Why is it that ancient poets like to borrow chrysanthemums to express their feelings?

Chrysanthemum, in ancient times, writing "bow", chrysanthemum body for the low bow style, in ancient times, eating its rice, rice "bow" up, the flowers are very compact, called chrysanthemum. Chrysanthemum is one of China's traditional flowers, the ancient books recorded chrysanthemum "seedlings can be vegetables, flowers can be medicine, sacs can be pillows, brewing can be drinking, so the high hermits hedge between the beds and beds, can not be a day without this flower. Chrysanthemum has the medicinal function of prolonging the life, the name of Shouke, Fu Yannian; because chrysanthemum is open in September of the lunar calendar, also known as Jiuhua, Jiuhua, Autumn Chrysanthemum; chrysanthemum is beautiful and the name of the female stems, empress flowers; ancient chrysanthemum varieties of a single, only the yellow flowers, and therefore is also known as the "yellow flowers", "golden stamens "Chrysanthemums are native to China. Chrysanthemum is native to China, which is the origin center of chrysanthemum in the world. The cultivation of chrysanthemum in China has a history of more than 3,000 years. As early as in the ancient book "The Book of Rites", there was a record that "in the month of autumn, chrysanthemum has yellow flowers". During the Han Dynasty, chrysanthemums were cultivated as medicinal plants, and during the Jin and Wei Dynasties, chrysanthemums were cultivated in large quantities, and then gradually developed into ornamental flowers. The Song Dynasty was the heyday of chrysanthemum development. The "Chrysanthemum Spectrum" written by Liu Mengquan of the Song Dynasty contained 163 varieties of chrysanthemums, which was the earliest monograph on chrysanthemums in China. In the Ming Dynasty, Wang Xiangjin's "Spectrum of Chrysanthemums" included more than 270 varieties of chrysanthemums. There are many varieties of chrysanthemums, and some people have summarized the four-word secret of choosing chrysanthemums: light, raw, strange, and product, etc., which means: "light" means that the flowers should be bright and colorful since they open to the fall of the color does not change color, and "raw" means that the branches and stems should be straight and not drooping all the time. "strange" means that the petal color and elegance of the outstanding, "Pin" means that the style of innovation has a natural charm. It has always been regarded as the symbol of the solitary standard, elegant and frosty, representing the scholarly and friendly attitude of the famous scholar. Chrysanthemum flowers in a variety of forms, frost and snow, independent of the cold autumn, defying the cold character makes people doubly favorite. It was loved by ancient Chinese literati and was praised in many poems. The Southern Song Dynasty held annual chrysanthemum races in the court, and chrysanthemum lamps were lit at night. In the Song Dynasty, there was "Za Ju" in the folk flower market, and in the annual chrysanthemum meeting, famous chrysanthemums were exhibited, wine was drunk to enjoy chrysanthemums, and poems were written in praise of chrysanthemums. During the Three Kingdoms period, Sima Zhao's important strategist Zhong Hui praised chrysanthemums for their five virtues: "The flowers in the garden are hanging high in the air, who is the pole of heaven. Pure yellow is not mixed, and the color of the earth is also the color of the backyard. Early planting and late sprouting are the virtues of a gentleman. The chrysanthemum's spitting out of its glands in the frost is like the quality of chastity. Cup of body light, the immortal food also". Qu Yuan, a patriotic poet of the Warring States period, wrote "Chu Rhetoric - Li Sao", in which there is the verse "The dew of Mulan falls in the morning, and the chrysanthemums fall in the evening", symbolizing the steadfastness of the will and the firmness and tenacity of the spirit of struggle. In later times, chrysanthemums were used as a metaphor to symbolize the meaning of purity. In the morning, I drink the dew drops from the magnolia, and in the evening, I eat the chrysanthemums. In the evening, I use the leftover petals of chrysanthemums to feed my hunger. Gou Yu feelings of its letter fascinating to practice to be Ruoxi, as long as my feelings of steadfastness. Indicates the poet's noble temperament, not eat when the flowers bloom is to show that the poet's love for flowers and plants, to wait until the flowers are old before they are willing to eat. The implication is: the magnolia up and born without dew and dew, autumn chrysanthemum on the branch and meteoric without Ying and Ying, things would have been unchanged nature and change, Qu Yuan should not have been exiled between