What is the development course of Zibo's silk economy?

When the wheel of history runs over Qilu along the bone ridge of Longshan culture, a beautiful ribbon dances under the wheel, starting from a place called Zhoucun, dancing for thousands of years, and silk travels all over the world. ...

The beauty of silk for thousands of years

Legend has it that in ancient times, a phoenix flew over Zhoucun with a cocoon in its mouth, which led human beings to learn to cover their bodies with silk. In order to see the popularization of silk technology in the local area, Phoenix has turned itself into a mountain peak, which is the Phoenix Mountain in Zhoucun. There is also a village called Fenghuang Village in the southern suburb of Zhoucun.

The legend is beautiful, but it seems a little incredible. The ancient cultural relics unearthed in the local area undoubtedly make up for this regret and become the most powerful explanation. In this ancient land of Zhoucun, there are many Longshan cultural sites, especially around the ancient city of Ling, and many ancient silk craft relics such as spinning wheels have been unearthed. The predecessor of Zhoucun was the Hou State of Yuling in Shang Dynasty, and it was also the birthplace of Qi culture during the Warring States Period after the double Ku of Emperor Yan. Since then, silk, as an excellent variety, has taken root, sprouted, grown and matured in Qilu ... Since then, silk has become a cultural messenger, traveling around the world, far away from home, introducing ancient China to the west and bringing peace to the world ... When the sun sets, on this almost the most difficult road in the world, when HongLing appears in a taupe color, it is more romantic and more difficult to expect. It is also on this ancient road that silk brought Hu Bing, Manichaeism, advanced technology and culture from the West, and Zhoucun's economy was completely prosperous ... Silk as thin as cicada's wings shone gently in the Millennium sunshine, reflecting the Millennium ancient road, from the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the Qin and Han Dynasties, from the Tang Dynasty to the Ming and Qing Dynasties ... The ancient road was as thick as it was, and wherever it went, the ancient road opened up and civilization extended.

Without silk, there would be no Zhoucun.

Silk is a mysterious red silk thread, which led China out of the Oriental Pavilion ... Westerners' initial understanding of China began with silk. As early as the 3rd century BC, the historical and geographical documents of Greece, Rome and India recorded the "Ju Lushi State" in the East, which means "Silk" in Greek, and "Ju Lushi State" is the "Silk State"-China. Silk is the symbol of China and Zhoucun. Zhoucun is famous for its silk at home and abroad. ...

After Qin Shihuang unified China, he led a mighty entourage to inspect various places. He stood on Zhifu Mountain, looked at the magnificent sea, followed the advice of Taoist Xu Fu, formed a huge fleet, and went out to sea to seek immortality and medicine. In addition to 3000 boys and girls, the ship was also loaded with porcelain and silk produced in the same place. For this batch of silk, tens of thousands of people in Yuling worked day and night on silk and textiles, and dedicated the best Wan Qi and Lu Mao to the Almighty Emperor. In Binzhou, 100 miles away from Zhoucun, there is a landscape called "Qintai"-which means that Qin Shihuang looks at the sea from it.

When the wheel of time turned to the Han Dynasty, Liu Bang ascended the throne after the Chu-Han War. The peasant emperor, who likes to wear silk in Qi, ordered the establishment of three service officials in Qi. There are two service officials in the country who are responsible for silk processing and weaving silk products for royal and foreign gifts. Qi, represented by Yuling and Linzi, was one of them, accounting for the vast majority of domestic silk production at that time. In Hanshu, Changshan County, where Zhoucun belonged at that time, was described as "vulgar and versatile" and "Qi County customs, and men were mostly ploughing mulberry".

In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, the silk weaving industry in Zhoucun was mostly hand-made. In the mid-Qing Dynasty, silk workshops were constantly emerging. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, silk merchants from all over the country had invested and set up factories in Zhoucun, which developed into the center of Shandong silk industry. During the reign of Emperor Qianlong of Qing Dynasty, the local chronicles of Zichuan recorded: "The local products are rich in silk, and every spring they compare with households ... Although they can reel silk, they are sold to merchants in Zhoucun to weave cloth." At that time, sericulture had become the main industry of local people. Every summer, the silk market is extremely prosperous. Most of the cocoons produced in nearby areas are transported to Zhoucun market for sale. The folk song "Mulberry plants are all over the field, every family raises silkworms, and every family weaves silks and satins" vividly reproduces the prosperity of Zhoucun silk industry at that time.

