Yi culture

Yi people are the oldest members of the Chinese nation, with a long history and ancient and charming Yi customs. In the long history, the Yi people have formed the characteristics of being good at singing and dancing, with rich and colorful folk music and dance art and splendid national programs. In addition, they also have unique diet, daily life, weddings, funerals, costumes, hospitality and celebration etiquette, which can make people return to nature and experience the charm of ancient civilization.

(A) Yi language with a long history

There are different opinions about the origin and history of Yi language, and there is no conclusion yet. It is said that Biaslaze (1500 years ago) listened to the legend of the divine bird in the big forest and wrote the Bimo Sutra. According to the Yi family tree, Bi 'a has a history of more than 60 generations. Meigu county people, after the liberation of Liangshan, still have stone scriptures (destroyed during the Cultural Revolution), which can be traced back to the Han and Jin Dynasties. In the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Yi language reached a certain scale and was supplemented in later generations. The Ming and Qing dynasties have been quite developed. Many existing Yi inscriptions and classic manuscripts are the products of this period. Up to now, the total number of Yi languages in various places is around 10,000 words, but the more commonly used ones are just over 1,000 words. 1974 formulated a unified Yi language standard scheme, which simplified the unified 8 19 characters.

(2) Ancient Yi myths and legends

There are a large number of myths and legends circulating among the Yi people, among which the most representative one recorded in Yi language is the myth reflected in the epic Le Ott Clothes. The epic describes the changes of the universe, the origin of human beings and the migration of ancestors 12. These stories are independent and interrelated. With majestic momentum, vivid images and simple language, they reflect some backgrounds of Yi people in primitive society and early slave society.

(3) Yi music

Yi people's music is rich and colorful, with beautiful songs, dances and instrumental music, which has a distinctive national artistic style.

The songs have Russian, elegant, left and plaid names.

Russia, which means singing, has many tunes, such as "Niu Niu Russia" and "Amoni provokes Russia".

Ah, this is a solo folk song, which is often sung when grazing in the mountains, farming in the fields or playing. Singers are generally young men and women, mostly improvising, expressing their yearning for freedom, love and happiness, with a strong local flavor.

Zuo, called Asimu Mozuo by Yi people, is a wedding song.

Song, also known as Zege or Cheng Agu Song, is a song sung in mourning for the dead or in sacrificial activities, and it is also named after each paragraph begins with "Ah Guo … Oh, sigh". This is a kind of chorus song, usually with ten people as a team, dancing and singing, and the lyrics are improvised by the lead singer. Generally, the host and guests sing in teams, and the participants can be women.

Musical instruments, Yi folk musical instruments are rich, such as kouxian, Qin Yue, huqin, flute, suona, Hulusheng, leather drum, bronze bell and konoha. Among them, Kouxian, Qin Yue and flute are the most popular.

Traditional dances of Yi people include: festival dance, wedding dance, funeral dance or mourning dance, palace dance and bell drum dance, labor dance and war dance, opposite-foot dance, street dance, handkerchief dance, bracelet dance, wheel dance and so on.

Festival dances mainly include the "solo dance" to celebrate the Torch Festival. This is a large women's group dance. There are two kinds of dance formations: round and double-row horizontal lines, with round as the main form. Generally, it consists of three to fifty people. One person leads the dance and sings in each circle, and the rest of the partners sing and dance behind. At the same time, everyone holds an umbrella with his left hand and pulls the skirt of the person in front with his right hand to form a dance circle. In a torch field, there are often dozens or even hundreds of such dance circles dancing. Hundreds of people can attend the dance. This is one of the most spectacular scenes at the Torch Festival in Liangshan Yi area.

(D) Yi art

After a long period of accumulation and creation by working people, Yi art has made certain achievements and formed a unique style.

Painting, Liangshan Yi people have no special painting art. Only in Bimo's scriptures can we see the sun, the moon, people, chickens, insects and other figures, and the figures drawn, such as birds, animals, flowers and plants, are all the mythical figures of the God-man. Legend has it that Shige Aaron once shot the sun and the moon, knocking down animals on the ground, so when painting Shige Aaron, he also painted the sun, the moon, people, chickens, insects and so on. These sketches composed of points and lines give people a primitive and simple aesthetic feeling.