the Chu Ze and was exiled, it is not surprising. Therefore, in the Han Dynasty, Jia Yi made a fugue to hang Qu Yuan in Hunan, and there was a saying that "the preserver is blunt". It means that Qu Yuan was like a sharp sword, but in those dark times, he was only a blunt sword. Ancient people loved to use the opposite of the object as a metaphor when they were in adversity. The great poet Qu Yuan, with his emotionally charged strokes and undulating bosom, expressed his love for his country and his infinite sympathy for the people's hardships. The poet used "drinking the dew of Mulan" and "dining on the fall of the autumn chrysanthemums" as a metaphor and description of the pure soul and upright nature of Bai Ji. Mulan and chrysanthemum are the most pure and beautiful symbols here. Not only that, the poet used a series of flowers and grasses in Li Sao as a metaphor for noble sentiments, which can be said to have pushed the combination of flowers and literature to an unprecedented height. The poem glorifies beauty and purity, despises ugliness and filth, and uses fragrant flowers as a metaphor for truth, goodness and beauty, and evil wood and stinking grass as a metaphor for falsehood, evil and ugliness, which demonstrates the poet's character of advocating purity and despising vulgarity. In his poem, he exposes the filth of the ruling group and says that he will never join in with the filth even though he has been ostracized and struck down, showing his noble character and spirit of struggle that he adheres to his integrity and would rather die than give in. At the same time, many literati, writers and artists also have to follow suit, began to borrow flowers, flower praise, this trend until the Qin and Han Dynasty. m thousands of years later, we can see its traces, such as the names of some famous characters or pen names that are taken from the "Li Sao"; Zhou Xinfang (the late famous Peking Opera performer), Hu Jiao (the late famous theorist) were taken from the "Li Sao" in the "Xinfang, Hu Jiao", "Li Sao" in the "Xinfang", "Li Sao" in the "Li Sao". Zhou Xinfang (the late famous Peking Opera performer) and Hu Jiao (the late famous theorist) are respectively taken from "Li Sao", which are the titles of flowers and herbs, and are symbols of good sentiments and character in the poem. From this, we can see the status of flowers in people's hearts at that time from another side. "Drinking the dew of Mulan in the morning, and eating the fallen flowers of the autumn chrysanthemum in the evening." The poem was once skillfully quoted by Mao Zedong during a meal. It was an evening in 1949 when Wang Hebin, Mao Zedong's health care doctor, was called to Ziyunxuan in Zhongnanhai to accompany Mao Zedong to dinner. Wang Hebin walked into the dining room, the table in the middle of a hot pot, hot pot next to the vegetables, there is a dish of white chrysanthemum petals, especially eye-catching. But he could not imagine, this chrysanthemum flowers on the table? Chrysanthemum petals can also eat? At this time, Mao Zedong came in, saw Wang Hepin with a questioning eye staring at the dish of chrysanthemum petals, humorously said to him: "Dr. Wang, eat look, we do not enjoy the flowers, come to eat flowers!" Not knowing without eating, it was quite marvelous. Wang Hepin used chopsticks to pick up the chrysanthemum petals, in the rolling hot pot soup a dip, the flower immediately soft, soup rolling flower fresh, after the entrance, although a slight hint of medicinal flavor, but can not resist the temptation of fragrance and soft and tender, feel very good, then habitually nodded his head. Mao Zedong saw this, smiled, said: "Dr. Wang, how is it? It's not bad, right! Our old ancestors knew how to eat chrysanthemums a long time ago." Said, he also picked up the chrysanthemum petals, stretching to the hot pot, and then put it in his mouth to savor ...... Mao Zedong then said: you know Qu Yuan, right, he is "drinking Mulan's falling dew at the morning, and dining on the autumn chrysanthemum's falling Ying at the evening." It seems to me that eating chrysanthemums at that time was an act of poverty. Let's do the same. Let's eat chrysanthemums at night. Tao Yuanming, an idyllic poet of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, is famous for his chrysanthemum poem "Drinking Wine" (the fifth): "I have a hut in the mirror of the people, without the clamor of carriages and horses. I ask you how you can do it, but I am far away from you. The chrysanthemums are gathered under the east fence, and I can see the south mountain at ease. The mountain air is good day and night, and the birds fly with each other. There is a true meaning in this, I want to argue and have forgotten the words." The general idea of the poem is