1894, a new type of pedal loom invented in Japan entered Zhoucun, and the labor efficiency was improved by two or three times. At the beginning of the 20th century, Suu silk expanding technology was introduced from the south, which made the silk reeling industry in Zhoucun transition from manual operation to semi-mechanized operation, and the quality of silk reeling was obviously improved. At the same time, machine-made silk appeared. 19 1 1 year, Yuhoutang Silk Factory took the lead in installing a steam engine. 19 19, the power station of Tongfeng electric power reeling company was established, and electricity was applied to the reeling process. 1920, Hutchison Machine Repair Workshop introduced the ironwood jacquard from Tianjin, which replaced the original wooden jacquard, and the work efficiency was improved by more than 35%, and the product quality was greatly improved. 1930 shunxing chengjifang purchased four electric silk looms from Tianjin, and the electricity was applied to the silk weaving process.

Around the opening of Zhoucun Port, there appeared four mechanical reeling factories, Hengxingde, Yuhoutang, Tongfeng and Yuanfeng, which were the earliest and largest modern enterprises in northern China. These factories have imported more than 600 Italian silk reeling machines, powered by steam engines, and the production efficiency has doubled. Therefore, as a businessman, Li Jingyi, the pioneer of Yuhoutang, was awarded the title of Wen by the emperor, and even his wife made an exception as a Confucian scholar, which is an unprecedented honor. In the early years of the Republic of China, the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce of the Republic of China gave Yu Houtang the evaluation of "caring about the pilot and persevering in management". In recognition of his contribution to the modernization of China's national industry, the President of the Republic of China awarded the Seventh Golden Harvest Medal. At the same time, Tongli Company specialized in developing silk production technology appeared in Zhoucun. In the north of China, it took the lead in establishing a specialized institution to cultivate high-quality mulberry trees, cultivate excellent silkworm cocoon varieties and improve silk reeling processing technology, and opened the first specialized school for silk technology, thus forming a complete silk production, scientific research and trade system in Zhoucun.

After the TV series "Big Dyeing Workshop", which tells the arduous pioneering course of Chen Shouting in troubled times, was broadcast in the prime time of CCTV, Zhoucun Big Dyeing Workshop became famous from then on. This TV series is directly based on Zhoucun. In the middle of Qing Dynasty, silk printing and dyeing rose, and Zhoucun gradually became a famous silk processing base in China. By the eve of the opening of Zhoucun in the 26th year of Guangxu (1900), there were more than 40 pulp mills and 70 dyehouses in Zhoucun. There is a well-preserved dyehouse at No.37 Yinzishi Street, which is the former site of Donglaisheng Silk Cloth Village and was built in Qing Dynasty. The business model of dyehouse is similar to the TV series Big Dyehouse. First complete the original capital accumulation in Zhoucun, and then set up semicolons in Jinan, Qingdao, Tianjin, Beijing and other places. The main business is dyeing and finishing the acquired silk grey cloth, and then wholesale it. During the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty, the capital of Donglai Shengsibu Village reached 32,000 silver, and merchants came in an endless stream. ......

19 16 or so, there are 3,000 silk weavers in Zhoucun, more than 5,000 acres of mulberry fields, 6,000 spinning machines and tens of thousands of employees. The annual output value of silk, hemp and other products reached more than 4 million yuan, accounting for 63.2% of the province's 656.5438+0 billion yuan. 193 1 year, the silk output reached a record 3 million pieces. The silk industry is unprecedentedly prosperous. The Map of Modern China published by 1939 records: "Zhoucun silk weaving industry is developed, and its silk, crepe, silk and silk are the first in Shandong." Bai Juyi, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, once described the exquisiteness of silk as "weaving from heaven to earth", and Zhoucun's silk deserves such praise.

