How to learn Chinese medicine internal medicine

Section I: Definition, Nature and Scope of Internal Medicine in Traditional Chinese Medicine

Internal Medicine in Traditional Chinese Medicine is a discipline that systematically describes and deals with internal diseases under the guidance of Chinese medicine theory and the use of the law of diagnosis and treatment. Its content is extremely broad, mainly including exogenous diseases and internal injuries and miscellaneous diseases of two categories of diseases, each of which has its own etiology and pathology, clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatment methods, but the two are interconnected and transformed each other.

The internal medicine of traditional Chinese medicine is a bridge course between the basic theoretical courses of traditional Chinese medicine and clinical disciplines, and it has the role of carrying on and starting from the bottom. Basic theoretical knowledge can only be understood and mastered through further lectures in internal medicine and clinical practice; clinical disciplines must be based on internal medicine in order to better familiarize themselves with the characteristics and skills of their own disciplines. This is where the importance of internal medicine lies. In the long history of Chinese medicine, internal medicine has always been valued by people, and after a long period of accumulation and organization, the knowledge of internal medicine, including etiology, pathogenesis, classification, treatment and other contents, has been developed in breadth and depth, forming a relatively complete theoretical system, which is capable of effectively guiding clinical practice. Internal medicine in Chinese medicine is known as "disease medicine", "miscellaneous medicine" and "large square pulse", which means that the study of internal medicine in Chinese medicine covers a wide range of diseases, and the diseases studied are traditionally categorized into two major groups: exogenous diseases and internal injuries. Generally speaking, exogenous diseases mainly refer to "Typhoid Fever" and "Warm Diseases" said typhoid fever, warm diseases and other febrile diseases, which are mainly caused by exogenous wind, cold, heat, humidity, dryness, fire and epidemics and plagues, and their diagnosis and treatment is based on the six meridians, the physiology of Weiqi, Yingblood, and the triple jiao, theories of physiology and pathology as a guide. Internal injury disease mainly refers to the "The Essentials of the Golden Chamber" and later generations of internal medicine monographs described in the internal organs, meridians, qi, blood, fluids and other miscellaneous diseases, which are mainly caused by the seven emotions, diet, fatigue, and other internal injury factors, the diagnosis and treatment of internal injuries to the internal organs, meridians, qi, blood, fluids, physiological and pathological theories as a guide. With the advance of the times, academic development, the discipline of differentiation, the original belongs to the scope of traditional Chinese medicine internal science of exogenous diseases such as typhoid fever, wen disease and other febrile diseases to set up another specialty. This textbook discusses the contents of the main internal injuries and miscellaneous diseases and part of the exogenous diseases, that is, the viscera, meridians, qi, blood and fluid diseases as the main research and elucidation of the object, according to its system is divided into the lung system, heart system, spleen and stomach, liver and gallbladder, kidney system, qi, blood, fluid and meridian limb disease.

The second section of the academic development of Chinese medicine origin

The internal medicine of Chinese medicine is an important part of the treasury of Chinese medicine, ancient name "big square pulse", which is human in the long term medical practice, accumulation, and gradually formed.

Because of the special position of TCM internal medicine in Chinese medicine, its origin can also be traced back to the primitive society like Chinese medicine. For example, in the book "Classic of Mountains and Seas", you can see the names and symptoms of internal diseases such as "wind", "malaria", "epidemics" and "abdominal pain". The names and symptoms of internal diseases. According to the Zhou Li - Tian Guan, at that time, there were four types of court doctors: the disease doctor, the food doctor, the ulcer doctor, and the veterinarian, among which the disease doctor was equivalent to the internal medicine doctor, and the magpie was regarded as the forefather of the division of medicine. Due to the prevalence of internal diseases and the deepening of medical practice, the theoretical knowledge and clinical experience of internal medicine developed rapidly, especially the introduction of the Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine, which is regarded as the summary of medical knowledge before the Warring States period.

One of the foundation period

Yin and Yang Five Elements at the time of Yin and Zhou is a simple materialist doctrine, to the Spring and Autumn and Warring States period, is widely used to describe and explain all natural phenomena, and was adopted by the Chinese medicine, so as to explore and understanding of the human body physiology and pathology phenomena, which promotes the development of medical science, laying a relatively solid theoretical foundation for the Chinese medicine. Therefore, from the Warring States period to the Qin and Han dynasties, this period for the foundation of the theoretical system of Chinese medicine.