that, in the place where many people live, but no sound of horses and cars, the heart is quiet, not aware of the interference of the surrounding noisy atmosphere, picking chrysanthemums in the East Fence, leisurely and at ease, and occasionally look up, the South Mountain is far away in the eye, the slanting sun to the peaks of the love sprinkled with a layer of yellowish color, the flying birds return to their nests in groups, this kind of natural interest, it is really difficult to express in words, the poet takes this opportunity to forget about the affairs of the world. The main theme of the poem demonstrates the poet's thinking process of comprehending the "true meaning" by applying the saying of Wei Jin metaphysics "forgetting the image", which is full of rational interest. However, it is not a boring philosophical interpretation. The poem is written in a leisurely and comfortable mood, but also wrote a beautiful and distant scenery, in the realm of blending the scene implies the philosophy of all things in their place, commissioned by the transport Renhua; this philosophy is refined and condensed by the poet to "the heart is far away from the ground, there is a true meaning" and other aphorisms, to give readers a rational revelation of the tone of the whole poem is also more seemingly refined and deep and long. The mood of the poem can be divided into two layers, the first four lines for a layer, write the poet to get rid of the mundane annoyance after the feelings, showing the poet despised the officialdom, not with the ruler of the ideological feelings. After six lines for a layer, write the beautiful evening scenery of Nanshan and the poet from the infinite fun. Showed the poet's love for the idyllic life of true feelings and noble personality. Zhu Xi of the Song Dynasty said: "Jin and Song characters, although said that Shang Qinggao, but everyone wants an official position, this side of the side of the talk, the other side of the side of the recruitment of power and goods. Tao Yuanming really can not, this so higher than the Jin and Song characters." This poem is portraying the poem's different popular spiritual style. He is not like the general hermit that boasts of the world, but "hut in the human world"; he is in the "human world", but can do "no horse and cart noise", do not dye the worldly things. What is the reason? The poet said profoundly: "the heart is far away from the place". The heart is quiet, the realm is quiet. Without seeking fame and fortune, even if you live in the city, but also like in the mountains. This profound truth is spoken by the poet plainly, affectionate and touching. The poem skillfully uses symbolism. "Birds are tired of flying and know how to return", the bird that returns in the evening light and the man who sees the mountain leisurely, the heart and soul match, as if both have found their own home in this quiet mountain forest. Tao Yuanming's "Drinking Wine" group of 20 poems ****, this group of poems is not a drunken work of pleasure, but the poet to use wine as a theme to write the dissatisfaction with the reality and the love of the idyllic life, in order to escape from persecution in the very sinister environment at that time through drunkenness. In the twentieth song of "Drinking Wine", he wrote, "But I hate the many mistakes, you should forgive the offenders", which shows the sincerity of his intention. The poem selected here is the fifth one. This poem is based on emotion, blending emotion into the scenery, writing out the poet's state of mind after returning to the countryside to live a leisurely and contented life. The famous Tang Dynasty poet Yuan Zhen wrote the poem "Chrysanthemums": "Autumn bushes surround the house like Tao's house, and the sun is slanting all around the hedge. It is not a flower that favors chrysanthemums, and there are no more flowers when this flower is finished." The general idea of this poem is that chrysanthemums are planted all around the mansion, and the strong fragrance drifts all over the house with the wind, like Tao Yuanming's house who loves chrysanthemums. The chrysanthemums by the fence are illuminated by the setting sun with a golden glow, not favoring the chrysanthemums, because they defy the cold and welcome the wind and snow. Chrysanthemums bloom the latest in the year, and there are no flowers open in the nature after chrysanthemums bloom. Chrysanthemum, not as rich as peony, not as valuable as orchids, but as the flower of frost, it has been favored. Some people praise its strong character, some people appreciate its noble temperament, and Yuan Zhen's poem of chrysanthemum, is a new way of saying the reason why he loves chrysanthemum. To sing about chrysanthemums, it is usually necessary to talk about the