Consult the location of the kidney

Hello! First of all, I wish you a speedy recovery! Let me tell you something about kidney calculi. Most of them are located in renal pelvis, which is rare in kidney calculi.

Kidney calculi (). Plain film shows single or multiple dense shadows of circle, oval or blunt triangle, with high density and uniform renal area. The edge is smooth, but not smooth, showing mulberry shape. The active morphology and large stones of renal pelvis and calyceal nodules can be shown as the position and morphology of typical antler coral cavity. Sometimes stones fill the entire renal pelvis and calyx, similar to pyelography. Seen from the side, kidney calculi mostly overlaps with the spine.

Pyelography shows the exact location of stones, which is related to hydronephrosis and renal function. The contrast also found some negative stones that could not be found on plain films, and the defects were filled with smooth edges. The density of similar contrast media positive stones is easy to be covered up, which will lead to missed diagnosis or misdiagnosis, so the diagnosis must be controlled by ordinary films.

The disease belongs to the category of stranguria in traditional Chinese medicine, which is characterized by uncomfortable urination and urethral pain. Usually, gravel card is discharged with urine, which is called "stone forest" in Chinese medicine.

1) is often divided into a mixture of experience and fallacy in clinic.

1。 Experience, type certificate. In Jizheng Factory, urine is mixed with sand and gravel, which makes it difficult to urinate suddenly, or when urinating, the urinary tract is embarrassed, the pain is less, the abdomen is tight, or the waist cramps are unbearable, blood in urine, the tongue is red, the fur is thin and yellow, and the pulse is string or band is unbearable. Treatment should clear away heat and promote diuresis, relieve stranguria and remove stones, and cool blood to stop bleeding.

& gt2. Mixed Zheng disease lacking long gravel. If you can't see it, you may be accompanied by mental fatigue, listlessness, pale face, red tongue with teeth marks, weak pulse, or dull pain in the waist, soreness in the waist and knees, hot flashes in hands and feet, night sweats, mental fatigue, red tongue, little moss and rapid pulse. Treatment should be diuretic, stranguria-relieving and calculus-expelling, or partial qi and blood-nourishing, or partial yin-nourishing fluid. If the stone forest declines, it can also transform the labor force into the actual situation that the governance theory should admit clinically, and treat both the symptoms and the root causes.

2) General treatment

Symptomatic treatment: spasmolysis, analgesia, fluid replacement, anti-inflammatory drug treatment and stone removal treatment: stone diameter

3。 Lithotripsy: medication, drinking more drinks, adjusting urine control and diet pH value. Suitable for urate and cystine stones;

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

5。 Percutaneous nephrolithotomy.

6。 Operative pelvic incision and lithotomy, renal parenchyma incision and lithotomy, partial nephrectomy, nephrostomy reduction and extracorporeal nephrolithotomy: according to different conditions.

3) Treatment considerations

1。 Photos? Take a lot of fluids, and leave the hospital with about 1. 14 liters of urine a day.

2. Control the intake of calcium and avoid taking too much calcium, but it is not prohibited.

3. Stomach drugs often contain high concentrations of calcium and calcium stones, and gastrointestinal drugs should adopt brands with low calcium content.

Do not eat foods rich in oxalic acid, including beans, beets, celery, chocolate, grapes, green peppers, parsley, spinach, strawberries and tea.

5。 Taking magnesium and vitamin B6 can reduce the recurrence rate by 90%.

6。 Eating more foods rich in vitamin A can maintain the health of the urethral lining and help to avoid the recurrence of stones. This kind of food includes carrots, broccoli, melons, pumpkins and beef liver, but high doses of vitamin A are toxic, so it is best to consult a doctor first.

7。 Maintain vigorous vitality and avoid calcium deposition in the blood.

8。 Reduce protein's intake, including meat, cheese, fish and chicken.

9。 Reduce salt intake and eat less foods with high salt content.

10。 Vitamin c, especially in patients with calcium oxalate stones.

1 1。 Take too much vitamin d, no

12。 If a patient feels severe pain or hematuria, please seek medical attention immediately.

13。 Patients should know their own gem types.

4) Diet therapy

Peach kernel rock sugar sauce

Take 200 grams of walnut kernel, 200 grams of sesame oil and 200 grams of rock sugar. Walnut sesame oil, stir-fry, adjust to milky white and add crystal sugar, 1 time, 3 times a day.

