A few important types of thinking (information available)

Thinking is an advanced cognitive activity that humans have. According to information theory, thinking is a complex series of mental operations on new input information and stored knowledge and experience in the brain.

Categorization of thinking

? In terms of abstraction, it can be divided into:

? (1) Intuitive behavioral thinking

? Thinking that is directly linked to material activity, also called perceptual-motor thinking. A child's initial thinking is often intuitive action thinking. Athletes also need intuitive action thinking as a basis for the mastery of skills and techniques. This kind of thinking is mainly coordinated perception and action, in direct contact with the outside world when the initial generalization of intuitive action, perception and action interruption, thinking is also terminated.

? (2) concrete image thinking

? Thinking with concrete representations as material is the primary stage of general image thinking. It draws on distinct, vivid representations and language. It is often used in literary and artistic creation.

? (3) Abstract logical thinking

? Thinking in the form of abstract concepts is the core form of human thinking. It mainly relies on concepts, judgment and reasoning for thinking, is the most basic and widely used human thinking. All normal people have the ability to think logically, but there must be a difference between high and low.

? In terms of purpose, it can be divided into:

? (1) Ascending thought

? Taking the individual experience provided by practice as a starting point, the individual experience is raised to a universal understanding. Individual thinking mostly comes from daily living experience, too direct and personalized, and thus does not have a universal guiding significance, and its authenticity has to be tested in practice, and ultimately rises to a universal understanding.

? (2) Solving thinking

? Thinking around the problem, relying on existing knowledge to find an intermediate link between the current status quo, so that the problem can be solved. Such as small children to answer math problems, first analyze the known conditions, look at the problem, and finally find the bridge between the conditions to the problem.

? (3) decisive thinking

? Thinking centered on specification of future experimental processes or prediction of their effects. Follows the three principles of concreteness, developmental transformation, and synthesis and balance.

? Divided in terms of intellectual quality, can be divided into:

? (1) reproduction thinking

? It is thinking that relies on past memories. Reproducing what has been learned as it is, falls into this category.

? (2) Creative thinking

? Dependent on past experience and knowledge, but it is the synthesis and organization of them to form something completely new. Such as the synthesis of several mathematical formulas that have been learned and applied to a specific problem. Those who are said to have inventive genius are those who are good at this kind of creative thinking.

? From the thinking skills, can also be divided into:

? (1) inductive thinking

? Thinking that deduces from a specific example their general laws and **** general conclusions.

(2) Deductive thinking

? Apply the general law to a specific example of thinking. In logic is also called deductive reasoning. It is from the general principles, principles to individual specific examples of thinking methods.

? (3) Critical thinking

? Thinking while tasting and criticizing one's own ideas or hypotheses. Critical thinking has historically been emphasized in problem solving. Critical thinking consists of six elements: independence, self-confidence, reflection, lack of fetishization of authority, open-mindedness, and respect for others.

? (4) Focused thinking

? From a lot of information, to find a logical connection, so as to derive certain conclusions; a comparative study of several solutions, so as to derive a solution, belongs to this kind of thinking.

? (5) Lateral thinking

? The use of "outside" information to find ways to solve the problem of thinking, as the eyes of the side view. Lateral thinking is a way of thinking that draws inspiration from other areas.

? (6) divergent thinking

? Also called divergent thinking. The same problem to explore a variety of answers, the most common is a problem in mathematics or language in the word multiple meaning.

? (7) evidence-based thinking

? It is the thinking that uses the knowledge and experience you have to verify a certain conclusion. The structure of evidence-seeking thinking includes a thesis, an argument, and a way of arguing. Everyone uses evidence-based thinking every day.

? (8) Reverse Thinking

? Thinking in reverse to see what the result is.

It is the corresponding side of the target thinking, from the target point back out of the conditions, causes of the thinking method. It is also an effective method of innovation.

? (9) lateral thinking

? Simply put, it is the left and right thinking, thinking before and after. This kind of thinking is mostly from the things related to find a breakthrough to solve the problem. Lateral thinking thinking direction is mostly around the same problem from different perspectives to analyze, or in the analysis of the various things related to it to find the answer.

? (10) Progressive thinking

? Thinking that starts from the current step and takes the direction of a deeper goal, reaching deeper and deeper step by step. Like multi-step operations in math.

? (11) Imaginative thinking

? That is, thinking in association, which is based on the known material after a new fit to create a new image of thinking, is the process of the other.

(12) Decomposition thinking

? Breaking down a problem into parts and finding the answer from each part and its interrelationships.