Walking on the "street", you can feel the silk culture everywhere. Yonghe Silk Store, Tonghe Silk Store, Fuyuan Silk Store, Henghe Silk Store, Tongtai Silk Store, Tongsheng Silk Store, Tailai Silk Store, Renhe Silk Store, Ruifuxiang Silk Store, Yumaogong Silk Store and Qingheyong Silk Store on the old street ... I think there is a lot of traffic in front of the door every day, and merchants from Northeast China, Northwest China, South China and abroad are coming in an endless stream ...

Silk Market Street and Silk Market Street in Zhoucun are ancient streets that have been developing continuously since the Tang and Song Dynasties. The Silk Market Street, which has a history of thousands of years, is full of vicissitudes of buildings, with antique streets and Wangyunmen overlooking the ancient Silk Road. The long stone road, the ancient silk shop in Linshu, the air is filled with the unique smell of fresh cocoons, and there are still strands of raw silk in the barn. Camel Cliff, although there is no lake and willow shadow in the past, it seems that you can still hear camel bells coming from the wind, as if you can still see the travel-stained figure of businessmen in the western regions of Datang. In Huamei Store, mountain-like summer sleeping bags are made of high-quality wool and camel hair. Outside Ruifuxiang store, the bus ready for a long trip is gold, silk and brocade …

In a sense, the civilization of Zhoucun depends on the production and circulation of silk. Without silk, there would be no Zhoucun. In a sense, there would be no silk circulation without the ancient road.

Strolling through the streets, the ancient road is long.

Green slate. Diva. Red lanterns. A string of red lanterns, the smell of wisps in the air still stays in the distance ... Gray old houses, copper plaques are deeply embedded in the walls, embedded in the depths of the years ... In the loss of time, they become more noble and elegant, and what settles down is the indifference and calmness in the face of time.

This stone road has been polished into a smooth long street, which is the starting point for ancient silk to go out-a well-known ancient road called "Avenue" in the local area. This street is the largest and oldest commercial street in Zhoucun. It was built in Yongle period of Ming Dynasty (about 14 10) and was initially laid in Chongzhen year of Ming Dynasty (1636). It is composed of ancient commercial districts such as Silk Market Street, Silver Market Street and Silk Market Street. It starts from the intersection of Silk Market Street and Yinshichang Street in the south and ends at Shuo Gate in the north, which is about two li long. The Arctic Pavilion spans the middle and divides the street into two sections, namely the southern section, with a total length of 400 meters. Walking on the road paved with bluestone slabs, I saw shops on both sides and merchants fluttering, as if it had been a lifetime ago. Qingshiban Road leads all the way to the front and to ancient times. ......

As far back as the Western Zhou Dynasty, after King Wu conquered Duke Zhou's eastward expedition, he established an east-west avenue from Haojing (now northwest of Xi, Shaanxi) to Qidu (now Zibo, Shandong), namely Zhoudao. During the Warring States period, Qi tried to "benefit from industry and commerce". When it began to rule, Linzi, the capital of Qi, was already a metropolis with 70,000 households, and its commerce and handicrafts were also developed. The road to the west is the original Zhou Dao. At that time, Linzi was the political and economic center of Qi, with a large population. The road to Linzi is "very rich, very real". When the car hub calls, people brush their shoulders and become curtains. Along the distribution of unearthed Qi coins, it can be found that during the Warring States period, Shandong's roads extended radially in all directions from Linzi, and it can also be seen that Qi also had a traffic avenue along the Bohai Sea.

Qin unified China and cultivated the equator. Jia Shan's "Han Shu Zou Jia Daozhuan Yan Zhi" said: "If you want the equator in the world, Yan Qi is poor in the east, and Wu Chu in Antarctica is above the rivers and lakes, and the seaside scenery is complete." The road is fifty paces wide, the trees are three feet high, the golden vertebrae are hidden in the thick outside, and the pine trees are the beauty of the equator. In this regard, "Qin Zhou takes 6 feet as a step and 50 steps, that is, 69 meters today, which shows the scale and grandeur of Qin Chi Road. Qin's main way of doing things in Shandong was established on the basis of the way of Western Zhou Dynasty. Qin Chi Road passes through Shandong, which is mostly an important economic and transportation center. Linzi, the ancient capital of Qi, was already a big city with a population of 300,000 to 400,000. During the Western Han Dynasty, the Yellow River valley was the main place where most merchants moved. According to Records of Historical Records and Biography of Huo Zhi, there are 19 cities where merchants live, and there are 2 cities in Shandong, namely Linzi and Dingtao.