This face is full of stones. Indications: kidney calculi's disease, a real syndrome, is accompanied by urine output, gravel, paunch, dysuria, hematuria, and sometimes waist spasm.

2。 Stock trading at the end of year

250g willow moth, brown sugar tree brown sugar120g. The taste before decoction, brown sugar, water, drinks, every day.

This recipe promotes diuresis and excretion of stones. Indications: kidney calculi, true syndrome, sudden interruption of micturition, urethral distress and pain, less abdominal tightness, unbearable waist cramp, hematuria, red tongue, thin yellow fur and thready pulse.

Qianwei Cao Ling

60 grams of Clematis chinensis and 60 grams of Lysimachia christinae. If fried, 1 twice a day, twice a day for 5 days.

Our prescription is kidney calculi.

4。 Take 200 grams of water spinach and 200 grams of water chestnut as the second juice of honey. Wash spinach with honey properly, mash water chestnut to get juice, and add appropriate amount of honey after taking it twice a day.

This recipe can remove stones. Indications: kidney calculi, with mixed deficiency and excess, has no lumbago after a long illness, and his waist and knees are sore.

5。 honey

Radish, a radish, radish cut into a finger and a half thick honey, marinated for 4 hours, and then repeatedly replaced coke twice. Light salt water delivery service.

This recipe promotes diuresis and excretion of stones. Indications: kidney calculi, mixed with excess and deficiency, pain due to long-term lithotripsy, waist discomfort and swelling of upper abdomen.

6。 Lysimachia christinae honey is decocted in two kinds of water twice a day.

This recipe promotes diuresis and excretion of stones. Indications: kidney calculi, stone-dependent syndrome, dysuria, drinking.

80g of Lysimachia christinae and 50g of honey. Urinary tract discomfort, pain, abdominal discomfort

7。 Coix seed is a must for cats.

Take Coicis Semen 120g and Cao Maoxu 60g, stir-fry two flavors, once a day/kloc-0, twice.

This prescription is mainly used to treat kidney calculi.

8。 Black fungus soup

50g, auricularia auricula, add a bowl of water, add seasoning to cook auricularia auricula, and eat auricularia auricula soup twice.

This recipe can remove stones. Indications: kidney calculi, mixed with excess and deficiency, with less urine and gravel, acute abdomen, dysuria, lumbago and colic.

Note: Modern research shows that the pipes of phytochemicals and alkaloids of Auricularia auricula are unobstructed and can dissolve stones.

5) Prevention of dietary prescription drugs

Pumpkin seeds contain a lot of phosphorus. I usually eat pumpkin seeds to absorb phosphorus and minerals, which can effectively prevent water vapor from condensing in the human urinary system and being excreted with urine, thus achieving the purpose of preventing kidney calculi.

6) How to take care of patients

Kidney calculi's lifestyle, pay attention to drink more water at ordinary times, even if you are not particularly thirsty, you can't forget the water you drink. Don't eat too many vegetables (such as spinach) containing oxalic acid, because oxalic acid will combine with calcium to form stones, and calcium oxalate will be deposited in the body. Beef and mutton contain more purines and are easy to decompose? Uric acid is one of the components that form stones. Stones should be eaten regularly and exercised regularly to avoid calcium deposition in the body's blood. At the beginning, eating 1-2 auricularia auricula every day can relieve the general symptoms such as pain, vomiting and nausea for 2-4 days, and the stones can disappear in about 10 days. Auricularia auricula contains a special substance, which can promote the secretion of various glands in digestive tract and urinary tract and expel stones. In addition, patients should go to the hospital regularly to observe the stones in the "trend".

Love tip: Fang, you must consult China traditional medicine in the local regular hospital, and choose to use it according to syndrome differentiation according to your own physiological characteristics and different pathological changes. Family therapy in kidney calculi

Si Tong Borg

The occurrence of kidney calculi is due to the imbalance of colloidal crystal metabolism, infection, nutritional metabolism disorder, foreign bodies in urinary system, urine stasis, geographical environment and climate factors. Men are more prone to this disease than women. People over 30 are easier than young people. Diseases are relatively rare among children.

The pain may last for several days, and severe renal colic may be caused during the stone removal. The painful part is kidney calculi's position. The symptoms of stones are not obvious and only exist in previous X-rays. When the stone is large, ipsilateral low back pain, renal colic and hematuria may occur. Kidney calculi occasionally gets stuck in the ureter, blocking the urine flow on one side. Kidney calculi's complication is acute pyelonephritis, which can lead to chronic renal failure in severe cases. The recurrence rate in kidney calculi is relatively high. Once you are no longer a stone, it is inevitable.