(13) Reasoning Thinking

? To answer questions through judgment and reasoning. It is also a kind of logical thinking. First you have to analyze and judge a thing, draw a conclusion and then reason by analogy.

? (14) Comparative Thinking

? Thinking by comparing two things that are the same or different, looking for similarities and differences and their nature and characteristics.

? (15) Cross-thinking

? From one end of the search for answers, in a certain point of temporary pause, and then from the other end of the search for answers, also in this point on the pause, the two ends of the cross convergence of communication ideas, to find the correct answer. In solving more complex problems often need to use this thinking, such as "Weiwei save Zhao".

? (16) transformational thinking

? In the problem-solving process encountered obstacles, the problem from one form into another form, so that the problem becomes simpler and clearer.

? (17) Jump thinking

? Skipping certain intermediate steps in things, omitting certain minor processes, and reaching the end directly.

? (18) Intuitive thinking

? A one-time violent contact with the nature of things thinking, it is to reach a conclusion and then go to the argument. This kind of thinking requires the usual accumulation of knowledge of the nature of things. Intuitive thinking by the apparent consciousness → subconscious → apparent consciousness constitutes a dynamic whole structure, with the holistic and leaping different from other forms of thinking.

? (19) Penetrating thinking

? When analyzing a problem, see the intricate interpenetrating factors and solve the problem by analyzing the relationship of these potential factors.

? (20) integrative thinking

? By virtue of thinking to grasp the whole picture of things, and unify the various aspects of inference. It is the replacement of several concepts with one and is a highly abstract thinking.

? (21) Fantasy thinking

? The "detachment from reality" is its most important characteristic. Fantasy thinking can run in the human brain, but also in the ideal state of no reality interference, the dispersion of any direction, thus constituting an important part of creative thinking.

? Because of the detachment of fantasy from reality, there is no way to avoid the production of errors, but as long as the fantasy can eventually come back to reality and the reality of the test, the error will be found and corrected.

? (22) Inspired thinking

? People in the creative process to reach the climax stage after the emergence of a most creative thinking breakthrough. It often appears in the form of "a flash of thought", is formed by people's subconscious thinking and conscious thinking many times over, but also people's long-term creative thinking activities to achieve a realm.

? (23) parallel thinking

? In order to solve a relatively large problem, the need to seek from different directions do not interfere with each other, do not conflict with each other that is, parallel methods to solve the problem of a kind of thinking. It is also a form of divergent thinking.

? (24) Combined thinking

? In the thinking process, new things or ideas are generated by recombining several elements. Combinatorial method is the combination of different things as per the need to create something new.

? (25) Dialectical thinking

? The way of thinking that recognizes things in terms of change and development is usually considered to be opposed to logical thinking. Thinking by using the laws of dialectics is mainly using the three laws of mutual transformation of quality and quantity, unity of opposites, and negation of negation.

? (26) integrated thinking

? is a combination of multiple ways of thinking to use. Many problems can not be solved by one way of thinking alone, there must be a variety of ways of thinking combined to answer.

? (27) core thinking: that is, for things only to claim the focus, do not care about any clutter, learned people have this cohesive core thinking, in their view, the world is bare. He is distinct from the thinking core the initial singularity in the operation of the entire mind, which has not yet positioned the role.

(28) virtual thinking: 21st century high-speed development of the network era, scientists have to characterize the meaning of virtual thinking. It is a realistic thinking process that takes the core of the self as the real point of reference, the brain as the initial virtual refraction platform, and network information as the external virtual refraction platform.

? (29) Divergent thinking - it is based on the existing information at a certain point, and then use the known knowledge, experience, through speculation, imagination, thinking along different directions, reorganization of the information in the memory and the information in front of you, to produce new information. It can be divided into three levels: fluency, adaptability, and originality.

(30)? Aggregate thinking method - also known as seeking the same thinking. It refers to the thinking process and method of searching for a correct answer from different sources, different materials, and different directions.

(31) transplantation thinking - refers to a field of scientific and technological achievements applied to other areas of a creative thinking method, bionics is a typical example.

(32) associative thinking method - similar associations, close associations, comparative associations, cause and effect associations.

More important ways of thinking:

? 01 Image Thinking

? Image thinking refers to the specific image or image as the content of the thought form, is a kind of human instinctive thinking, people will be born with no teacher to think in an image thinking way to consider the problem.

? Image thinking is an important form of thinking to reflect and understand the world, is a powerful tool for training and educating people, in scientific research, scientists in addition to the use of abstract thinking, but also often use image thinking. In business operations, highly developed image thinking is an important condition indispensable for entrepreneurs to win in the fierce and complex market competition. Top managers leave the image of information, leaving the image of thinking, he got the information may be only indirect, outdated or even inaccurate, so it is difficult to make the right decision.

