Set the position of the patient and the position of the first responder.

(2) clap your chest

It has mechanical defibrillation effect, which may make the heart rhythm return to normal;

Immediately judge unconsciousness, no pulse and no sound;

Positioning, one palm is flat on the xiphoid process and the lower part of the sternum of two fingers;

Tap, hollow fist, tap the center of the back of the hand twice vertically, judge the circulatory signs and pulse, if not, tap twice again;

If it doesn't work, perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation -ABC method immediately.

(3) ABC technical operation for adults

1)A- open the airway:

Press your forehead and lift your chin;

If cervical spine injury is suspected, mandibular support can be used.

2) mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration

Listen, look and feel for 5 seconds to determine whether there is breathing;

If you don't breathe, immediately blow from mouth to mouth twice, each time 1 s, blowing 800ml gas;

If there is no chest fluctuation when blowing, it may be that the airway is not open or there is an infarction in the airway.

3) chest compressions and artificial circulation

Use 5- 10 seconds to judge whether there is a heartbeat;

Correct positioning and operation, the palm root is placed at the junction of nipple line and sternum, the other palm is superimposed on it, and the two arms are vertical;

Squeeze for 30 times at a speed of 80- 100/ min with a pressure of 4-5cm, then blow twice, and repeat at a speed of 30: 2;

After every four to five cycles, re-observe and evaluate respiratory and circulatory signs;

It can also be operated by two people. One person kneels on his head and neck to blow, while the other kneels on his chest and waist to squeeze his heart. Squeeze and blow or 30: 2. But not as effective as single-person operation.

(4) Effective performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

His face and lips changed from pale and purple to ruddy;

Restore detectable pulse and spontaneous breathing;

Pupils change from large to small, reflecting light;

Eyes move, hands and feet twitch and moan.

(5) Chest compression is an effective measure to rescue sudden death.

What needs to be satisfied most is the blood supply to the brain, not the air supply to the lungs, so mouth-to-mouth blowing is by no means the best choice. Instead, rescuers should constantly press their hands on the chest to promote blood flow to the brain and heart;

In the past, the survival rate of patients with cardiac arrest was 1.8%, and CCR tripled this rate to 5.4%. The survival rate of patients treated with cardiac defibrillation increased by 8.6 times, reaching 65438 07.6%.

B, traumatic bleeding hemostasis technology

1, systemic vascular distribution (omitted)

Carotid artery supplies blood to brain, brachial artery supplies blood to upper limbs, and femoral artery supplies blood to lower limbs.

2. Types of traumatic bleeding

Subcutaneous hemorrhage: internal hemorrhage caused by falling, bumping, squeezing and contusion, resulting in hematoma and ecchymosis;

Internal bleeding: deep tissue or visceral injury, leading to visceral hematoma or hematocele. It is characterized by pale face, hematemesis, bloody stool, abdominal pain and weak pulse, which is life-threatening;

External bleeding: blood flows from the broken blood vessels of the wound, and arterial bleeding: bright red, jet-like, large in quantity and harmful; Venous bleeding: dark red, outflow, long time and life-threatening; Capillary hemorrhage: bright red or dark red, oozing and beaded.

3. Estimation of blood loss

Adult blood accounts for 8% of body weight (60-80 ml/kg), which is composed of plasma and blood cells and produced in bone marrow and lymph.

Sudden blood loss of more than 20% (about 800ml) causes mild shock, pale face, cold sweat, cold hands and feet, fast and weak pulse > 100 beats/minute;

Moderate shock is caused when blood loss is 20-40%, pulse100-120;

When the blood loss exceeds 40%, it will cause severe shock, shortness of breath, irritability, apathy, weak pulse and blood pressure drop, which is life-threatening.