Changing living habits can prevent and reduce the growth and occurrence of stones. There are several types of kidney calculi. Once your doctor confirms your gem type, the following methods can help reduce the chance of recurrence. Family therapy measures

● Drink plenty of water. No matter what kind of stones you have, the most important prevention method is to increase water intake. Dilute urine with water to prevent high concentration of salt and minerals from turning into stones. Discharge 2 liters of drinking water every day and have a proper amount of urine. Even if it is not enough, if you work in the hot sun all day, you need to drink 2 gallons of water.

● Supplementing cellulose

Adding food rice bran can prevent stones.

●

% of calcium intake in stone bags is made up of calcium or calcium products. If stones come back, you must pay attention to calcium intake. If you are taking nutritional supplements, it is necessary to consult a doctor first. Second, check the daily intake of calcium-rich foods, including milk, cheese, cream and other dairy products. Milk and antacids may produce kidney calculi.

Check your stomach medicine.

Some common antacids contain a lot of calcium. If you have calcium calculus and are taking antacids, you should check the ingredients in the drug instructions to determine whether it contains calcium, and you should switch to another drug.

● Don't eat foods rich in oxalate.

About 60% stones are calcium oxalate stones. Therefore, we should limit the intake of foods rich in oxalic acid, including beans, beets, celery, chocolate, grapes, green peppers, parsley, spinach, strawberries and cabbage family vegetables. Avoid alcohol, caffeine, tea, chocolate, dried figs, mutton, nuts, green peppers, black tea and poppy seeds.

● Multi-activity

People who don't exercise often have calcium deposits in their blood. Exercise helps calcium flow to the bones to which it belongs. Don't wait for stones to form, you should go for a walk or outdoor exercise. ● Hot compress

Hot compress, cupping and electrotherapy in kidney area can relieve pain. Frequent hot baths are also good for removing stones.

● Food to eat/> Vitamin A is rich in vitamin A, which is necessary to maintain the health of urethral intima and also helps to prevent the recurrence of stones. Healthy adults, the daily intake of vitamin A is O00 units (IU). A cup of carrot can provide 10055 IU of vitamin A. Other foods rich in vitamin A include broccoli, apricots, cantaloupes, pumpkins and beef liver (high doses of vitamin A are toxic. Vitamin A supplementation should be approved by the doctor. )

Pay attention to protein's intake.

If your intake of kidney calculi is directly related to your intake of protein. Protein is easy to make uric acid, calcium and phosphorus in urine, leading to the formation of stones. Pay special attention to whether you take too much protein after treatment, especially uric acid and cystine stones. Eat180g of food rich in protein every day, including meat, cheese, chicken and fish.

● Eat less salt

If you have calcium stones, you should reduce your salt intake. You should reduce your daily salt intake to 2-3 grams.

● In

(1) Add magnesium oxide or magnesium chloride.

500 milligrams a day reduces calcium absorption. Studies have found that taking magnesium every day can reduce the recurrence rate by 90% because it can be different from magnesium oxalate and calcium-but it is different from calcium oxalate, and magnesium oxalate is unlikely to form painful stones.

② Vitamin B6

10 mg twice a day. When magnesium is used, vitamin B6 can reduce oxalate urine, which is a common mineral salt in kidney calculi.

③ Proteolytic enzyme

Use according to the product instructions between meals to help digest the correct one. about

④ Vitamin A emulsion or blood capsule.

25,000 international units. Treatment of urethral calculus intimal injury.

● Avoid L- cystine.

If you have a history of kidney calculi or are currently suffering from kidney calculi. Avoid L- cystine. This amino acid accumulates and crystallizes in the kidney, and large stones will block the inside of the kidney.

● Eat watermelon.

Eating western food and watermelon often is a natural diuretic. Eat alone, not with other foods. Watermelon cleans the body, but it can't exist in other foods at the same time.

● Vitamin limit?

If you are prone to calcium oxalate stones, you should limit the amount of vitamin C to more than 3-4 grams, which may increase the production of oxalic acid every day, thus increasing the probability of stones. Do not take high-efficiency vitamin C supplements.

● Don't take too much vitamin D.

Excessive vitamin D may lead to accumulation in various parts of the body, and the daily intake of calcium and vitamin D should not exceed 400IU of RDA.