Sculpture: In the past, the houses, roofs, columns, eaves columns and guozhuang stones of the ruling class of Yi people often had figures, birds and animals, flowers and other patterns carved by craftsmen. In addition, there are exquisite patterns carved by craftsmen on commonly used swords and long handles.

Embroidery: Liangshan Yi women are good at embroidery. They often embroider floating clouds and Fang Shengwen on slippers, headscarves, sleeves, collars, coat lapels, trouser legs, hanging bags, tobacco bags and purses. , mostly black or white, with red, green and Huang San flowers. There are mainly the following kinds of lace patterns: (1) with astronomical phenomena such as sun, moon, stars, clouds and rainbows as the theme; Take the natural geographical mountains and rivers as the map, and take the natural geographical mountains and rivers as the map; There are cockscomb, bull's eyes, horns and tusks in the picture. Take a part of a plant as a picture, such as a mosaic picture. All kinds of images are closely connected with real life, rich and colorful. Yi women often use "decals" as decorations, and cut beautiful patterns and lines with five-color fabrics, which are embedded in sleeves, collars, trouser legs, cigarette pockets and belts, which are ever-changing and full of strong national colors.

Silver handicrafts, common are all kinds of silver ties, silver rings, silver bracelets and silver earrings. Some Tusi and slave owners in black also made silver armguards and silver leg armguards for the war. These silver handicrafts are quite exquisite and beautiful, decorated with many patterns and patterns, and their level is very high.

(E) Yi customs

Yi people's unique and colorful folk customs can make people return to the original and experience the charm of ancient civilization. The unique and colorful national customs formed by the Yi people in the special natural environment are reflected in their food, clothing, housing, transportation, weddings, funerals and worship.

Yi diet

Yi people have a traditional habit of eating Baba, which is mostly steamed and baked with corn and buckwheat flour. Flat and round, weighing about half a catty, exquisite. It is made of corn, which is first coarsely ground and shelled, and then finely ground with water. It's steamed and baked according to Baba's method. It's exquisite, sweet and especially delicious. Generally, it is specially made only on New Year's Day or when guests come to the door, which is considered as high-grade food.

Yi people are used to drinking "Zhuanzhuan Liquor", but they will drink when guests come or celebrate festivals and some festivals and meetings. When drinking, several people or dozens of people sit around together, and one person takes turns drinking with a container of wine, one bite at a time, and so on until he is as drunk as a fiddler. You can drink a lot when you are happy, regardless of a bowl and a half bottles, to show generosity.

Yi people are particularly hospitable. No matter who comes in, whether it is a relative or an acquaintance, as long as the name and family support are given, they will be warmly received. According to family conditions, try to treat people with wine and meat, and stay, never ask for remuneration, sincere and generous. Treat relatives, friends and guests by killing chickens and sheep. For particularly distinguished guests, if conditions permit, we will also kill cows to entertain them. Killing a chicken is the lightest entertainment. You should also invite the guests to eat all the chickens on the table first, and then invite them to eat a chicken head to see wealth. Killing pigs and sheep not only entertains guests to eat well, but also gives them half a pig's head and a piece of mutton to take away to show their respect and enthusiasm.

yi style houses

The homestead of the house, choose a commanding and dangerous hill or hillside. In ancient times, Yi people often migrated because of production and living factors. Fuyuzhi

Respondent: Miao Jiu-Intermediate Manager Grade 8 2007-2-7 22:56

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Yi people are the oldest members of the Chinese nation, with a long history and ancient and charming Yi customs. In the long history, the Yi people have formed the characteristics of being good at singing and dancing, with rich and colorful folk music and dance art and splendid national programs. In addition, they also have unique diet, daily life, weddings, funerals, costumes, hospitality and celebration etiquette, which can make people return to nature and experience the charm of ancient civilization.

(A) Yi language with a long history

There are different opinions about the origin and history of Yi language, and there is no conclusion yet. It is said that Biaslaze (1500 years ago) listened to the legend of the divine bird in the big forest and wrote the Bimo Sutra. According to the Yi family tree, Bi 'a has a history of more than 60 generations. Meigu county people, after the liberation of Liangshan, still have stone scriptures (destroyed during the Cultural Revolution), which can be traced back to the Han and Jin Dynasties. In the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Yi language reached a certain scale and was supplemented in later generations. The Ming and Qing dynasties have been quite developed. Many existing Yi inscriptions and classic manuscripts are the products of this period. Up to now, the total number of Yi languages in various places is around 10,000 words, but the more commonly used ones are just over 1,000 words. 1974 formulated a unified Yi language standard scheme, which simplified the unified 8 19 characters.