4, the main method of hemostasis

Bandage pressure dressing: suitable for bleeding in all parts of the body, covering the wound with dressing or triangular belt;

Finger pressing hemostasis method: pressing proximal A with fingers to block blood supply 10- 15 minutes is a short-term hemostasis measure;

Commonly used acupressure hemostasis sites: superficial temporal artery A, facial artery, humerus A, ulna and radius A, finger root A, thigh A, posterior tibia A and instep A;

Limb pad flexion hemostasis: used for bleeding of distal limb with more bleeding and no fracture;

Packing hemostasis: used for deep wounds of limbs, blind tube injuries, penetrating injuries and other wounds with large bleeding and serious tissue damage;

Tourniquet to stop bleeding: It is used for the bleeding of great vessels in limbs that the above methods are ineffective. There are air bag tourniquet, belt tourniquet and cloth torsion bar tourniquet.

5, the wound hemostasis operation matters needing attention

Abide by the seven principles of speed, accuracy, buffering, speed, suitability, bidding and delivery;

Quickly determine the location and amount of bleeding and choose effective methods;

If necessary, several methods can be combined;

Call the emergency number in time to start EMSS；;

The cloth torsion bar tourniquet lacks elasticity and the pressure should be moderate;

According to the recorded time, relax slowly every once in a while to prevent blood pressure fluctuation or rebleeding.

C, wound dressing technology

1, the purpose of field dressing

Protect the wound, prevent further pollution and reduce the invasion of pathogenic bacteria;

Reduce bleeding and prevent shock caused by bleeding;

Protect the anatomical structure of internal organs, bones, blood vessels, nerves and soft tissues;

Create conditions for transshipment and further treatment.

2. Type of wound

Cuts: sharp objects cut soft tissues, resulting in skin, blood vessels, nerves and muscles injuries;

Cyanosis: the impact and extrusion of blunt hard objects lead to congestion and swelling of deep skin tissues;

Stabbing: sharp hard objects stab, resulting in small and deep wounds;

Gunshot wound: deep tissue and organ damage caused by bullets penetrating or staying in the body;

Contusion and laceration: the skin and its deep tissue are torn and the wound is irregular.

Step 3 judge the injury

The wound is deep, bleeding is much, and there may be vascular injury;

A deep wound in the chest may cause pneumothorax;

Deep abdominal wound may hurt internal organs;

Neck or waist injury, possibly spinal injury;

If the limb is deformed, there may be a fracture;

If foreign bodies penetrate into human body, they may damage blood vessels, nerves and organs.

4, wound dressing method

(1) Band-aid and nylon net package;

(2) Bandage dressing: round, round, figure-8, spiral and spiral folding dressing;

(3) Bandages are suitable for head, eyes, shoulders, chest and other parts. Specific methods:

Hood dressing;

Shoulder wrap, folded into a 90-degree dovetail angle, tied to the dorsal line of the opposite armpit;

Chest bandage, folded into 100 degree dovetail angle;

Abdominal dressing, divided into full abdomen (the bottom edge is fixed at the waist) and side abdomen (folded into dovetail shape and tied at two corners);

Tie your hands and feet, lay a triangular bandage and tie a knot on your back;

Knees and elbows should be bandaged, and triangular towels should be folded for broadband use.

(4) Precautions for wound dressing

Check the position, size, depth, bleeding, pollution and foreign bodies of the wound;

The position of bandage is accurate, and the action is light and fast;

The bandage is firm and elastic, pay attention to the blood supply of limbs;

Cover the wound with dressing, and don't use elastic bandage at the wound;

Don't clean the wound, don't use disinfectant, don't apply any medicine;

Do not directly bandage embedded foreign bodies or exposed broken ends.

(5) Treatment of special damage

Ear-nose leakage at night suggests skull base fracture, so you should stop blocking ears and nostrils and cover them with clean dressing to prevent infection or increase intracranial pressure.

Open pneumothorax is extremely difficult to breathe, so the wound should be immediately pressed with plastic wrap or clean cloth, fixed with adhesive tape, and the side chest should be wrapped with triangular towel;

Abdominal organ prolapse, protect the organs, don't take them back, cover them with plastic wrap or clean dressing, then cover the blood vessels with a triangle towel as a ring, wrap the abdomen with a triangle towel, and bend the lower limbs when lifting;

When amputating limbs or fingers, wrap them with clean things, or put them in small bottles and then put them in containers filled with ice. It is not allowed to put them directly into ice or water to improve the survival rate of replantation.