By the Han Dynasty, Linzi's commerce was more developed. It was one of the three silk weaving centers in China at that time (the other two were Xiangyi in Henan and Chengdu in Sichuan). During the reign of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, the population of Linzi increased from 70,000 in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to 65,438+10,000. Yan, the father of Linzi people, said that "there are 100,000 households in Linzi, thousands of rents in the city, and many people have made a fortune, which is greater than Chang 'an". Biography of Historical Records of Huo Zhi says that Linzi is also the capital of Haidai. Although there are many reasons for the formation and prosperity of the Chamber of Commerce, the developed road is an important condition. At that time, there were five roads from Linzi to various places. 1, Jinan, north of Pingyuan, to Zhuo Jun (now Zhuoxian County, Hebei Province). Economically, it reaches Julu along the south and northwest of the plain, and further reaches Jingxing and Taiyuan to the northwest. 3. The economy is heading southwest. 4, through Gaomi, Chengyang (Juxian) southbound, to Donghai (now Tancheng West), Pengcheng and other places. 5. Go south to Langya along the coast of Donglai (now Laizhou). In the Tang Dynasty, Shangdu (Chang 'an) entered Shandong via Bianzhou, and passed through Cao Zhou (now north of Cao Xian County), Yanzhou, Zizhou (Zichuan), Qingzhou and Laizhou to Dengzhou (now Penglai), *** 1450 Li. It is one of the three main routes for businessmen to pass through Shandong.

During the Tang Dynasty, most of the silk in Shandong was transported to all parts of the Central Plains through the roads between Shandong States and the East-West Avenue in Shandong until the Silk Road. Du Fu's poem "Remembering the Time Past" said: "Recalling the prosperity of Kaiyuan in those days, there were still thousands of families in the small town. Rice is fat and white, and public and private warehouses are rich. There are no jackals on the road in Kyushu, which is a good day to travel; Wan Qi and Lu Mao are driving classes. Men are more important than women. " It can be seen that the roads are safe and smooth, and silk fabrics can be transported. Through these roads, Zhoucun's silk was concentrated on the East-West Avenue, and then transported to Luoyang and Chang 'an until the Silk Road. Shipping abroad is to Bohai Sea, Korea and Japan. In Song Dynasty, the road from Mizhou, Zizhou (Zichuan), Yanzhou and Cao Zhou (or Qingzhou, qi zhou and Huazhou) to Bianzhou became an important road in the country at that time. Zhou Bangyan's "Biandu Fu" mentioned that silk and linen fabrics, fishing and salt products and exotic objects in Shandong were all transported to Bianzhou through Shandong Road at that time.

Before the Ming dynasty, the main traffic artery was from the present ancient city village to the south, and it was opened through ceremonies and roads. One goes south to Boshan, and the other goes west through Wangcun to present Pengyang to Jinan. The main road in Qing Dynasty was Guanma Avenue. At the beginning of Qing Dynasty, Shandong East-West Avenue changed its route from Wangcun to Zhangdian through the development of Wangcun Road and the rise of Zhoucun commerce. Due to the change in the direction of this traffic avenue, Zhoucun's commerce has developed rapidly, becoming a "dry dock" and a "hometown of silk" where merchants gather.

Two thousand years have passed. Walking on this ancient street, you will have an impulse to awaken history. Awakening history is actually awakening our own souls. Explore all the way along the ancient road made of bluestone slabs, and you will find these old streets, old houses and old people who stay here. They carry too many stories. If it is rainy, it seems that you can still find the woman wearing a silk cheongsam and holding an oil-paper umbrella alone. From your side, walk on by, watching the delicate and falling back and listening to the faint clatter of high-heeled shoes stepping on the ancient street, really touched the depths of your soul at that moment, as if in a dream ...