(2) Ancient Yi myths and legends

There are a large number of myths and legends circulating among the Yi people, among which the most representative one recorded in Yi language is the myth reflected in the epic Le Ott Clothes. The epic describes the changes of the universe, the origin of human beings and the migration of ancestors 12. These stories reflect some backgrounds of Yi people in primitive society and early slave society.

(3) Yi music

Yi people's music is rich and colorful, with beautiful songs, dances and instrumental music, which has a distinctive national artistic style.

The songs have Russian, elegant, left and plaid names.

Russia, which means singing, has many tunes, such as "Niu Niu Russia" and "Amoni provokes Russia".

Ah, this is a solo folk song, which is often sung when grazing in the mountains, farming in the fields or playing. Singers are generally young men and women, mostly improvising, expressing their yearning for freedom, love and happiness, with a strong local flavor.

Zuo, called Asimu Mozuo by Yi people, is a wedding song.

Song, also known as Zege or Cheng Agu Song, is a song sung in mourning for the dead or in sacrificial activities, and it is also named after each paragraph begins with "Ah Guo … Oh, sigh". This is a kind of chorus song, usually with ten people as a team, dancing and singing, and the lyrics are improvised by the lead singer. Generally, the host and guests sing in teams, and the participants can be women.

Musical instruments, Yi folk musical instruments are rich, such as kouxian, Qin Yue, huqin, flute, suona, Hulusheng, leather drum, bronze bell and konoha. Among them, Kouxian, Qin Yue and flute are the most popular.

Traditional dances of Yi people include: festival dance, wedding dance, funeral dance or mourning dance, palace dance and bell drum dance, labor dance and war dance, opposite-foot dance, street dance, handkerchief dance, bracelet dance, wheel dance and so on.

Festival dances mainly include the "solo dance" to celebrate the Torch Festival. This is a large women's group dance. There are two kinds of dance formations: round and double-row horizontal lines, with round as the main form. Generally, it consists of three to fifty people. One person leads the dance and sings in each circle, and the rest of the partners sing and dance behind. At the same time, everyone holds an umbrella with his left hand and pulls the skirt of the person in front with his right hand to form a dance circle. In a torch field, there are often dozens or even hundreds of such dance circles dancing.

(D) Yi art

After a long period of accumulation and creation by working people, Yi art has made certain achievements and formed a unique style.

Painting, Liangshan Yi people have no special painting art. Only in Bimo's scriptures can we see the sun, the moon, people, chickens, insects and other figures, and the figures drawn, such as birds, animals, flowers and plants, are all the mythical figures of the God-man. Legend has it that Shige Aaron once shot the sun and the moon, knocking down animals on the ground, so when painting Shige Aaron, he also painted the sun, the moon, people, chickens, insects and so on. These sketches composed of points and lines give people a primitive and simple aesthetic feeling.

Sculpture: In the past, the houses, roofs, columns, eaves columns and guozhuang stones of the ruling class of Yi people often had figures, birds and animals, flowers and other patterns carved by craftsmen. In addition, there are exquisite patterns carved by craftsmen on commonly used swords and long handles.

Embroidery: Liangshan Yi women are good at embroidery. They often embroider floating clouds and Fang Shengwen on slippers, headscarves, sleeves, collars, coat lapels, trouser legs, hanging bags, tobacco bags and purses. , mostly black or white, with red, green and Huang San flowers. Lace patterns are ever-changing and full of strong national colors.

Silver handicrafts, common are all kinds of silver ties, silver rings, silver bracelets and silver earrings. Some Tusi and slave owners in black also made silver armguards and silver leg armguards for the war. These silver handicrafts are quite exquisite and beautiful, decorated with many patterns and patterns, and their level is very high.

(E) Yi customs

Yi people's unique and colorful folk customs can make people return to the original and experience the charm of ancient civilization. The unique and colorful national customs formed by the Yi people in the special natural environment are reflected in their food, clothing, housing, transportation, weddings, funerals and worship.