● Herbal tea < BR/① Ten flavors and mallow tea.

30 grams of Wei Shi, 30 grams of Malvacea, and 30 grams of Lysimachia christinae are decocted in water to discharge stones.

② Corn silk tea

& gt 50g of corn, 20g of plantain seeds, 0/0g of raw licorice, 400ml of raw licorice and 500ml of water, and simmer for three times a day. tea

(3) sunflower stem 100 cm sunflower, cut into 3 cm long slices, and decocted in soup for one day and one month. Sweep the floor and solidify the stone.

● Health medicated diet ① Lotus root and winter melon soup

500g of raw lotus root nodes,1000g, sliced wax gourd and boiled. Daytime delivery

② 120g, adding appropriate amount of rock sugar and walnuts.

120 grams of fragrant walnuts: taking 60 grams each time and giving birth in water four times a day can soften stones.

③ Red bean porridge

50g of rice, 50g of red beans and 20g of chicken gizzard-membrane powder. Rice, water and red bean porridge are cooked with chicken gizzard-membrane powder and appropriate amount of sugar. For human consumption twice a day. exist

④ Fish brain powder

30 pieces of fish brain stones from the head of yellow croaker were ground into fine powder, divided into 10 equal parts, and taken with boiling water, with 1 hour for 3 times each time.

⑤ ebony peach kernel

Preventive effect of ebony 5 or raw walnut100g a day on water phosphate stones.

●

See a doctor if you have any danger signs of the following symptoms:

The tingling starts from one side and moves to the groin.

Nausea, vomiting and sweating.

Blood is in the urine.

If accompanied by infection, there will be the following additional symptoms:

I have a fever and feel cold.

* Frequent urination.

Urodynia, turbid urine smell.

Paroxysmal pain in the waist or abdomen, which may be a sign of other serious diseases, such as cholelithiasis, pelvic inflammatory disease or intestinal obstruction.

* You are experiencing pain or dysuria, which may also indicate cholecystitis, sexually transmitted diseases, vaginal diseases, gallbladder or prostate cancer, and you should seek medical attention immediately.

* Do you find hematuria with the naked eye, which may also indicate the kidney? Disease, bladder or stomach tumor, or urinary system or prostatitis (prostate disease), you should seek medical attention immediately.

* The urine is gray and smelly.

● Medical skills

Types and functions of kidney calculi

According to the kidney calculi on stones, they can be divided into calcium oxalate stones, calcium phosphate stones, uric acid (urate) stones, magnesium ammonium phosphate stones, cystine stones and purine stones. Stones can be mixed with two or more ingredients. The characteristics of various gemstones are as follows:

(1) Calcium oxalate stone 80%? 84%, with smooth surface (calcium oxalate monohydrate) and rough surface (calcium oxalate monohydrate in Shuang Yi) in yellow-brown or copper color. Male patients have multiple family histories, and X-rays are clearly visible. Usually calcium oxalate precipitated in urine is crystalline.

(2) Calcium phosphate stones: 6% ~ 9% stones, white, rough surface, often antlers, hard texture, usually formed in alkaline urine. More common in young men, multi-family history, X-ray clearly visible.

(3) In 6%-10%, the surface is smooth, often with antlers, yellow or brown, and the texture is hard, and fuzzy X-rays are not allowed. Uric acid (urate) stones are more common in men, especially in gout patients: stones are more common and usually have a family history. Uric acid crystals can be seen in urine sediment.

(4) Magnesium ammonium phosphate stones: 6%-9%, yellow or dirty gray stones, dendritic or staghorn stones, soft texture, more common in women and patients with urinary tract infection, opaque to X-rays. Magnesium ammonium phosphate crystal can be seen in urine sediment.

(5) Cystine calculus: Less than 2% of patients often form calculus in acidic urine, which is yellow or white, smooth and round, and difficult to see through. Cystine crystals can be seen in urine sediment.

(6) Xanthine calculus: This kind of calculus is white or yellowish brown in color, fragile in texture and opaque to X-rays, and usually forms in acidic urine.

Clinical symptoms of kidney calculi.

The symptoms of kidney calculi depend on the size of stones, the degree of obstruction and whether there is secondary infection. Renal insufficiency caused by living stones in renal pelvis and long-term symptoms, non-infection and even asymptomatic stones is occasionally found in the only abdominal X-ray photograph. But most patients have symptoms.

