What ideas have been used by rulers in China's ancient history to rule the country, such as Confucianism?

Simply put, during the Qin Dynasty, the Legalist ideology with Han Fei Zi as the representative figure was used, and in the early days of the Western Han Dynasty, the ideas of the Huang-Lao school of thought (i.e., the art of Huang-Lao) were used to rule the country, and since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty began to revere Confucianism alone, Confucianism has been in the position of being the authentic school of thought, and has been used by successive generations of feudal rulers.

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Three religions and nine streams

Anciently referred to Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism as the "Three Religions"; Confucianism, Taoism, Mozambique, France, the name, miscellaneous, agriculture, yin and yang, the nine schools of thought for the "nine streams". Later, it referred to various schools of religion and academics.

Confucianism: also known as Confucianism "Han Shu - Arts and Letters" as one of the "nine streams". Founded by Confucius, and by the feudal ruling class after the Han Dynasty as the authentic school of thought.

Confucius (551 B.C.--479 B.C.) was known as Qiu (丘), and his name was Zhongni (仲尼) because he was the second in line, and he was a native of Zuoyi (present-day Qufu South, Shandong Province), a town in the State of Lu. He was a great thinker, statesman and educator in the late Spring and Autumn period. He was a nobleman of the State of Song, and moved to the State of Lu when his ancestor was honored, and his father, Shuliang Uighur, was a great doctor of Zuoyi in the State of Lu. Confucius claimed: "I was a lowly man when I was young, so I am capable of many despicable things". In his early years, he practiced Confucianism (playing drums for the nobles), and worked as an official (managing grain and grass) and a field official (managing livestock). When he was young, he was famous for his knowledge of rituals, and was rumored to have asked Laozi (Laozi) about rituals. He was appointed to the posts of Sikong and Sikou in the state of Lu and acted as a minister for a short period of time. According to legend, in the 14th year of Duke Lu's reign, when Confucius was the chief of staff, he executed Shao Zhengmao on the charge of five evils (heart violating but risky, behavior paving but firm, voice violating but discerning, record ugly but broad, and smooth wrong and zephyr), which were the charges of chaotic administration. Later, he traveled around the world and was not reused, but he gathered disciples to give lectures and had three thousand disciples and seventy-two well-known ones. In his later years, he deleted poems and books, revised the Spring and Autumn Annals, and established Confucianism. Confucius's thoughts, words and deeds are preserved in the book "The Analects of Confucius", which was recorded and organized by his disciples.

The main ideas and characteristics of Confucianism are: "Ancestor of Yao and Shun, Charter (following the example of) Wen and Wu, and Self-denial and Restoration of Rites". The main ideas and characteristics of Confucianism are "the ancestry of Yao and Shun, the Charter (following the example of) Wen and Wu, and the principle of "keeping the rites and customs". The "middle way of loyalty and forgiveness" was emphasized. Politically, they advocated "rule by virtue" and "benevolent government" and emphasized "propriety and righteousness"; they pursued the policy of applying both virtue and punishment, and supplementing virtue with punishment. During the Warring States period, Confucianism split into eight schools, with Mencius and Xunzi representing the two schools with the greatest influence. Mengzi's school, in particular, was regarded as the direct descendant of Confucius and the authentic school of Confucianism after the Song Dynasty. Although Confucianism was known as a prominent school of thought in the pre-Qin period, it was not higher than other schools of thought. Since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty "dismissed the hundred schools and honored only Confucianism", it has been regarded as the ruling ideology by the feudal ruling class in the feudal society for more than 2,000 years (except for a very short period of time) and has been in the position of the authentic school; the struggle between philosophical materialism and idealism is carried out within Confucianism. From the Western Han Dynasty Dong Zhongshu, Tang Han Yu, Northern Song Dynasty Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi, Southern Song Dynasty Zhu Xi, Lu Jiubuan, Ming Wang Shouren and others mainly inherited and developed the idealist legend of Mencius; from the Eastern Han Dynasty Wang Chong, Tang Liu Zongyuan, Liu Yuxi, Northern Song Dynasty Zhang Zai, Southern Song Dynasty Chen Liang, Ye Shi, Ming Wang Tingxiang, Ming and Qing Dynasty Wang Fuzhi (Funshan), Qing Dynasty Zai Zhen, and others mainly inherited and developed Xunzi's tradition of materialism, the two wings of the Confucius are Each took what they wanted, and **** honored Confucius as a saint. Confucianism has ruled China for more than two centuries and is the basic form and main content of China's national culture. There are dregs in it, but it also contains the excellent traditions and cultural heritage of the Chinese nation, which need to be divided into two and inherited critically.