Yi diet

Yi people have a traditional habit of eating Baba, which is mostly steamed and baked with corn and buckwheat flour. Flat and round, weighing about half a catty, exquisite. It is made of corn, which is first coarsely ground and shelled, and then finely ground with water. It's steamed and baked according to Baba's method. It's exquisite, sweet and especially delicious. Generally, it is specially made only on New Year's Day or when guests come to the door, which is considered as high-grade food.

Yi people are used to drinking "Zhuanzhuan Liquor", but they will drink when guests come or celebrate festivals and some festivals and meetings. When drinking, several people or dozens of people sit around together, and one person takes turns drinking with a container of wine, one bite at a time, and so on until he is as drunk as a fiddler. You can drink a lot when you are happy, regardless of a bowl and a half bottles, to show generosity.

Yi people are particularly hospitable. No matter who comes in, whether it is a relative or an acquaintance, as long as the name and family support are given, they will be warmly received. According to family conditions, try to treat people with wine and meat, and stay, never ask for remuneration, sincere and generous. Treat relatives, friends and guests by killing chickens and sheep. For particularly distinguished guests, if conditions permit, we will also kill cows to entertain them. Killing a chicken is the lightest entertainment. You should also invite the guests to eat all the chickens on the table first, and then invite them to eat a chicken head to see wealth. Killing pigs and sheep not only entertains guests to eat well, but also gives them half a pig's head and a piece of mutton to take away to show their respect and enthusiasm.

Marriage custom of Yi nationality

Before the democratic reform, the marriage customs of Yi people in Ebian implemented the marriage system of internal marriage, hierarchical marriage, family support for external marriage, unmarried aunts and uncles, transfer of houses, and uxorilocal marriage. Monogamy is generally practiced, and there are also phenomena of arranged marriages by parents, matchmakers' words and buying and selling marriages. From engagement to marriage, the wedding etiquette and form with national characteristics have been preserved.

Yi people's funeral customs

Yi people generally cremate the dead, but bury the dead babies who have not yet teethed.

Yi people's new year customs

Liangshan Yi people have two main traditional festivals: Yi New Year and Torch Festival.

Ebian Yi Festival: Liangshan Yi Year is the solar calendar of Yi people, and it lasts for ten months. One month at the end of the year is equivalent to October of the lunar calendar, and it is also the end of the autumn harvest in Yi areas. Yi people choose an auspicious day in each village, usually from the first day of October to the thirteenth day, which is the first day of the Yi people's New Year.

The day before the Chinese New Year is New Year's Eve, and every household has to do a lot of cleaning, sweeping the floor and tidying up the furniture. In the early morning of the first day of the lunar new year, every family that has the conditions will kill pigs for the New Year. According to the traditional habits and regulations of respecting ancestors and the elderly, the Chinese New Year begins with killing pigs in the most respected nursing home in the village. Then every household will be slaughtered accordingly. After killing the pig, take out the gallbladder, waist, spleen and breast, cook and cut into pieces, and put them in a tall wooden basin with buckwheat. Then put a red-hot stone into a bowl of clear water, and generate steam to circle three times, which means to remove dirt and filth. Then, pour the soaked wine, put the meat bowl on the altar in the inner room and hold a ceremony to welcome the ancestors.

Three days later, I began to visit relatives and friends and pay New Year greetings to distant relatives. The married girl went back to visit her parents with gifts such as wine and pig's head. After about five or six days, the Chinese New Year is over.

(6) The beliefs of the Yi people

Yi people believe in elves, worship ancestors and believe in animism. But there is no idol worship in the border area, and there is no god who dominates everything. They believe that people have souls. After death, souls exist alone, and they become ghosts, wandering around and often causing trouble and harm. So please ask the wizard to exorcise ghosts in time. Yi people also believe that there are gods everywhere in the whole nature, such as the earth, the sun and the moon, and lightning, vegetation, rocks, clothes and jewelry are all dominated by gods. Among many gods, the mountain god is the most worshipped. Yi people believe in natural witchcraft, which is mainly used to eliminate evil spirits and curse the enemy. Yi people believe that whenever they encounter unlucky things, especially diseases, ghosts will appear, so they will invite Bimo or Su Ye to engage in activities of becoming a monk or playing drums. To exorcise ghosts by chanting sutras by Bimo or Su Ye, or to kill pigs or sheep, to show that pigs and sheep are the masters of double bodies, or to exorcise ghosts and get rid of diseases.

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