Han wharf no.1 village

More than 200 years ago, an emperor who liked traveling incognito came to Zhoucun to watch the Lantern Festival, and named Zhoucun "the first village in the world". This man is Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty. After nearly 50 years' development from Kangxi to Daoguang/kloc-0, Zhoucun, Foshan, Zhuxian Town and Jingdezhen are also called the four "dry docks" in China, and are known as "Jinzhou Village".

As early as the Qin and Han dynasties, Yuling formed a large-scale free market. Li Shangyin, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, described the market at that time like this: "When the buds first came out of the forest, the price of jade was as heavy as gold." During the Tang and Song Dynasties, ancient shopping malls began to take shape. It reached its peak in Ming and Qing dynasties and developed into a famous commercial center in China. At that time, there was a saying that "in Jinzhou Village, Yin Wei County, Jin 'an was not as good as Zhoucun in an hour".

Businessmen from Shanxi and Shaanxi were the first people to do business in Zhoucun. It can be inferred from the existing Shanshan Guild Hall on the west side of the gate of the district committee that there were as many Qin Jin businessmen in Zhoucun, mostly engaged in lacquerware, wood products, cotton cloth and other industries. With the expansion of business, banks in Shanxi and Shaanxi have also settled in Zhoucun. Rishengchang, the most influential private bank in China, is located in Pingyao, Shanxi, and its main cabinet in Shandong is located in Jinan. In Zhoucun 100 banks, Shanshan accounts for one third, and most of them are in Yinzishi Street.

The ticket number exhibition hall located at Yinzishi Street 13 1 is the former site of the Dadetong ticket number founded by the famous Shanxi businessman Qiao Zhiyong in Zhoucun. The architectural style embodies the rigor and neatness of Shanxi merchant culture. 192 1 year, the number of Zhoucun banks reached 108, with a total capital of 6 million taels of silver, which shows the prosperity of business. The exhibition hall shows the historical process of the rise, development and prosperity of Zhoucun coin industry in Qing Dynasty. The "Seven Auspiciouss" in China's famous "Eight Auspiciouss" are all the original capital accumulation completed in Zhoucun, and then go to all parts of the country.

Then came the merchants from Huguang, wuyue, Manchuria and Mongolia, the most influential of which was the Oriental merchant, who developed from the old army in Zhangqiu County through Zhoucun to the Montessori family in the whole country. The founder of Quanxiang Tea House is Meng Chuanshan, the father of Meng Luochuan, who is known as "the first businessman in the East". He was founded in 1835 and has a history of 175 years. 1896, Meng Luochuan moved Zhoucun Quanxiang and Ruifuxiang to Guiyi Street in Jinan City, and Zhoucun became a semicolon. 19 10, Meng Luochuan successively set up semicolons in Beijing, Tianjin, Qingdao and Taiwan. In 1930s, the annual net profit reached more than RMB10,000, ranking first among China Montessori firms. Meng Luochuan often comes to Zhoucun Old Ghost to inspect or preside over business, and has a special mansion. Ruifuxiang later developed into the largest national commercial time-honored brand in China. 19 16, Yuan Shikai restored the imperial system, and customized the emperor's robes in Ruifuxiang. 1949 On the eve of the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Premier Zhou Enlai appointed Rui Fuxiang to make the first national flag of the People's Republic of China-the five-star red flag. Meng Luochuan is a glorious milestone in the history of modern national industry in China.

1April, 885 (March, 11th year of Guangxu reign of Qing dynasty), Zhoucun opened a telegraph office. From 65438 to 0904, Zhoucun, Jinan and Weifang were simultaneously established as commercial ports. In the same year, Ji Jiao Railway was opened. After the opening of the port, nearly 300,000 square meters of Zhoucun, which starts from Dongmen in the east, Taihezhuang in the east and Ji Jiao Railway in the south, has been designated as a foreign investment zone. In addition to the Japanese Dave foreign firm, German Ritz and foreign firm that used to be in Shangbu Street, a large number of foreign firms opened in Shangbu Street one after another. Representative companies include German Dehe Foreign Firm, An Deyu Oil Warehouse, American Hongji Oil Warehouse, Anglo-Dutch Shell Oil Company, Japanese Suzuki Foreign Firm, British American Tobacco Company, Japanese Kobayashi Foreign Firm, Japanese Temple Village Silk Company, Mobil Oil Company and Japanese Mitsui Company. , the maximum number reaches 108. Since then, many foreign businessmen have poured into busy streets and other lots, and set up electric light companies and flour mills first.