Taoism: Also known as Taoism, this school of thought was founded by Laozi, whose disciples traced its academic origins all the way back to the Yellow Emperor, hence Taoism is also known as "the art of the Yellow Emperor".

Laozi, also known as Laozi, was a philosopher at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC), and a native of Qu'renli, Lixiang, in the Bitter County of the State of Chu (east of Luyi, Henan Province, present-day China). He was a historian of the Zhou Dynasty and managed the royal collection of books. It is rumored that the book "Tao Te Ching" (also known as "Laozi"), with 81 chapters and 5,000 words, was written by Laozi.

The name of Taoism was first seen in the Western Han Dynasty, Sima Tan "on the six schools of thought" called Taoism; "Han Shu - Arts and Letters" called Taoism, listed as "nine streams"; one. Later, there was Yang Zhu's doctrine of "for me", which advocated "to preserve one's true nature and not to tire oneself with material things" (Huainan Zi - 汜论). Later, around the same time as Zhuangzi, several schools of Taoism appeared in Jixi, Qi: the Song Shoan and Yinwen schools, which advocated "low and shallow passions and desires" and "forbidding attacking and sleeping with soldiers"; the "Abandonment of Knowledge and Removal of the Self" and "Integrating All Things into the Self" schools, which advocated "Abandonment of Knowledge and Removal of the Self" and "Integrating All Things into the Self" schools. Taoism advocates "the natural and inert nature of heaven", denies that God and ghosts and gods dominate everything, and believes that "Taoism is the law of nature", and that "Tao" is "nothing". "Tao" is "nothing", without image or form. "Everything under the sun is born from existence, and existence is born from nothing", and everything in the universe is derived from "Tao". "Tao" is the master of the world and the total source of everything in the universe. Its political ideal is "a small country with few people" and "rule by doing nothing", hoping that the society will retreat to the primitive state, this kind of thinking is negative and reactionary. Taoism has a deeper understanding of the contradictions and their transformation, that there are two sides of the contradiction of interdependence, and see the contradiction will be transformed to the opposite side, "the opposite of the Road of the movement," so that the "woe, the blessing of the dependence, the blessing of the woe of the ambush", which has a simple dialectical thinking But he neglected the role of struggle in transformation. In the middle of the Warring States period, the Huang-Lao school emerged, absorbing Lao Zi's idea of "virtual tranquility" and transforming it. In the early Han Dynasty, the rulers were guided to implement the policy of tranquility and rest with the people, which had a certain effect. Wei, Jin metaphysics advocate Zhuang Lao, Taoist viewpoints to explain Confucianism, contributed to the integration of Confucianism and Taoism. Afterwards, although Taoist thought was again dominant, it was always utilized by the rulers as a supplement to Confucianism. Taoism's naturalistic view of heaven and dialectic contains reasonable elements, and has had a wide and profound influence in the history of Chinese philosophical thought.

Shihua, also known as Buddhism, is one of the three major religions of the world, along with Christianity and Islam.

Shakti Buddhism originated in India, according to legend, from the sixth to the fifth century BC by the ancient Indian state of Gavilavi (now in Nepal), the son of King Jinyan, Shakya people Siddhartha Chodamo was founded, and later the Buddhists honored as Shakyamuni (meaning Shakyamuni saints). 29 years old when he was painfully aware of the world's life, old age, disease, death, and dissatisfied with the Brahmanical system of the caste system and privileged priests, hindering the development of social and economic development. He was dissatisfied with the Brahmin caste system and the privileged position of the priests, which hindered the socio-economic development of the society, and believed that the purpose of life was to free oneself from all things. He resolutely gave up the life of the royal family and became a monk, and it was only after six years that he was finally enlightened and became Buddha.

Shakti ideology advocates equality, goodness, abstinence, austerity, emancipation, and nirvana (meaning one's ascension to the most perfect and blissful spiritual realm after death). In order to curb one's intention to pursue life, one regards all things in the world as "empty," but believes that the soul of the deceased is reincarnated as a human being, an animal, or a plant, depending on how he or she behaved in a previous life. If "good karma" outweighs "bad karma," there will be a good reincarnation, and the superstitious ideas of reincarnation in hell and karma are vigorously promoted, thus denying the fundamental transformation of society. Thus the doctrine of non-confrontation with violence was put forward, the class antagonisms of class society were erased, and the root causes of the suffering of the working people were obscured, leaving them in a position of poverty and powerlessness for the benefit of the ruling class.