D, field fracture fixation technology

1, human skeleton diagram (omitted)

2. The purpose of fracture fixation

Brake, not to expand the injury, to alleviate the pain;

Reduce bleeding and swelling;

Prevent injury to spinal cord, nerves and blood vessels;

Make necessary preparations for handling and transshipment.

3. Fracture type

Closed fracture;

Open fracture.

4. Fracture degree

Complete fracture, with more than three broken bones as comminuted fractures;

Incomplete fracture, also known as willow branch fracture;

Incarcerated fracture, also known as incarcerated fracture.

5, the performance of fracture

Pain, obvious tenderness at the wound;

Swelling, bleeding and dislocation of bone end overlap;

Deformity, shortening, angulation and rotation;

Dysfunction, influence or loss;

Manifestations of vascular and nerve injuries.

6, the principle of fracture site fixation

First, check whether there are life-threatening signs and environment;

Correct use of bandages, triangular towels and splints to fix the injured part;

The length of the splint is longer than the upper and lower joints of the fracture;

Deformed limbs cannot be corrected;

The exposed end does not pull back, and the wound is not cleaned or coated with medicine;

Raise the affected limb after fixation, and pay attention to the feeling and blood supply at the end of the limb.

7, the method of fracture field fixation

(1) Fracture of humeral shaft

Two splints are placed inside and outside the upper arm, and pads are added under the plates;

The cloth belt is fixed at the upper and lower ends,

Hang the forearm in the elbow flexion position.

(2) Forearm fracture

Put two splints inside and outside and add pads;

Thumb up, cloth belt fixed wrist and elbow;

The forearm hangs on the chest and the upper arm is fixed on the chest;

If necessary, magazines, clothes, etc. Can be used instead of fixing.

(3) Femoral shaft (thigh) fracture

The outer plate extends to the armpit, and the inner side extends to the heel of thigh, with padding;

Under the armpit, waist, buttocks, calves and ankles, seven broadband strips are placed;

Fix the ankle with the eight-character method and tie the back of the foot;

When there is no longboard, the healthy leg can be fixed with the affected limb.

(4) Leg fracture

Most open fractures with exposed tibia need thickening pads;

Long board from hip joint to lateral ankle, short board from thigh root to medial ankle;

The joints are padded, and the emptiness is filled with soft objects;

Fix hips, thighs and ankles from top to bottom with five wide belts;

Tie a knot on the healthy side and fix the ankle with the figure-eight method.

(5) Fracture of spine (cervical vertebra and lumbar vertebra)

It is easy to harm the spinal cord and cause paraplegia;

It is best to fix the neck on the shaft with neck support with spine plate or hard wood board;

Move gently, keep the long axis of the body consistent, and translate to the board;

Head, ankle and waist are padded;

Fix the shoulders, pelvis, lower limbs and feet on the board with broadband.

(6) Pelvic fracture

Most of them are caused by strong external force collision and extrusion;

Lie on your back, bend your knees and put a cushion under your knees;

The wide cloth belt is tied around the pelvis from the back of the hip to the front and fixed in the lower abdomen.

(7) Matters needing attention in fracture field fixation

Pay attention to the treatment of cervical and lumbar fractures to prevent the injury from getting worse;

Open fractures are forbidden to be washed with water or coated with drugs, and should be kept clean;

Do not take out the inserted foreign body, and bind and fix it on both sides;

When the limb is deformed, it will be fixed in the original position;

The main function of fixation is braking to prevent re-injury, and the site cannot be recovered.

E, the wounded treatment and escort technology

1, principle

It is not a simple transportation, so we must pay attention to prevent the injury from getting worse;

Accurately distinguish injuries, go into battle lightly, and avoid vibration;

Leave the dangerous place as soon as possible and transport it to the treatment place;

Different ways should be taken according to individual needs, such as helping, reverse transportation and double transportation;

Don't try to stand when you suspect that your spine, pelvis and lower limbs are broken, and don't break your back ribs;

With the tools around you, you can make a stretcher out of boards, clothes, blankets and ropes.