The opening of the port a hundred years ago is a dazzling symbol in the starry sky with a long history in Zhoucun. Zhoucun has since opened the door to modernity. Therefore, it has become a gathering place for wealthy businessmen in the north and south, and one of the four famous dry docks in China. From "Jinan is not as good as Zhoucun for an hour every day", it is known as "Jinzhou Village" and "province on the wall", and it has become a famous commodity distribution center that radiates Shandong, across the river (Yangtze River) and across the river (Yellow River). What's more, there are many temples in Mount Tai, and the goods are not as much as those in Zhoucun. The prosperity of Zhoucun economy and the going out of silk porcelain not only brought Zhoucun Hu cake and Manichaeism, but also brought hospitals and schools and real cultural enlightenment. ...

The origin of Zhoucun sesame seed cake

China's ancient books mainly recorded four kinds of cakes, but the concepts of these four kinds of cakes are not exactly the same as today's cakes. The first category is steamed cake, the second category is soup cake, the third category is oil cake, and the fourth category is Hu cake, which is the food of the conference semifinals in the western regions. Hu cake can appear repeatedly in Han and Tang documents, which proves that it was a common food at that time. However, there are different opinions about when and where Hu Bing started and what kind of food it is. According to "The Sound and Meaning of the Classics", "This oil cake was originally eaten by Hu, but it is effective in China with a slight change, so the agent has this name recently." According to the "Hua Su Miscellanies" cloud, "Those who have Hu (jade) cakes do not know the so-called name, which is called Luo Bing; I thought Hu people liked it. It was called Hu cake in ancient times. These two records, with the same effect, agree that they came from the Western Regions and were introduced to China around the Han Dynasty. Shen Jiji's Ren Zhuan also proves this point: "There is a Hu Ren Bakery (Chang 'an Shengpingli) by the door, and the square lamps are blazing." According to the current general view, Zhoucun sesame seed cake originated from "Hu cake" in Han Dynasty, with a production history of 1800 years.

In the mid-Ming Dynasty, merchants gathered in Zhoucun, and various snacks came into being. At this time, the "Hu cake stove" used for pasting and baking Hu cakes was introduced into Zhoucun. The owner of the local restaurant combined with the characteristics of thin, fragrant and crisp sesame cake to improve it and created a well-known big shortcake, which is the embryonic form of Zhoucun sesame cake today. However, Zhoucun sesame seed cake has four characteristics of "thin, fragrant, crisp and crisp", but it was in modern times. Wangjiazhuang, Gaotang Town, zhoucun district is one of the villages with the most baked wheat cakes in Zhoucun. Zhoucun sesame seed cake was developed on the basis of a master named Guo Yunlong, and finally formed its present characteristics. When Master Guo was baking a thick crisp sesame cake, he happened to find that the swollen part of the cake was thin and crisp, and with sesame seeds, it tasted fragrant but not greasy. So he boldly tried new products and was really loved by everyone. So it was inadvertently extended.

After l880, Guo Jia, an old store of "Juhezhai" sesame cakes, first used paper packaging, and most of the final products were packaged in printed paper, which did not deteriorate after long-term storage, so it has been passed down to this day. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the royal family paid tribute to Zhoucun sesame seed cake many times, which also made Zhoucun sesame seed cake famous all over the world. At that time, Badaxiang, a famous firm in Shandong, specially ordered Zhoucun big crisp biscuits to be sent to the port as good feed. 195 1 years ago or so, Zhoucun people also used Zhoucun baked wheat cakes as gifts to express their condolences to Chinese people's Volunteer Army soldiers on the front line of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea. Strolling through the ancient street, you can walk into a baked wheat cake shop with a slight turn. The baked wheat cake at the scene looks very attractive. The thin cake is covered with golden sesame seeds. You gently bite with your teeth, and the thin, fragrant, crisp and crisp sesame cake is fragrant in an instant ...