Buddhism was declared the state religion in ancient India during the time of King Ashoka (272 BC - 232 BC). It later divided itself into "Hinayana" (early Buddhism) and "Mahayana" (later Protestantism). "The Hinayana emphasized ethical teachings, pursued "self-liberation" and did not worship idols. Mahayana emphasizes ethical teachings, pursues "self-liberation", and does not worship idols. It believes that one can enter "Nirvana" by practicing on one's own, but not everyone can become a Buddha, whereas Mahayana worships idols and advocates "the salvation of all sentient beings", and believes that everyone can become a Buddha if they have sincere faith and practice. The "Mahayana" worships the idol and advocates the "salvation of all beings", believing that with devotion and practice, everyone can become a Buddha.

Buddhism was introduced to mainland China in the first year of the reign of Emperor Ai of the Western Han Dynasty (2 BC), and was regarded as a form of divine magic. However, the introduction of Buddhist scriptures to China in the 10th year of Emperor Mingdi's Yongping reign in the Eastern Han Dynasty (67 A.D.) is generally regarded as the beginning of the formalization of Buddhism in China. Thereafter, Buddhist teachings were gradually combined with traditional Chinese ethical and religious concepts. During the Wei, Jin, and Northern and Southern Dynasties, Buddhism was closely related to esotericism and spread widely in China, reaching its peak in the Sui and Tang dynasties. After the Song Dynasty, certain Buddhist teachings were absorbed by Confucianism and gradually declined. Buddhism in China on the one hand for the feudal ruling class, become a tool to enslave the people, on the other hand, it promotes the Chinese and Indian cultural exchanges, from which absorbed Indian philosophy, literature, art, architecture, sculpture and other aspects of knowledge, enriched the treasure trove of Chinese culture, has become an important part of Chinese philosophy.

Mojia: a school of thought founded by Mozi, which is listed as one of the nine streams in the Han Book of Arts and Letters.

Mozi, whose name was Zhai (468 B.C.-376 B.C.), was a thinker and statesman in the early Warring States period, a native of the state of Song. He had been a great physician of the state of Song, and was active in Song for a long time, and then lived in the state of Lu. He studied Confucianism, but because he was dissatisfied with the cumbersome rituals of Confucianism, he established a new way of thinking and gathered people to give lectures, which became the main opposition to Confucianism at that time. Mo Zi called himself a "bitch" and worked as a carpenter, a manual laborer with high technical attainments. He later rose to become a scholar, and was well versed in the history and culture of his time.

The Mohist school of thought advocated the principles of "love", "non-attack", "respect for virtue", "respect for common ground", "respect for the rule of law", and the "rule of law", and the "rule of law". The school of thought of the Mozi school advocated "love for all," "non-attack," "virtue," "commonality," "abstinence," "heavenly will," "bright ghosts," and "non-destiny. Those who believed in the doctrine of Mozi were called "Mozi", a well-organized and disciplined social group. The leader of this group was called "Juzi", and the position of "Juzi" was passed down from the former "Juzi" to those he considered to be wise. All the "Mohists" are subordinate to the "Giant Son". They also had certain rules and regulations, "The law of the Mozi is to kill those who kill, and to punish those who injure (Lüshi Chunqiu - Going to the Private Side). Their life was extremely hard, but they were very brave, "going to the fire and dying". After the death of Mozi, the Mozi family was divided into Xiangli's, Xiangfu's, Dengling's three schools, the late Mozi gave up Mozi's doctrine of "heaven's will", "bright ghosts" and other religious superstitious concepts, the natural sciences of geometry, optics, mechanics, etc. made a very significant contribution to the natural sciences. Optics, mechanics and so on made a valuable discussion on the relationship between name and reality, feeling and thinking made a materialist analysis, in ancient logic and epistemology has a high achievement.

The doctrine of Mohism had a great influence at that time, and was known as a prominent school of thought together with Confucianism, which gradually declined after the Qin and Han dynasties. In the Western Jin Dynasty, Lu Sheng noted "Mozi" and tried to revitalize Mozi, but because there was no one to follow, it became an extinct science, and it was not until the middle of the Qing Dynasty that Mozi's writings were taken seriously by scholars. Most of the fifty-three articles in the book of Mozi are reliable materials for the study of Mozi.