2. Common treatment methods

Cervical spine injury traction neck treatment, using cervical spine fixator;

Many people with spinal injuries lift the wounded, keep the body axis and use the spinal plate;

Support method, holding method, handling method, flat consignment;

Handheld trolley handling, chair support and cart;

Underarm dragging, clothes dragging, crawling;

Carrying a stretcher: cross left and right before walking, with the uphill head forward and the downhill head backward.

Second, the scene rescue of sudden disasters

First, the general injury scene rescue

1. First aid points for burns and scalds

Rinse immediately with cold water 10-30 minutes, or soak in cold water until there is no pain, then cut open and take off your clothes;

Gently dry the wound and cover it with gauze for protection;

Don't prick blisters, and don't scribble potions and ointments;

People with severe burns and scalds should not drink boiled water when they are thirsty;

Observe the condition in supine position, March steadily and take it to the hospital.

2, electric injury rescue points

Cut off the power supply and isolate the patient from the wire with insulation;

Ensure that the wounded are not charged before they can be rescued;

If there is no heartbeat breathing, tap defibrillation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation immediately; ;

Check whether there are other injuries, and cover or wrap them with gauze;

People who get an electric shock at high voltage should not be in a hurry to rescue, but should call the electric rescue phone immediately;

Emergency call EMSS.

3, carbon monoxide poisoning rescue points

Immediately open the doors and windows to circulate air and leave the poisoned environment as soon as possible;

Spontaneous breathers should inhale O2 immediately;

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation; If the heartbeat stops breathing, it should be done immediately;

Emergency call EMS.

4, drowning rescue points

Quickly remove the silt and weeds in the mouth, nose and throat, keep the respiratory tract unobstructed, and don't emphasize water and delay the rescue time;

Lie on your back with your head tilted to one side, or face down on your stomach;

Judge consciousness and look at the colors of pupils and lips;

Breathing without heartbeat, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; Immediately;

Emergency call EMSS.

5, heatstroke rescue points

Use a fan to help the patient to a cool and ventilated place;

Untie the collar and belt, take off your clothes and wipe your head, neck and limbs with warm water;

Sober people can drink light salt water and light tea;

Observe breathing, pulse and consciousness, and send them to hospital for treatment.

6, ankle sprain rescue points

Stop the activity of the injured joint immediately;

Cold compress the injured part and switch to hot compress after 24 hours;

Do not massage or massage the injured part;

Send it to the hospital for X-ray to rule out the fracture.

7, dog bite rescue points

Prevention and treatment of rabies must be carried out after biting;

Wash the wound with plenty of water within 2 hours;

Inject rabies vaccine and rabies immune serum within 24 hours.

8, snake bite rescue points

There are two big and deep tooth marks on the wound;

Calm down, tie the wound 5cm near the heart with a cloth belt, and loosen it every 10-20 minutes for 1-2 minutes;

Rinse or burn local wounds to remove the venom from the wounds;

After washing, cut the skin between the two tooth marks with a knife and squeeze it from top to bottom by hand to eliminate the venom as much as possible;

Don't drink or run;

Call EMS urgently and send it to hospital for treatment.

B, sudden disaster scene rescue

1, common sense formula of first aid in earthquake relief site

It is found that life gives water first, but it fails to drink water quickly to replenish liquid;

Clean your nose and mouth and breathe freely;

Drag your hips and shoulders outward, and don't drag your joints hard;

Wound bleeding depends on compression, splint and wooden stick fracture;

Don't twist your neck and waist, and transfer the hard board to many people.

Don't block the outflow of brain fluid, raise your head slightly to prevent backflow;

It is most important to protect the neck injury and maintain the central axis;

When stabbing the chest, the sharp instrument cannot be pulled out, so fix the sharp instrument to prevent pneumothorax;

Intestinal tube overflow should prevent infection;

Limb fractures should be fixed and blood vessels and nerves should be protected.