Pain and hematuria are the main symptoms in kidney calculi, and about 75% of kidney calculi patients have low back pain. Larger stones, pelvic effusion, pain, mostly dull pain, sometimes pain. Small stones, which have great mobility in the renal pelvis, easily lead to obstruction at the junction of renal pelvis and ureter, while renal colic is a sudden severe pain. Radiate downward from the waist along the ureter and bladder. Paroxysmal pain usually lasts for a few minutes, or it may last for several hours, accompanied by nausea and vomiting. Sometimes patients look pale, sweaty and listless.

Hematuria is the second important symptom. Pain and hematuria are the characteristics of renal and ureteral calculi. Especially those who have more physical activities, such as labor, exercise, cycling and sudden pain and hematuria, but the general symptoms are mild, hematuria is sometimes invisible to the naked eye, but in almost every case, a few to most red blood cells can be seen under the microscope, so the microscopic examination of urine is very important.

The proportion of patients who go to the hospital without the typical symptoms of pain, hematuria and urinary tract infection in clinic, because such patients are easy to ignore the existence of stones if their primary disease is an infection caused by no fault, without urine lupine tablets and intravenous urography.

Kidney calculi patients occasionally put stones or sand, which is helpful for the diagnosis of medical history. Bilateral kidney calculi causes obstruction or acute anuria only in the patient's renal function (for example, another nephrectomy). Sometimes, due to renal reflex, a case of kidney calculi can cause pain in the contralateral lower back, while unilateral kidney calculi obstruction can also cause acute anuria.

Kidney calculi hydronephrosis, due to obstruction or secondary infection, physical examination can cause tapping pain in the renal area without any abnormality.

Handling:

Kidney calculi's treatment is based on the exact location and size of stones selected by many hospitals, such as medicine lithotriptor, and surgery can achieve the goal of radical cure.

(a) prevent the formation and recurrence of stones

1。 Incentives: active treatment to remove stones in kidney calculi, such as parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism, treatment of malignant tumor, effective measures to control renal pelvis infection, relieve urinary tract obstruction and prevent the formation and recurrence of stones.

2。 general treatment

(1) Ensure adequate drinking water: it is best to drink magnetized water with less minerals. Water with a daily urine volume of more than 2000ml can dilute urine, reduce crystal precipitation, flush urinary tract and discharge tiny stones.

(2) Diet: Diet composition should be based on the sum of stone types and urine pH value. Calcium oxalate stone, should avoid high oxalic acid food, such as spinach, tomatoes, potatoes, beets, asparagus, nuts, tea, cocoa, chocolate and so on. Foods high in calcium, such as milk and cheese. Idiopathic hypercalciuria should limit calcium intake to reduce urinary calcium content. Conventional calcium oxalate stones and hypercalciuria do not require a low-calcium diet. Low calcium diet leads to increased excretion of oxalic acid in urine. Controlling sodium intake is not a low-calcium diet. Excessive sodium intake will increase the excretion of calcium in urine. Hyperuricemia Hyperuricemia eats purine diet, avoids eating animal viscera and eats less fish and coffee.

3。 Hypercalcemia drug

(1): Primary hyperparathyroidism, sarcoidosis, hyperthyroidism, multiple myeloma, etc. should be treated accordingly. Other reasons can take the following measures.

1) thiazide diuretics: hydrochlorothiazide 50? 100mg, or other diuretics with corresponding dose.

2) Sodium phosphate fiber resin: 2.5? 5g, eat while eating. At the same time, limit the intake of oxalic acid and calcium supplement appropriately.

3) Orthophosphate: 1.5 per day? 2.0g phosphorus, 3? Four times. Patients with glomerular filtration rate less than 30ml/min and urinary and respiratory tract infections can cause metastatic soft tissue calcification and infectious stones.

(2) Excessive urinary oxalate: magnesium hydroxide or magnesium oxide can be used. Cholestyramine is not conducive to removing the fat absorbed by the intestine, but it cannot continuously inhibit the absorption of oxalic acid.

(3) Low urine calcium citrate kidney calculi: How to use it? 6 grams, divided into three times, some patients may have mild gastrointestinal reactions, and those with renal insufficiency should use it with caution.

(4) Uric acid calculus: Potassium citrate is the first choice in clinic, and the dosage is 30? 60 mmol/day. If serum uric acid rises at the same time, allopurinol should be taken more, and the serum uric acid concentration can be maintained after control.