? The main ones are: image; imagination; directness; agility; creativity; describability of the results of thinking; emotionality and so on.

? Imitation method. Take some kind of imitation prototype as a reference, on the basis of which to change to produce new things. Many inventions are built on the basis of imitation of predecessors or nature, such as the invention of airplanes in imitation of birds, the invention of submarines in imitation of fish, and the invention of radar in imitation of bats.

? Imagination method.　　In the brain to put aside the actual situation of a thing, and constitute a profound reflection of the nature of the thing simplified, idealized image. Direct imagination is the main means of conducting thought experiments widely used in modern scientific research.

? Combination method.　　From two or more things or products to extract the appropriate elements to recombine, constitute a new thing or a new product creation techniques. Common combination techniques generally have the same combination, combination of foreign objects, the main additional combination, reorganization of the combination of four.

? Transplantation method.　　A field of principles, methods, structures, materials, uses, etc. transplanted to another field, so as to produce new things. There are mainly principle transplantation, method transplantation, function transplantation, structure transplantation and other types.

?02 Reverse Thinking

? Reverse thinking is a relatively special way of thinking, its thinking orientation is always the opposite of the thinking orientation of ordinary people, such as people abandon me, people into my retreat, people move me quiet, people just me soft and so on. There is no absolute reverse thinking mode in this world, when a recognized reverse thinking mode is mastered and applied by most people, it also becomes a positive thinking mode.

? Reverse thinking does not advocate that people think against the norm, unrestricted nonsense, but to train a small probability thinking mode, that is, in the thinking activities to focus on the small probability possibility of thinking.

? Reverse thinking is an important means of discovering problems, analyzing problems and solving problems, helping to overcome the limitations of stereotyped thinking, is an important way of decision-making thinking.

? Reverse thinking.　　Usually question a commonly accepted belief or practice, and then see what its opposite is. If the antithesis is justified, then proceed in the direction of the antithesis.

? Reverse thinking can be done in the following situations: first, when you are considering doing something opposite; second, when you are considering taking something by its opposite; and third, if you realize that the other person is wrong and you are right, but you still think that there is something to be positive about the other person's wrong view.

? Skeptical method.　　There is a spirit of daring to doubt, break the habit and think the other way around, the stronger this spirit, the better. Habitual practices are not always right, and skepticism about everything is needed for reverse thinking.

? The method of complementary opposites.　　To grasp the object of thinking as the goal of the unity of opposites. Require people to deal with the problem both to see the differences between things, but also to see the complementarity between things due to the existence of differences.

? Paradox method.　　It is a concept, a hypothesis or a doctrine, proactive thinking from both sides, in order to find the paradox.

? Critical method.　　The speech and behavior of the speech, judgment, analysis, in order to see the right reason. Thinking against the grain with the critical method still requires a foundation of general thinking skills, such as comparing, classifying, analyzing, synthesizing, abstracting, and generalizing.

? Counterfactual Method.　　The mental activity of mentally negating events that have already occurred and characterizing the outcomes that could have occurred but did not actually occur is an important feature of human consciousness. This is counterfactual thinking. There are three main types: additive, subtractive, and alternative.

?03 Logical thinking

? Logical thinking refers to the way of thinking that conforms to some artificially formulated rules and forms of thinking, and what we call logical thinking mainly refers to the way of thinking that follows the traditional rules of formal logic. It is often called "abstract thinking" or "thinking with eyes closed".

? Logical thinking is a rational activity of the human brain, the thinking subject of the perceptual understanding of the stage of information obtained for the understanding of things abstracted into concepts, the use of concepts for judgment, and according to a certain logical relationship between the reasoning, so as to produce a new understanding. Logical thinking is characterized by standardization, rigor, certainty and repeatability.

?04 Diffuse thinking

? Diffuse thinking refers to the brain in the thinking of a diffuse state of thinking mode, more common, it is manifested in the thinking of a broad field of vision, the thinking of a multi-dimensional diffuse shape.

? Diffuse thinking is also known as radiant thinking, radiating thinking, diffuse thinking or divergent thinking.

? Material divergence - taking as much "material" as possible of an object and using it as a point of divergence to envision its many uses.

? Functionality - Starting from the function of something, imagine the possibilities of obtaining that function.

? Structural divergence - taking the structure of something as a point of divergence, and envisioning the possibilities of utilizing that structure.

? Morphology - taking the shape of something as the point of divergence, and envisioning the possibilities of utilizing a certain shape.