The mystery of the introduction of Manichaeism

199865438+1On October 8th, Dr. Lian Yaming, a sinologist from the University of Munich, Germany, came to Zhoucun. Lian came to Zhoucun because he read an article about the discovery of the site of Manichaeism in Tang Dynasty in Zhoucun, Shandong Province, China, in a China academic magazine called Historical Newsletter.

Dr Lian was engaged in the research on the relationship between China and the Persian Empire. Manichaeism was founded by Manichaeism, an ancient Persian in the 3rd century A.D., and was introduced to China by the Silk Road around the 6th century A.D., and later Manichaeism in China was called Zoroastrianism. Manichaeism was introduced into China soon, and was banned by the imperial court in the middle of the Tang Dynasty. Therefore, there are few buildings and inscriptions related to Manichaeism, and even fewer can be preserved. Therefore, the article about the discovery of Manichaeism sites in Zhoucun, Shandong Province aroused Lian's great interest. Moreover, the site described in the data was built in the year when Manichaeism was just introduced into China, which is even more intriguing.

Dr. Lian met with Guo Jisheng, deputy director of zhoucun district Literature and History Committee, who wrote the article A Preliminary Study of Manichaeism in Zhoucun. Lian really saw the ruins of Mingjiao Temple in Tang Dynasty and the statues of Manichaeism. Zhoucun Mingjiao Temple is one of the earliest existing ancient buildings in Zhoucun. According to "plain clothes Dian Bei" in Zhoucun during the reign of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty, Mingjue Temple in Zhoucun was "first built in Tang Dynasty and then rebuilt in Yuan Dynasty". Manichaeism statue carved stone is now in zhoucun district Cultural Relics Management Office. The back of the statue is engraved with the words "Ten Years of Zhenguan in Tang Dynasty, Midspring, New Moon, Hitachi". Front relief, the upper part is a main image, four mighty statues; The lower part is engraved with five grotesque images.

To Dr. Lian's surprise, an ordinary town in Zhoucun has so many historical mysteries that he can't believe it. The products of Manichaeism, Hu Bing and other ancient Persian regions came to Zhoucun very early. For many years, when it comes to the starting point of the Silk Road, people naturally think of Xi 'an. Because Xi 'an was once the capital of Han and Tang Dynasties, and it was also the starting point of Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Regions. Surprisingly, however, as the starting point of the Silk Road, it is not the main producing area of sericulture silk, but only the distribution center of silk.

Silkworm rearing and silk spinning mentioned in Historical Records and Hanshu are all about Qilu, not as good as others. According to the charts listed in the official chronicle of the Tang Dynasty, in the Tang Dynasty, the sericulture and silk spinning industries in Shandong, Henan, Hebei, Sichuan and Jiangnan competed for each other, but the silk products in Shandong still occupied the first place in quality and quantity, while in Henan.

From 65438 to 0934, the Ministry of Trade of the Republic of China specially appointed officials to investigate and study Zhoucun, and the content of the investigation was the silk production in Zhoucun. This man, Zhao Zhanyuan, wrote a long investigation report entitled "Investigation of Zhoucun Silk and Hemp Industry", which was published in the economic professional journal of the Ministry of Trade "Business Semimonthly" in September of that year. Based on a large number of detailed first-hand materials, this paper studies the history of silk trade in Zhoucun, and introduces in detail the reeling, silk weaving, printing and dyeing and silk trade in Zhoucun at that time. His final conclusion is that since the Warring States period, the silk industry of Qi State has been named Yuling, which is Zhoucun Town in Changshan County, Shandong Province today. Zhoucun is adjacent to the Bohai Sea in the east and the Canal in the west. It is this unique geographical location that makes it an influential commodity distribution center in Shandong and even the whole country, with silk trade as the main trade. Only in this way can it attract businessmen engaged in silk trade in the western regions and Arab regions. So it is not surprising that Manichaeism and Hu Bing were introduced into Zhoucun.

The Silk Road brought a new culture.

