Seventh grade history book review syllabus

Chinese History, Grade 7, First Book, Syllabus Knowledge Points

I. Shang Yang's Change of Laws: (VII P35-36)

1. Time-- With the support of Duke Xiaodong of Qin, Shang Yang introduced the Change of Laws in 356 B.C.

2.

2. Contents - A: The state recognized private ownership of land and allowed free trade;

B: Rewarded cultivation and warfare, exempted from corvée service those who produced more grain and cloth, granted titles and fields according to military service, abolished the privileges of the old aristocracy with no military service;

C: Established a system of counties, with the the ruler of the state to send officials directly to administer them.

3. Impact: ①After Shang Yang's change of law, Qin's feudal economy developed, the army's fighting strength was strengthened, and it gradually became the richest and strongest feudal state in the late Warring States period.

② During the Warring States period, the feudal system was gradually established in various countries after the change of law or reform.

(Changes in various countries: Li Yul changed the law in Wei; Wu Qi changed the law in Chu, and Shang Yang changed the law in Qin, the most thorough of which was Shang Yang's change of law in Qin.)

Example: "Since the Spring and Autumn Period, due to the development of productive forces, some slave owners were transformed into feudal landlords, and people who rented land became peasants. Shang Yang's change of law in Qin was relatively thorough."

1) What was the purpose of Shang Yang's change of law?

A: To establish feudal rule, develop the feudal economy, and make the country rich and strong.

2) The reasons for the victory of Shang Yang's change of law:

A: A: conformed to the historical trend of the development of feudalism; B: developed a series of effective methods; C: dared to fight against the old forces.

Two: The Hundred Schools of Thought:

1. Confucianism - The founder was Confucius (VII.P43), who was a man of the Spring and Autumn period. His contributions to thought, education and culture:

①Thought--He put forward the doctrine of "benevolence" and advocated "loving people" and "governing with virtue". governance by virtue". His doctrine was utilized by the later feudal rulers and became the orthodox thought to rule the feudal society.

②Education--A: He organized private schools and recruited a wide range of disciples B: He asked students to review what they had learned on time and "learn from the past" C: The attitude of learning should be honest D: Learning from the past

③Culture --He compiled the Book of Songs, the Book of Songs, and the Spring and Autumn Annals;

Confucianism--Warring States Period: It was Mencius (VII.1.P45), who was opposed to war, put forward the idea that "there is no righteous war in Spring and Autumn He opposed war and proposed "no righteous war in the Spring and Autumn", advocated the idea of "the people are precious and the ruler is light", and practiced "benevolent government". He opposed excessive fishing for fish and turtles and wanted to cut down trees in the mountains on a regular basis so that natural resources could be reused. This reflects his view of sustainable development.

2. Taoism - The founder of the Taoist school is Laozi (P44 on VII), who lived during the Spring and Autumn period and wrote the Tao Te Ching (The Book of Dao De Jing). "Woe is the source of fortune; fortune is the source of misfortune." Has a simple and discerning thought.

3. The Mozi School - the founder of which is Mozi (VII.1.P45) - advocates "love and love" and "non-attack".

4. Legalism - represented by Han Fei of the Warring States period (VII.1.P46), advocated reform and the rule of law; advocated the establishment of a monarchical, centralized feudal state. The book is Han Fei Zi.

Example: The material "To know is to know, not to know is not to know" and "If three walk together, there must be a teacher for me"

1) Who said this material? A: It was Confucius

2) What school of thought was the founder? A: It was Confucianism

3) What did he advocate politically? What was his influence? A: He put forward the doctrine of "benevolence" and advocated "loving people" and "governing with virtue". His doctrine was utilized by later feudal rulers and became the orthodoxy of feudal society.

4) What were his cultural contributions? A: Compiled and edited the Book of Poetry, the Book of Shang, and the Spring and Autumn Annals

Example: material: "My hard teeth fell out a long time ago, but my soft tongue is still there!"

(1) Whose claim is reflected? What does it mean? What idea is embodied?

A: It embodies the claim of Lao Tzu. It means that what is hard may not be strong, and that softness can overcome hardness, reflecting his simple dialectical thinking.

(2) Is this kind of thinking useful in real social life? If you think it is useful, can you give an example to illustrate it?

A: I think it is useful. E.g. In the Liberation War, the Kuomintang army, which outnumbered the PLA in equipment, was finally defeated.

Three: The Creation of a Centralized System of Power in the Qin Dynasty: (VII.1.P51) From 230 B.C.E. to 221 B.C.E., King Ying Zheng of the Qin Dynasty destroyed the six kingdoms and established the first unified, centralized, and feudal state in the history of China, ---- the Qin Dynasty.

1. The supreme ruler was called the emperor, who had total authority over everything.

2. The central government set up the posts of prime minister, imperial historian, and lieutenant. The prime minister helped the emperor to deal with the political affairs of the country, the royal historian was responsible for supervising all officials, and the lieutenant managed the military.