? Combination - take something as a point of departure and combine it with as many other things as possible to form something new.

? Method diffusion - take a certain method as the point of diffusion, and envision the various possibilities of utilizing the method.

? Cause and Effect Diffusion - taking the result of something as the point of divergence, speculate on the various causes of the result, or speculate on the various possible results from the cause.

? Collective divergent thinking Divergent thinking requires not only using all of our own brains, but sometimes also using the unlimited resources around us, brainstorming. Collective thinking can take different forms, such as we often jokingly called "Zhu Geliang will".

?05 Inspired thinking

? Inspiration intuitive thinking activity is essentially a subconscious and manifest consciousness of the interaction between the rational thinking of the cognitive process of holistic creation.

? Inspiration intuitive thinking as a high-level complex creative thinking rational activity form, it is not a simple logical or non-logical one-way thinking movement, but logical and non-logical unity of rational thinking overall process.

? Sudden and fuzzy Because it is not in the realm of consciousness simply follow the conventional logical process of formation, so the inspiration intuitive thinking procedures, rules, and thinking elements and processes are not self-consciousness can be clearly aware of, but vague, "can only be understood, can not be said".

? Originality Originality is a necessary characteristic that defines inspired thinking. Without originality, it cannot be called inspired thinking.

? Non-consciousness All other thinking activities are a conscious thinking activity. The prominence of inspired intuitive thinking inevitably brings about its non-consciousness.

? Thinking flexible activities of the imagery in the process of inspirational intuitive thinking activities, the subconscious field or the field of consciousness is always accompanied by the existence of thinking imagery movement. There is no epiphany of thought without the implication and enlightenment of imagery.

? Thinking highly flexible complementary synthesis Thinking highly flexible complementary synthesis is an important feature of its thinking, such as the complementary synthesis of the subconscious mind and the conscious mind, the complementary synthesis of logic and non-logic, the complementary synthesis of abstraction and image, etc.

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? Long thought to the subject of thinking refers to the thinking of the subject in the case of long-term thinking after all days, temporarily put the subject on hold, and turn to activities unrelated to the study. It happens to be in this "not thinking" process, inadvertently found the answer or clues to complete the long thought of the research project.

? The dream is a passive imagination and intention to show the thinking subject of the object reality of the special reflection, is the overall inhibition of the cerebral cortex in the state, a few nerve cell excitation for random activity and the formation of dramatic results. Not everyone's dream has creative content. Dreams are also reserved for those "prepared scientific minds".

? Free reverie scientific reverie is the researcher consciously give up the rigid, conservative habits of thought, around the theme of scientific research, in accordance with certain random procedures on their own memory of a large number of information on the free combination and arbitrary splicing. After several times, and even months, years of mood gallop and occasional logical reasoning, to complete a research or a series of topics.

? The use of such methods in the social activities of countless examples. That is, in the heat of the moment, some behavior is done that turns out to be correct.

? Another new path The subject of thinking in the process of scientific research, the content of the subject and the center of excitement have not changed, but the search for a solution to the stereotypes due to the researcher's ingenuity and shifted to the direction of the original solution to the problem of ideas different.

? Prototype revelation In the case of triggers and the construction or shape of the object of study is almost identical, the researcher has already been fully prepared for these things, once exposed to the researcher, can produce associations, directly from the objective prototype to deduce the design of the new invention configuration.

? People are occasionally inspired by the established facts in other fields, analogies, associations, dialectical sublimation and success. The other mountain of the stone, can attack jade. The subject of thinking is often required to have a deeper insight into the ability to communicate the surface of the two seemingly completely unrelated things, the inner function or mechanism of analogical analysis.

? Enlightenment The trigger for this kind of epiphany comes from an external nudging of the mind. Mainly through the language expression of some explicit or metaphor to obtain. This method of enlightenment in the idea of enlightenment, generally speaking, there are several conditions: first, "there is a request", second, "mind", third, "good point", fourth, "clever break". The first is the "request", the second is the "heart", the third is the "good point", the fourth is the "skillful break".

? Seeing the micro-knowledge from other people do not feel rare ordinary small things, keen to find the beginnings of new things, and deep investigation, until the creation of certain. Seeing the slightest thing must have a unique eye, that is, with the eyes to see at the same time, with agile thinking.

? Coincidental encounter with new traces of inspiration and get the innovation results are inconsistent with the expected goal, is an accidental gain. Many researchers regard this kind of accidental gain as "heavenly gift", some call it "playing crookedly" or "crookedly hit the right".