Legalism: a school of thought that advocated the rule of law during the Warring States period was listed as one of the "Nine Streams" in the Book of Han - Arts and Letters. The main representative of the Legalists was Han Fei (280 BC - 233 BC), a thinker at the end of the Warring States period and a materialist atheist.

Han Fei was born as a son of a Korean nobleman, and was a cannibalistic man who was good at writing books but not good at speaking. He studied with Li Si in Xunzi. He once suggested the king of Han to change the law to make a better life, but it was not accepted. His ideas were taken seriously by Qin Wangzheng (i.e. the first emperor of Qin) and he was invited to Qin, but was forced to commit suicide soon after being imprisoned for the slander of Yao Jia and Li Si. He synthesized Shang Yang's "law", Shen Buhai's "art", and Shen Zhi's "potential", and established a complete theoretical system of the rule of law by combining the best of the Legalists.

The Legalist ideology advocates the abolition of the well-field in the economy, the establishment of the consolidation of feudal private land ownership, the emphasis on agriculture and commerce, and the rewarding of cultivation and war, and the abolition of the "feudalism" in politics and the implementation of the "counties," the establishment of the monarch centralized unity of the state, and stresses the "sacredness" of the monarch's power. emphasized the "sacredness" of the monarch's power. In order to fight against the old aristocratic forces, he put forward the ideas of "law does not favor the nobility" and "punishment does not avoid the ministers, and rewarding good deeds does not leave out the common people" ("There are degrees"), and believed that "merit" is the key to "good and evil". The idea of "merit" is the standard of "good and evil", and advocates strict punishment and generous rewards; in the aspect of employment, it advocates that "a prime minister must start from the state department, and a fierce general must start from the pawns"; in ideological education, it advocates the abandonment of Confucian "benevolence and righteousness", and "teaching by law", and "teaching by law". In terms of ideology and education, he advocated the abandonment of the Confucian doctrine of "benevolence and righteousness", and the "teaching of law and the use of officials as teachers". Emphasizing the development and change of history, he advocated "not expecting to urge for the ancient, not the law can always be, on the matter of the world, because it is ready", advocating "the law after the king", recognizing that today is better than the ancient. In epistemology, focusing on the actual, "according to the name of the right and wrong, due to the test and review of words and arguments", the objective standard for testing words and deeds is "merit".

Most of the political ideas of the Legalists were practical, and were adopted by many vassal states at the time. The Qin state used Han Fei's doctrine, which played an important role in the unification of the six states. However, the Legalists based their theory of the rule of law on the idea that there is no such thing as a "good people", so they "did not bother about virtue, but about law", which implied severe control over the people and brutal repression. The rule was based on the belief that there was no such thing as a "self-righteous people". Although the feudal rule after the Western Han Dynasty "deposed all schools of thought and honored only the Confucians", it still adopted "external Confucianism and internal law", and ruled by both Confucianism and law. The main works of the Legalists include the Book of Shangjun and Han Feizi.

Mingjia: A school of thought during the Warring States period centered on debating the issue of "name and reality," and was listed as one of the "Nine Streams" in the Han Book of Arts and Letters. In the Warring States period, it was called "the criminal (form) famous family" and "apologist", and in the Western Han period, it was called "famous family". Their main representatives were Gongsun Long and Huishi.

Gong Sun Long (between 325 and 315 B.C., died in 250 B.C.) was an objective materialist, logician, and a native of Zhao. He advised the King of Yan to lay down his troops and had discussed laying down his troops with King Huiwen of Zhao, and had been a protégé of Prince Ping Yuan.

Huishi (370 BC - 318 BC) was a logician and a native of Song, one of the most famous representatives of the Warring States period. He had been the prime minister of Wei, and was in power in Wei for fifteen or six years, with a high political status. "Zhuangzi - The World" said: "Huishi had many parties, and his books were in five carts", so it is evident that he was a very learned person.