3. At the local level, Li Si's suggestion was accepted and the country was divided into 36 counties, with counties under the counties. The county system was used for a long time by the later feudal dynasties.

4. 1. Measures taken by Qin Shi Huang to consolidate his unification: (VII.1 P51-52-53)

(1) Political - Establishment of a centralized system of feudal absolutism

(2) Economic - After the unification of Qin, the unified the use of round, square-hole copper coins throughout the country; it also unified weights and measures;

(iii) Culture - adopted the Small Seal Script as the unified script for the whole country, and later used the simpler Official Script.

(iv) Ideology - burning books and burying scholars (P52)

In order to tighten ideological control, Emperor Qin Shi Huang accepted Li Si's suggestion. Burning books and burying scholars caused great losses to China's ancient culture, clamping down on ideas and destroying culture.

(V) Military - Building the Great Wall in the north and the Lingqu in the south (P53)

(1) After the unification of the Qin Dynasty, General Mengtian was sent to fight against Xiong Nu in the north and built the Great Wall, which started from Lintao in the west and reached Liaodong in the east.

(2) Qin Shi Huang sent his men to excavate the Ling Nullah, which bridged the Xiang and Li Waters and connected the two water systems of the Yangtze and Pearl Rivers.

2. The important role of the Qin Dynasty's measures to consolidate unification and strengthen its rule in China's history

1) It put an end to the situation of mixed wars among the vassals since the Spring and Autumn Period, and created a new situation of unification. Since the unification of Qin, China's feudal society of more than 2,000 years has been characterized by unification, which has always been the mainstream of history, although there have been periods of fragmentation.

2) The Qin Dynasty was the first unified, multi-ethnic and centralized state in the history of China, and its authoritarian and centralized system of rule, which was inherited in China for more than 2,000 years, had far-reaching effects.

3) The Qin Dynasty's unification of writing, currency, weights and measures had an extremely important impact on China's later economic and cultural development and the maintenance of national unity.

4) Ancient projects such as the famous Great Wall of China and the Spiritual Canal were built to consolidate the borders of the motherland.

Example: which measures of the Qin Dynasty had an impact on later generations?

Answer: 1. Qin destroyed the six states and established the first unified, centralized feudal state in China's history

2. The supreme ruler was called the emperor, and the emperor had total control over all powers 3. The county system was introduced throughout the country;

4. Currency, weights and measures, and writing were unified.

5. the Great Wall was built; 6. the Spiritual Canal was opened.

Example: The material "divided the world into thirty-six counties, set up guards, azure, and collected troops from all over the world, gathered them in Xianyang, unified the laws, measurements, and writing"

(1) Who carried out the above citation? What were the main measures taken? A: It was implemented by Qin Shi Huang, and the main measures were: the county system was introduced, and weights and measures, writing and currency were unified.

(2) What was the purpose and effect of implementing the above measures? A: The purpose was to strengthen centralized power; the role was: conducive to the consolidation of unification, conducive to the economic and cultural exchanges between different parts of the world.

V. Evaluation of Emperor Qin Shi Huang:

Congratulations: Emperor Qin Shi Huang was a feudal emperor who had made great contributions to and had great influence on Chinese history. He conformed to the trend of historical development, destroyed six states and unified China, ending the long-standing situation of vassalage, which was conducive to the stability of people's lives and social production, in line with the *** with the aspirations of the people of all races; he established a centralized system of feudal absolutism, which had a profound impact on the history of China; agreed on the national weights and measures, currency, and writing, which facilitated economic and cultural exchanges between different places and consolidated the country's unification; through the War of Unification, it expanded its territory, making the Qin Dynasty the first unified multi-ethnic feudal state in China's history.

Over: Qin Shi Huang was also a feudal emperor who ruled brutally. After the establishment of the Qin Dynasty, heavy taxation, heavy military service and corvée, harsh laws, brought immense pain and great disaster to the people; burning books and burying scholars clamped down on thought and destroyed culture. In 210 B.C., Qin Shi Huang died. The next year, a peasant revolt broke out.

Comparing the merits and demerits, Qin Shi Huang's merits outweighed his demerits.

6. Measures of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty: (P62-63)

1. Politics: Accepting the suggestion of Lord Fu Yan, he promulgated the "Pui En Decree" to weaken the power of kingdoms and strengthen the centralization of power. (P62)

2. Economy: The right to manage salt and iron and the right to mint coins were brought back to the central government; the unified minting of five-baht coins increased the state revenue. (P68)

3. Ideological: Accepting Dong Zhongshu's suggestion to "depose the hundred schools of thought and revere only the Confucians", that is, to make Confucianism the orthodoxy of feudal rule. (P63)

4. Culture: Emperor Wu of Han vigorously promoted Confucian education and organized the Taixue in Chang'an. The Imperial College was the highest institution of learning in ancient China. (P63)

5. Military: he made many counterattacks against the Xiongnu and achieved victory; he sent Zhang Qian on a mission to the Western Regions to strengthen the ties between the Western Han and the countries in the Western Regions. (P79, P82-83)

6. Significance: the Western Han Dynasty entered its heyday and was the first heyday of the feudal era in China.

Seven: The setting up of the Western Capitals: (P77 on VII)

In 60 B.C., the Western Han government set up the Western Capitals to manage the affairs of the Western Regions, which was the beginning of the formal subordination of the countries in the Western Regions to the central government. It shows that the Xinjiang region was historically part of China's territory.