loveliness of chrysanthemums. However, the poet did not list the adjectives like "golden hooks hanging from the moon", nor did he depict the scene of the competition. Instead, he used a metaphor - "Autumn silk around the house is like the Tao family". A clump of chrysanthemums open around the house, as if to Tao Yuanming's home. Autumn clusters, that is, clusters of autumn chrysanthemums. Tao Yuanming of the Eastern Jin Dynasty loved chrysanthemums and planted chrysanthemums all over his house. "Picking chrysanthemums under the East Fence, leisurely seeing the South Mountain", "Drinking Wine", is a famous sentence. Here the place where chrysanthemums are planted is compared to "Tao's house", and it is not difficult to imagine the scene of autumn chrysanthemums blooming all over the yard. How can such a beautiful chrysanthemum scene not be intoxicated? Therefore, the poet was completely attracted by the chrysanthemums in front of him, and concentrated on viewing them around the hedge, so much so that he didn't even know that the sun was slanting in the west. "All around, the sun slanting", the poet chrysanthemum fascinated, forget to return to the scene of the real performance, rendering the love of chrysanthemum atmosphere. The third and fourth lines explain the reason for loving chrysanthemums: "It is not the chrysanthemum that is preferred among the flowers, and there is no more flower when this flower is finished". Chrysanthemums are the last to wither among all flowers. Once the chrysanthemums have withered, there is no flower scene to enjoy, and people's love for flowers naturally focuses on chrysanthemums. Therefore, as the last to wither, it is uniquely favored by people. From the natural phenomenon that chrysanthemums shed their flowers the latest in the four seasons, the poet drew out a profound truth, answered the reason for loving chrysanthemums, and expressed the poet's love for chrysanthemums. It also contains praise for the chrysanthemum's steadfast character that withers after weathering. From the usual subject of chrysanthemums, this poem discovers an unusual poetic meaning and gives people new inspiration, which is novel and natural and does not fall into the commonplace. The writing style is also very skillful. In the first two lines, the actual scene of chrysanthemum appreciation is written, and the atmosphere of chrysanthemum love is rendered as a cushion; the third line is a transition, and the brush stroke is iterative, and the last line is a wonderful line about chrysanthemums, which further opens up the realm of beauty, and strengthens the artistic infectiousness of this little poem. The appearance of chrysanthemums in classical Chinese poetry can be traced back to the Warring States period, when Qu Yuan, a great poet of the Chu State, wrote in his masterpiece "Li Sao" the sentence "Drinking the dew from the magnolia at dawn, and dining on the chrysanthemums at sunset". Although the chrysanthemums in this poem are only embellishments and do not belong to the real meaning of chrysanthemum poems, they have become the goblet of a vast number of chrysanthemum poems in later generations. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, chrysanthemum literature reached a highly prosperous stage, and pure chrysanthemum rhymes began to appear, such as Cheng Gongsui's Ode to the Chrysanthemum, Guo Pu's Praise of the Chrysanthemum, Yuan Shansong's Chrysanthemum, etc., which concentrated on chrysanthemums by describing their appearance, praising their wonderful uses, and extolling their qualities. Tao Yuanming, a great poet of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, chanted about chrysanthemums in his poem "Drinking Wine" and other poems, which had an extremely far-reaching influence on later generations. The Tang and Song dynasties were the peak of chrysanthemum poems. Almost all the famous poets and lyricists wrote works about chrysanthemums, and most of the performance characteristics were shifted from describing the appearance to exploring the connotations of chrysanthemums, so that the historical and cultural connotations of chrysanthemums were gradually stereotyped and strengthened. During the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, the creation of chrysanthemum poems has maintained a relatively prosperous situation, and while following the traditional theme of chrysanthemum, many new works have also appeared. Looking at the chrysanthemum poems of Chinese dynasties, they are rich in ideological content and varied in artistic expressions. Some of them focus on describing the elegant appearance and color of chrysanthemums, while others focus on expressing the unique inner charm of chrysanthemums. Some of them express the author's love for chrysanthemums; some