2, fire rescue points

Fire can cause burns and gas poisoning, so getting out as soon as possible is the first priority. In the 10% fire, the acute lethal concentration of CO exceeds 0.5%, and cyanide and lack of oxygen are potential lethal factors for non-building fires.

Call the police immediately, and try to put out the fire by means of fire extinguisher, watering, flapping and covering;

Escape: when the smoke rises in the early stage of the fire, you should crawl on the ground and cover your mouth and nose with a wet mask and towel to escape; When the fire is not fierce, the soaked coat quilt rushes out of the fire area; Doors and stairs have been sealed by fire, so they should be fixed with ropes or torn sheets and slid to the ground along the balcony window; When you are forced to jump off a building, you should first throw out the quilt and mattress, and try to reduce the height before jumping off the building;

Key points of rescuing the wounded: quickly move to a safe and ventilated place, protect the wound surface clean, cover it with a medicated cloth, and drink light salt water when thirsty.

C. On-site rescue of common emergencies

1, disturbance of consciousness and coma

(1) is divided into four levels according to the degree.

Level 1: lethargy, being awake, being able to respond with words and actions;

Level 2: drowsiness, strong stimulation can wake you up, less language movements, and stimulation stops sleepiness;

Grade 3: mild coma, no response to sound and light stimulation, motor response to strong stimulation such as pain, and stable R, P and BP;

Grade 4: deep coma, unresponsive to strong stimulation, unstable R, P and BP.

(2) On-site rescue principle

Keep the respiratory tract unobstructed and head tilted to one side;

Emergency call EMS.

Step 2 be shocked

(1) Concept: circulatory failure caused by cardiogenic, infectious, hypovolemic or allergic factors, leading to a sharp decrease in circulating blood volume or vasomotor disorder, leading to insufficient blood perfusion in important organs and tissues of human body.

(II) Main performance

Dizziness and discomfort, hyperventilation;

Irritability or indifference, lethargy, coma;

Cold limbs, pale or cyanotic skin, sometimes accompanied by sweating;

The pulse is weak or intangible;

Systolic blood pressure is lower than 50mmHg.

(3) Key points of on-site rescue

Lie on your back, lift your lower limbs slightly, lean your head back and lean to one side to keep your breathing smooth;

Those with low body temperature keep warm, and those with high fever cool down;

For traumatic bleeding, stop bleeding immediately;

Give O2 conditionally, measure blood pressure, and pay attention to the changes of R, P and BP;

Call EMS urgently or send it to the nearest hospital for treatment.

3, syncope

(1) performance

It is a momentary loss of consciousness caused by transient cerebral ischemia, which can recover itself after a few seconds or after adjusting the position;

Young men suddenly stand up in supine position, sitting position and squatting position, and urinate and faint in the morning. At this time, the vascular tension is low, and the brain is temporarily ischemic due to the gravity of blood.

Consciously dizzy, nausea, black eyes, general weakness, collapse, pale face, cold limbs and rapid pulse.

(2) On-site rescue principle

Lie flat immediately with your head slightly lower;

Keep the indoor air fresh, unbutton the collar and keep the respiratory tract unobstructed;

Oxygen inhalation was given when conditions permit, and R, P and BP were detected.

If the situation does not improve, please call EMS immediately.

4. Cerebral vascular accident

(1) Common symptoms

Often called stroke or stroke, it can be divided into ischemic (cerebral thrombosis and cerebral infarction) and hemorrhagic (cerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage).

More common in middle-aged and elderly people, emotional excitement, more activities, and sudden colds are the incentives;

Consciousness disorder, irritability and severe coma;

Headache, vomiting, burping;

When blood pressure rises, breathing becomes faster, and when it is serious, breathing is deep and slow;

When the body temperature rises, the pupil changes are different because of the different parts involved;

Numbness, paralysis and hemiplegia of face and limbs.

(2) On-site rescue principle

Lie quietly in bed, raise your head, breathe O2 if possible, and don't drink or eat;

Coma, keep breathing unobstructed, head tilted to one side, pay attention to clean up vomit;

Call EMS urgently, wait for professional treatment, and pay attention to reduce vibration when handling.