Zhoucun is a place with unique cultural background. Culture has existed since the Neolithic Age, and it has been developing continuously throughout the dynasties. The historical deposition degree of such a place is described as follows: "The places touched by Zhoucun are all cultural relics, and wherever they step, they have historical origins."

Pu Songling has been teaching and writing books in Zhoucun xipu for more than 30 years, and the well-known Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio was born here. The library where Pu Songling teaches and writes books is in Zhoucun. Zhoucun's Jiejingtang and Tang Yuwen first published Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio twice, and printed it in Sanyitang, an ancient street in Zhoucun, and it spread all over the country. Now this series of books has become the treasure of Zhejiang Library.

Western capital and businessmen came to Zhoucun, which also brought the true enlightenment of modern culture. Cultural education in western countries began to enter Zhoucun. After the opening of the port, Zhoucun established the first girls' school. 1904, the British Christian church set up a Taoist school and a Taoist school for girls in Fujiazhuang, Zhoucun. 1905 set up Guang Bei Middle School, which was the beginning of middle school education in Zhoucun area. 19 19, Nanyang Brothers Tobacco Company and Zhoucun Chamber of Commerce jointly established Zhoucun Competitive Class B Commercial School in Tianhou Palace, which is an earlier vocational education secondary specialized school in Shandong. 1920, the Christian Church of England opened a nursing school in Zhoucun, which was the largest medical school in Shandong at that time. 1925, the American Catholic Church opened the Junior College of Sisters of Jinan Yue Se Hospital in Zhoucun. Later, Peide Girls' School and Peide Middle School were established. These schools completely adopt western teaching methods, and most of the students are children from China. Western education has completely broken the traditional rigid education model in China. Their courses in physics, chemistry, foreign languages, geography, biology and astronomy have greatly broadened the horizons of China students and started to change the way of thinking of China people.

Before Zhoucun opened its port, it basically relied on traditional Chinese medicine to treat diseases. 19 13, the Christian church in England established a large rehabilitation hospital with complete facilities outside the east gate. And founded Zhoucun Nursing School. Become the only regular hospital on the Ji Jiao railway line. The American Catholic Church opened the Sacred Heart Clinic (later renamed Ji Bo Hospital) in Zhonghe Street, Zhoucun.

In 1930s, Han Fuju, Chairman of Shandong Provincial Government, founded the German Promotion Association in Jinan to advocate the new life movement, and a multi-functional cultural and educational center was built. There are theaters equipped with modern sound, lighting and stage facilities, open-air cinemas, lectures and civilized theaters, parks and zoos, museums, exhibition halls and schools. Almost all famous national dramatists have performed in Zhoucun. 1938 After the Japanese invaders entered Zhoucun, all the building facilities were destroyed.

Zhoucun ancient commercial street is eternal. It is unique in Shandong and rare in Jiangbei, and it is still playing its commercial function. It was praised as "Living Museum Group of Ancient Commercial Buildings in China" by experts from China Ancient Buildings Committee. At present, there are three private museums in Zhoucun * * *: one is Wang Yingtong's Champion House, which was later bought; The other is Zhao's Zibo Art Museum. There is also the Yangjia Courtyard bought by Laiwu people and the ancient furniture museum established …

Speaking of which, where is Zhoucun? Just like Shijiazhuang is not a village, Zhoucun is not a village, but a district, which is one of the jurisdictions of Zibo. Although Zibo is the location of Linzi, the famous capital of Qi, and it is close at hand, Zibo can't replace Zhoucun, which is Zhoucun. This mysterious place is located in the middle of Shandong Province, 300 kilometers east of Qingdao and 0/00 kilometers away from Jinan/Kloc, the capital of Shandong Province. Ji Jiao Railway, Qing Ji expressway and National Highway 309 pass through the territory. ...

Who would have thought that silk as thin as cicada's wings, as smooth and gentle as a woman's skin, successfully played the role of cultural messenger in the process of historical development, which not only consolidated politics, but also prospered the economy. Silk easily conquered the west with tenderness, which filled westerners with awe and infinite imagination of the mysterious ancient oriental country ... A beautiful silk ribbon not only paved a thoroughfare, but also built it. ......