Name in the name of the debate in the trend of thought is unique, the examination of the meticulous, advocating "control of the name of the truth, Senwu not lost". Emphasize that the name and the facts must be completely consistent, the "real", "name" is also correct. His opinion was often contrary to the popular view of the time, "to be right is wrong, to be wrong is right". Huishi put forward the concept of "contracting differences", which derived from the relativity of similarities and differences that there is no difference in the nature of things, and came to the conclusion that "heaven and earth are inferior, mountains and zephyrs are equal, and heaven and earth are one". Gongsun Long put forward the concept of "Separation of Firmness and Whiteness", which holds that the "firmness" and "whiteness" of a stone are separated from each other, and that "whiteness" is visible to the eye but not "firmness" to the eye. The visual sense can see "white" but not "firm"; the tactile sense can get "firm" but not "white", which absolutizes the different roles of the senses, exaggerates individuality, and denies ****ness. When Xunzi commented on the famous scholars, on the one hand, he affirmed that "they have reasons for what they say, and their words are reasonable"; on the other hand, he also pointed out that they "are good at holding strange sayings and playing with strange words" (sophistry). The name defense of the Famous Family was criticized and played by the later Mohists, and the Famous Family contributed to the development of ancient Chinese logical thought. Their writings, except for a portion of Gongsun Longzi, are now extant, and the rest are all anonymous.

Mixed Schools: From the end of the Warring States period to the beginning of the Han Dynasty, the Mixed Schools were a combination of different schools of thought, and were listed as one of the Nine Streams in the Book of the Han Dynasty (《汉书-艺文志》). It is a product of the political unification and academic synthesis of the time. The main representative of the Miscellaneous School was Lu Buwei.

Lv Buwei (?

Lv Buwei (? - 235 BC) was a prime minister of Qin during the Warring States period. He was originally a rich merchant from Yangzhai (present-day Yuxian County, Henan Province). At that time, the Duke of Qin was hostage in Zhao, Lu Buwei thought that "the strange goods are available", and used thousands of gold for his activities, so as to make the Duke of Qin return to Qin to inherit the throne, that is, King Zhuangxiang of Qin, and he was appointed as the Minister of State, and was awarded the title of Marquis of Wenxin, and he was entitled to 100,000 households in Luoyang, and he had three thousands of diners and ten thousand houseboys under his door. When Qin Wangzheng (i.e. the first emperor of Qin) was a young man, he succeeded him as the minister of state, and was called "Zhongfu"; after Qin Wangzheng took charge of the government, he was dismissed from his post, and was relocated to Shu County, where he committed suicide by drinking turtledoves in fear of his life.

The Miscellaneous Schools claimed that they were "not following the path of a single trace, but keeping the finger of a single corner" (Huainan Zi - The Essentials), and that they took the strengths of each school and discarded their shortcomings. Although it also adopted Confucianism, Mohist, French, the name of the saying; but by the Taoist influence is the deepest, "the Taoist's authenticity, and the acquisition of the Taoist, but also more than the various schools, but only the miscellaneous". The Han Book - Art and Culture Zhi" in the miscellaneous writings **** twenty, four hundred and three, now mostly anonymous. Lv's Spring and Autumn Annals" was written by Lü Buwei, the prime minister of Qin, who invited a wide range of travelers and disciples.

Nongjia: During the Warring States period, the academic school that reflected agricultural production and farmers' thoughts was listed as one of the nine streams in the Han Shu - Art and Culture Zhi. Their main representative is Xu Xing.

Hsu Hsing: a native of Chu during the Warring States period, he had dozens of students, all of whom wore coarse cloth, made straw shoes, and wove mats to make ends meet. His political ideology advocated that "the wise man and the people should cultivate the land and eat the food, and rule by taking care of their own food". That is, everyone must work, even the king. It reflected an ideal of farmers in ancient societies (see Mencius Teng Wen Gong). Nongjia also summarized the technical experience in agricultural production. For example, Guan Zi's compilations such as "Di Dian", "Lu Shi Chun Qiu" in "Shang Nong", "Ren Di", "Dialectical Earth", "Review of the time" and so on are important works for the study of the pre-Qin agricultural sciences.

Yin and Yang family: the Warring States period advocating the doctrine of yin and yang and five elements of a school of Han Shu - Arts and Letters as one of the "nine streams". Its main representative is Zou Yan.