?06 Systems Thinking

The system is a concept that reflects a kind of epistemology of people's things, that is, the system is an organic whole combined by two or more elements, the whole of the system is not equal to the simple addition of its local. This concept reveals a certain kind of essential attribute of the objective world, which has infinite richness of connotation and extension, and its content is system theory or systematics. As a universal methodology, systematics is by far the most advanced mode of thinking that mankind has mastered.

? Systems thinking refers to the thinking form with systems theory as the basic mode of thinking, which is different from instinctive thinking forms such as creative thinking or image thinking. Systems thinking can greatly simplify people's perception of things and give us a holistic view.

? Divided according to the historical period, the evolution of systems thinking can be distinguished into four different stages of development: the ancient holistic systems thinking way - the modern mechanical systems thinking way - dialectical systems thinking way -modern complex systems thinking.

? Holistic Approach It is to always consider the whole in the process of analyzing and dealing with problems, and to put the whole in the first place, rather than letting any part of the thing override the whole.

? The holistic approach requires that the direction of thinking about the problem be directed to the overall situation and the whole, from the overall situation and the whole. If the holistic method of thinking is not used when holistic thinking should be used for thinking, then it will be detrimental to both the macro and micro aspects.

? Structural Approach When conducting systems thinking, pay attention to the rationality of the internal structure of the system. The system consists of various parts, and the rationality of the combination of parts and parts has a great impact on the system. This is the problem of structure in the system.

? A good structure means that the parts that make up the system are well organized and organically linked.

? Elements method Each system is composed of a variety of factors, the relative importance of which is called the constituent elements. In order to make the whole system function properly and play the best role or in the best state, it is necessary to examine the elements thoroughly and fully, and give full play to the role of the elements.

? Functional approach refers to the system in order to make a system to present the best situation, from the overall situation to adjust or change the function and role of the internal parts of the system. The process may involve changing all parts of the system for the better, or it may involve reducing the functioning of one part of the system for the benefit of the whole system.

?07 Dialectical thinking

? Dialectical thinking is a way of thinking that recognizes things in terms of changing and developing perspectives, and is often considered to be a way of thinking that is opposed to logical thinking. In logical thinking, things are generally "either/or", "either true or false", while in dialectical thinking, things can be "both/or" at the same time, "also true and false" without hindering the normal progress of thinking activities.

? Discursive mode of thinking requires that when observing and analyzing problems, the dynamic development of the eyes to see the problem.

? Dialectical thinking is the use of material dialectics in thinking, the categories, views and laws of material dialectics are fully applicable to dialectical thinking. Dialectical thinking is the reflection of the objective dialectic in thinking, the connection, the development of the point of view is also the basic point of view of dialectical thinking. The law of unity of opposites, the law of reciprocal change of quality and the law of negation are the basic laws of material dialectics, and also the basic laws of dialectical thinking, that is, the law of unity of opposites thinking, the law of reciprocal change of quality thinking and the law of negation thinking.

? Connection It is the use of the view of universal connection to examine the object of thinking a viewpoint method, from the space to examine the horizontal connection of the object of thinking a point of view.

? Development is the use of dialectical thinking to examine the development of the object of thought of a point of view method, from the time to examine the object of thought of the past, present and future vertical development process of a point of view way.

? Comprehensive It is the use of a comprehensive view to examine the object of thinking a viewpoint method, that is, from the space-time as a whole to comprehensively examine the horizontal connection of the object of thinking and vertical development process. In other words, it is the object of thinking for multi-faceted, multi-angle, multi-faceted, multi-faceted examination of a point of view method.

Benefit from a lifetime of thinking habits

From now on, to cultivate five habits of thinking that will benefit a lifetime

1 Objective and calm analysis of things consciousness: never hold preconceived notions about anything. Stereotyping is a harmful thing, it not only makes you become paranoid and closed, short-sighted, but also affects the independence of your thinking, and affects the establishment of healthy relationships with others.

2 The problem-solving consciousness: there is no problem that can not be communicated, there is no conflict that can not be resolved.

3 Rich people thinking: Rich people, is the brain first thought to do a thing, the goal is set before you start to think about how to raise resources.

4 value-oriented thinking: if we use more knowledge of economics to understand life, more value-oriented thinking to judge right and wrong, long time to insist, everything will become organized, efficiency will be much higher.

5 from the essence of everything, learn to think differently: from the essence, want to let others help you do something, or want to get through your efforts to get the benefits you want to get, it is necessary to look at the root of the problem, to figure out the exchange of chips you have and the reality of the other side of the need. Look at what you have in your hands and think about what the other person is missing there.

There is a saying that is true: thinking determines action, action determines habit, habit determines character, character determines fate.