of them take the expression of comparing and contrasting to the chrysanthemums to express the complex feelings of the heart through the chrysanthemums with hidden curves and subtle strokes. The content of chrysanthemum poems is broad and diversified: they personify the natural attributes of chrysanthemums in autumn and winter, and praise their excellent qualities such as loneliness, tenacity and chastity. In the late fall and early winter, the weather turns cold, the west wind is sluggish, the grass and trees wither, and everything is killed. The disappearance of vitality and the passage of time can easily make people feel sadness and sorrow. At this time, the chrysanthemum bloomed in season, but bloomed a colorful appearance, exuding a warm breath, and the surrounding cold world, and those who opened in the spring and summer of the vulgar flowers produced a strong contrast, so that people can not help but admire the chrysanthemum's tenacity of life, the spirit of the precious. This quality often becomes the foothold of poets chrysanthemum, the starting point, as the Tang Dynasty poet Yuan Zhen wrote in the poem: "not a flower in favor of chrysanthemum, this flower bloomed more flowers" "chrysanthemum". Chrysanthemums are closely related to the culture of seclusion. The chrysanthemum is known as "the hermit among flowers", which is mainly attributed to Tao Yuanming's love of chrysanthemums and chrysanthemums, who was a famous hermit and idyllic poet in the Jin Dynasty. Tao Yuanming, who "did not bend his back for five buckets of rice", returned to his idyllic home and pursued the true nature of his character, became a model of hermit in the minds of later generations of literati. He loved chrysanthemums and wrote a lot of famous pieces about chrysanthemums. Famous lines such as "picking chrysanthemums under the east hedge, leisurely seeing the south mountain" and "forgetting the worries of the world and leaving the world behind" can be regarded as the classics of chrysanthemum poems. If most of the chrysanthemum literature before Tao Yuanming stayed in the description of chrysanthemum's appearance and function, then from Tao Yuanming onwards, chrysanthemum literature gradually turned to the praise and glorification of chrysanthemum's inner qualities. The chrysanthemum's proud and unassuming, chaste and unyielding character, which matches with the qualities of the traditional literati's ideal personality, such as purity and aloofness, stubbornness and poorness, has become a fixed symbol of the culture of seclusion, and the chrysanthemum has become a recluse, i.e., a hermit in the flower, which has embodied its aesthetic value in the aspects of chrysanthemum compared to virtue, chrysanthemum as a metaphor for the will, and chrysanthemum as a symbol of love. Chinese people regard flowers as spiritual and sentimental. With the progress and development of science and culture, they throw away those feudal superstitions and religious colors, and use the emotion of flowers filled with love of nature, love of life, and longing for a better and happier future. To eulogize the truth, goodness and beauty of society and life, forming a unique aesthetic. Expressed in the flowers, praise flowers and flower appreciation focus, in the eye of the people both the beauty of the appearance of flowers, but also heavy flowers Xingxie withered and flourished the inner beauty, and more like the pursuit of flowers by watching the heart of the feeling of the rhythm of the fun, in order to achieve the pleasure of the eyes. It shows that the Chinese people praise flowers, flower appreciation is a dual purpose of both decorative and beautification requirements of the practical effect, but also required to have a free spirit of spiritual enjoyment. From the inspiration, motivation and sentiment cultivation, no matter what form of expression of the beauty of flowers, focusing on the form and the connotation of the unity and harmony of the beauty of the same traditional culture and art, the requirements of the shape of the God, the shape of the God both. Appreciation of flowers on the way of expression, like a direct and objective description, v. Wing, sing, view, etc., more like to borrow flowers, flowers to express the subjective feelings of feelings, often flowers to a variety of auspicious and beautiful symbolism, so that the flower personification and even the apotheosis, the use of the technique than the Xing trust, through the association of far-reaching significance will be intended. "Poetry speaks of will" is the fine tradition of our ancient realism and romanticism poetry, ancient chrysanthemum poems, although the number is large, but really rooted in the reader's soul, or those ""objects speak of will"" works.