Zou Yan (305 BC - 240 BC) was a native of Qi. He wrote a book in Jixi, Qi, on the subject of governance and chaos. He traveled to the state of Zhao, where he debated with Gong Sun Long in the office of Prince Ping Yuan. Finally, he went to Yan as an official and was honored by the lords. He was known as "Talking Heavenly Diffractor" for his profound knowledge and his "big and bold" style of thinking. This school of thought was transformed from the ancient witchcraft and ritualistic activities of the ancient Chinese priests. Zou Yan used the five elements to create the "five virtues always say", that "the five virtues are transferred, each rule is appropriate. The concepts of "yin and yang" and "five elements", which first appeared in the book "Zhou Yi" in ancient times, were blended together to advocate the theory of yin and yang and five elements, which was used to explain the reasons for the rise and fall of dynasties in history and to provide a theoretical basis for the establishment of new dynasties. With the prevalence of the idea of the five elements, it was used by some idealist philosophers, endowed with a strong color of mysticism, and became one of the main sources of the doctrine of the two Han dynasties. However, there are some simple materialistic ideas and simple dialectical ideas in Yin-Yang and Five Elements. It has played a great role in the development and systematization of Chinese ancient astronomy and calendar, especially in the development and systematization of Chinese medical theory. Its rational elements have always been inherited by some materialist philosophers. As the first of the Twelve Chronicles, Li Ji - Yue Ling (included in Lü Shi Chun Qiu), written during the Warring States period, records the seasons and related things for the twelve months of the summer calendar in monthly installments, summarizes all kinds of things in the system of the five elements, describes the relationship between the operation of the four seasons and the growth of crops, and formulates measures for production activities, which is regarded by some people as a work of the yin-yang family. During the Qin and Han dynasties this school gradually merged with Confucianism.

Zongheng and Hengjia: During the Warring States period, a group of strategists (lobbyists) specializing in diplomacy were listed as one of the "Nine Streams" in the Book of the Han Dynasty - Art and Culture. Their main representatives are Su Qin and Zhang Yi.

The main representative of the "Combined Columns" was Su Qin: his name was Jizi (344 BC - 284 BC), a native of Luoyang (east of present-day Luoyang, Henan Province) during the Warring States period of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. He was an advocate of the "Combined Indulgence", which involved uniting the six states to resist Qin. He was once a close confidant of King Zhao of Yan, and was ordered to enter Qi to engage in counter-insurgency activities, so that Qi would "work in the west in Song, and in the south in Chu", in order to weaken Qi and prevent Qi from plotting against Yan. When he first entered Qi, he was trusted by the king of Qi and became his minister. In the 19th year of King Zhao of Qin (288 BC), he claimed the title of Western Emperor; he asked King Min of Qi to claim the title of Eastern Emperor. He persuaded the King of Qi to abolish the imperial title, and then he and Li Tui, the ruler of Zhao Fengyang, jointly attacked Qin, forcing King Zhao of Qin to abolish the imperial title and return part of the land of Wei and Han, and he was appointed as the ruler of Wu'an by Zhao, and then he assisted the King of Qi Min in the attack on the state of Song. After that, he helped King Min of Qi to conquer Song. Later, when Le Yi of Yan united the troops of the five kingdoms to attack Qi, his anti-interference activities were exposed and he was killed by the King of Qi. ("Han Shu - Art and Literature Zhi") vertical and horizontal "Su Zi" thirty-one articles, now anonymous. Mawangdui Han Tomb unearthed silk book "the Warring States vertical and horizontal family book" preserved Su Qin's letters and lobbying sixteen chapters reflecting the situation with the "Historical Records - Su Qin biography" said there are differences.

The main representative of "Lianheng" is Zhang Yi (?), who was a member of the "Lianheng" group.

The main representative of "Lian Heng" was Zhang Yi (? - 310 BC), a descendant of the Wei nobility during the Warring States period. He entered Qin in the ninth year of the reign of King Huiwen of Qin (329 B.C.), and became a minister in the following year, and was appointed as the ruler of Wuxin. When he was in power, he forced King Hui of Wei to offer fifteen counties in the upper county to Qin. He also said that King Huiwenjun claimed to be the king and implemented the strategy of "Lianheng", advocating that each of the six states serve Qin, breaking up the alliance between Qi and Chu, and sending out troops to seize the central land of Chu and Han. In the ninth year of King Huiwen of Qin's reign (316 BC). He and Sima Fou led an army to attack and destroy Shu, Tho and Ba. Later, he entered Wei as a minister for a time, but was expelled back and died soon after. ("Han Shu - Arts and Letters") vertical and horizontal family has "Zhang Zi" ten, now anonymous.