(5) Cystine and Cystine Stones in Urine: Ensure adequate drinking water if the treatment is ineffective (usually >; 3L/ day) and alkaline urine (pH >；; 7.5), can be used in D- penicillamine treatment 1? 2 grams, divided into doses. The mechanism of action of α-mercaptopropylene glycine and D- penicillamine is less.

(6) Infectious stones: long-term urinary tract infection control, and limit the formation of infectious stones, and even make some stones form dissolved antibiotic concentration in stones, bacteria can not be completely killed, and it is difficult to completely cure urinary tract infection by antibacterial treatment.

(2) The treatment of stones in kidney calculi has made great progress in recent years, and many kidney calculi need surgery. In the past, satisfactory results have been achieved through lithotripsy, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy or non-open surgery, or a combination of several methods.

Medical smooth round stones with diameter less than 0.5 mm, urinary tract obstruction or infection, renal function, can be used for drug treatment, stone dissolution for uric acid stones and cystine stones, calcium deficiency stones and infectious stones, oral and intravenous administration, ureteral intubation, open fistula intubation and percutaneous nephrostomy intubation. During the treatment, we should closely observe the changes of the disease, regularly check the renal function with radionuclide renogram and X-ray, and decide whether to operate.

(3) Symptomatic treatment

1。 Atropine or 654-2 can be injected intramuscularly to treat renal colic, and it can be combined with promethazine to improve the curative effect of dolantin or morphine. This is an invalid application procedure.

2。 Urinary tract infection and its treatment. "

3。 Hematuria is obvious. Gross hematuria is hydroxyl benzylamine 0. 1? 0.2g or tranexamic acid 0. 1g slowly by intravenous injection, three times a day.

kidney stone

Urinary calculus is one of the common diseases in urology, which can be divided into kidney calculi's disease, ureteral calculus and bladder calculus.

Kidney calculi occurred after middle age, with more men than women. Kidney calculi may be asymptomatic for a long time, especially for large stones. In a small range of stones, when small stones enter the ureteropelvic junction or ureter, they cause the ureter to move violently and promote the discharge of stones, so colic and hematuria occur. The pain caused by kidney calculi can be divided into dull pain and colic. 40%-50% patients have a history of pain attacks. Usually located in the waist and abdomen, most of them also have persistent pain and paroxysmal pain. Some pain may only be manifested as waist pain, and activity or labor may help to attack or aggravate the pain. Kidney calculi's colic is a severe knife-like pain, which often happens suddenly. Pain often radiates to the lower abdomen, groin or inner thigh, and female labia. Patients with renal colic showed acute symptoms, curled up on the bed, put their hands against the abdomen or waist, and even rolled on the bed, moaning. Seizures often last for several hours, and then subside in a few minutes. Severe renal colic, pale face, cold sweat all over, thin pulse, fast speed, even blood pressure drop and folding, accompanied by nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension and constipation. Colic, polyuria, decreased urine volume, after colic is relieved.

Another major symptom is hematuria, kidney calculi. Pain is often accompanied by gross hematuria or microscopic hematuria, most of which are rare, and hematuria can be aggravated after physical activity. Kidney calculi's patients can excrete sand in their urine, especially in pain and hematuria. Mixed with sand or pebbles. Stones block or sting through the urethra. The common complications in kidney calculi are obstruction and infection, and the symptoms of urinary tract infection are also very common. Obstruction can cause hydronephrosis, leading to a mass in the upper abdomen or waist. diagnose

The diagnosis of kidney calculi in kidney calculi is generally not difficult. The diagnosis can be made through medical history, physical examination, necessary X-ray and laboratory examination, and in most cases. But not enough to diagnose kidney calculi. It is necessary to know the size, quantity, shape and location of stones, and whether there are potential reasons such as kidney calculi obstruction or infection. Failure to check the etiology of lithiasis or giving up the examination can often prevent the recurrence of lithiasis and cause more adverse consequences.

B-ultrasound and X-ray urography are the most commonly used methods to diagnose kidney calculi. More than 90% fluoroscopy films in kidney calculi are developed, and the depth of development is related to the chemical composition, size and thickness of stones. Among the different components of stones, calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, magnesium phosphate, cystine, calcium urate and pure uric acid stones are in turn according to their developmental satisfaction. ?

The first letter of the Greek alphabet.

The first letter of the Greek alphabet.