VIII, Silk Road: (VII on P78)

1, land: from Chang'an to the west through the Hexi Corridor, the territory of present-day Xinjiang, transported to West Asia, and then West Asia transshipment to Europe. (Walnuts, alfalfa, pomegranates, and grapes were introduced to the West.)

2. By sea: from the ports of Guangdong, it reached as far as the southern tip of the Indian Peninsula and the island of Sri Lanka.

3. Role: to communicate between the East and the West, and to promote economic and cultural exchanges between China and Central Asia, West Asia and Europe.

4, historical value: China's ancient working people's diligence, wisdom and creativity; Sino-Western friendship, material and cultural exchanges in the history of the witness; is conducive to the promotion of China's national culture, and enhance the national cohesion and pride; is conducive to today's development of tourism and archaeological work.

9, papermaking: (VII on P81)

1, China is the world's first invention of paper - hemp paper in the pre-Western Han Dynasty.

2, the Eastern Han Dynasty Cai Lun with bark, rags, hemp and old fish nets as raw materials, improve papermaking, called "Caihou paper". Promote the exchange and dissemination of culture.

Ten, Zhang Heng (Eastern Han Dynasty) geodesic instrument: the world's earliest instrument for determining the orientation of earthquakes (VII on P82)

Eleven, Sima Qian and the "Records of the Grand Historian": (VII on P88)

Lived in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, is China's great ancient historian. The Shiji is the first chronicle of the general history of the period from the Yellow Emperor to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and created the style of chronicle; it is both a work of historiography and a work of literature.

Example: "There is a death, heavier than Mount Taishan, lighter than a feather"

1) Who said this? What book was it written in? A: Sima Qian; The Records of the Grand Historian.

2) What dynasty did he live in? What does this statement mean? A: Western Han Dynasty. The saying is: Of course all men have a death, but some die heavier than Taishan, while others die lighter than a hair.

3) What is the content of this book? A: It recounts the history of the period from the Yellow Emperor to Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty.

4) What is the status of this book? A: The Records of the Grand Historian (史记) is China's first general history in the form of a chronicle

5) What did Lu Xun say about this book? A: "The last song of the historians, the unrhymed leavings of the riot".

Twelve, the Battle of Red Cliff: (VII P95-96)

208, Sun Quan, Liu Bei coalition defeated Cao Cao with fewer than many, the Battle of Red Cliff, Cao Cao retreated back to the north, do not dare to go south easily. From then on, the situation of the Three Kingdoms was established.

Example: Material 1: "Cao Cao led his army southward, wanting to destroy Sun Quan and Liu Bei to unify the world. The allied forces of Sun and Liu took advantage of Cao Cao's weakness of not practicing water warfare and interlocking warships, and defeated Cao Cao's army with fire attacks."

Material 2: Citing Su Shi's Nian Nujiao? Red Cliff and Ancient Times"

1) Which famous battle in Chinese history is this describing? A: The Battle of Red Cliff in 208.

2) What lesson did you learn from their victory or defeat? A: Pride leads to defeat; Unity is strength; Know your enemy and know yourself, and you will not be in danger in a hundred battles. ......

3) Where should you look up or find information about this battle to learn more about it in detail?

Thirteen, 230 Sun Quan sent his general Wei Wen to reach Yizhou, strengthening the connection between the mainland and Taiwan. (VII.1.P98)

(This is the earliest record of Taiwan's contact with the mainland.)

XIV. Reforms of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty: (VII.1.P107)

1. Background: The unification of the north and the great fusion of nationalities.

2. Regime: The Xianbei tribe established the Northern Wei Dynasty, with its capital at Pingcheng, and then Emperor Xiaowen moved the capital to Luoyang.

3. Content of the reform - Sinicization policy:

i.e.: speak Chinese, change Chinese surname, wear Chinese clothes, have Chinese marriages, use Chinese laws, learn Chinese customs.

4. Role: accelerated the process of feudalization of the northern minorities, promoted the development of the northern economy, and facilitated national integration.

Fifteen, mathematical achievements: (VII P110) Zu Chongzhi (Southern Dynasty): the world for the first time the value of pi, accurate to the seventh digit after the decimal point, nearly 1,000 years earlier than Europe.