The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine consists of two parts, Suwen and Lingshu, ****18 volumes, each with 81 articles. Its basic theory can be summarized as follows: ① Emphasize the concept of wholeness: the human body is an organic whole, and human health and morbidity have a certain relationship with the natural environment. ② the doctrine of yin and yang and five elements throughout the physiology, pathology, diagnosis and treatment of various aspects, to find out the human body disease changes and treatment of the rough law. (iii) Emphasizes the organs and meridians, and discusses the physiological functions, pathological changes, and their interrelationships of the five viscera and six bowels, twelve meridians, and eight strange meridians of the human body. ④ Under the guidance of the above theories, it describes the causes of diseases such as the six evils, seven emotions, diet, labor and injuries, as well as the pathological changes of the internal organs, the six qi, and the meridians and collaterals. ⑤ Discusses the diagnostic methods and specific contents of the four diagnostic methods of observation, smelling, questioning and cutting. A relatively systematic theoretical system has been formed, and the prototype of rationale, method, prescription and medicine has been seen, which has become the source of internal science theory. In addition, the Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine also recounts more than two hundred internal diseases, from the cause of the disease, pathology, pathological transformation and prognosis, etc., made a brief discussion, some of the disease is also discussed in a special article, such as "heat theory", "Cough theory", "Impotence", "Malaria", "Paralysis" and so on, thus laying the foundation for the development of internal medicine. Zhang Zhongjing inherited the basic theories of "Neijing" and other classical medical books, discussing typhoid with six meridians, talking about miscellaneous diseases with internal organs, and putting forward the principles of diagnosis and treatment including rationale, method, formula and medicine in a more systematic way, so as to make the basic theories of Chinese medicine closely combine with clinical practice, and embarked on the track of scientific development. The Treatise on Typhoid Fever discusses typhoid fever in terms of the six meridians, discussing the characteristics of each meridian's evidence and the corresponding treatments, in addition to elaborating on the relationship between the transmission of each meridian's evidence, as well as the identification and treatment of the changes and bad evidence caused by combining and concurrent illnesses, or by mismanagement and misuse of the treatments. Through the identification of the six meridians, it is possible to recognize the difference between the surface and the inside, the difference between cold and heat, and the difference between deficiency and solidity, and then summarize them with yin and yang, thus laying the foundation for the eight syllabus of identification in the later generations. The "Poverty Essentials" discusses miscellaneous diseases in terms of viscera and organs, and sets up special topics and articles to discuss the identification and treatment of diseases such as carbuncle, lung impotence, phlegm, jaundice, dysentery, edema, and so on. Zhang Zhongjing pioneered the identification and treatment of the precedent, clinical evidence due to the legislation, the law system formula, according to the prescription, and pay attention to the impact of dosage form on the therapeutic effect. The book *** system of 375 first prescription, there are a lot of outstanding effectiveness of the famous formula, has been used to date, still has a high therapeutic effect. Therefore, "Typhoid Miscellaneous Diseases" in the development of traditional Chinese medicine and internal medicine occupies an important position.

Two, inheritance and development period

Sui-Tang, due to the theoretical and clinical development of Chinese medicine, medical education has also reached a relatively perfect level. Palace medical school curriculum, you must first learn "Suwen", "Shennong Ben Cao Jing", "pulse" and other basic courses, and then study clinical subjects, including internal medicine, in order to strengthen the organic link between theory and practice, but also can be seen in the internal medicine at that time in the position and the scale. During the Sui and Tang dynasties, many diseases in internal medicine had been discussed in detail, such as typhoid fever, stroke, daywalking, warm disease, foot fungus, endemic goiter and so on, and the prevention and treatment of tapeworm, leprosy, scrub typhus and rabies were also at a high level. Wai Tai Secret Essentials" has recorded that the urine of patients with thirst is sweet, and the observation of jaundice and treatment effect, proposed that "every night in the urine dipped in a piece of white silk, to take the color back can be tested." Sun Simiao further summarized the pathogenesis of thirst-quenching disease and its medication, food treatment and other therapies, and stipulated certain taboos for diet and living. The Treatise on the Origin and Candidates of All Diseases is the earliest surviving monograph on the etiology, pathology and symptoms of diseases in China, in which 27 volumes of internal diseases and 784 internal symptoms are recorded, with in-depth discussions and summaries on the etiology, pathology and classification of symptoms of each disease and symptom. Such as diarrhea and dysentery, phlegm evidence and drinking evidence, a reversal of the past of the collective name and separate thesis; on the cause of inch white worm, malaria classification, leprosy clinical manifestations have a very profound understanding.

The Song Dynasty paid more attention to the selection and cultivation of medical talents, and stipulated the proportionality between the personnel of various disciplines. The Yuanfeng prepared to record, when Emperor Shenzong of the Song Dynasty, "the amount of three hundred students of the Bureau of the nine sciences," the division of internal medicine in the generous pulse of 120 people, 80 people of wind, which can be seen at that time on the internal medicine of the importance of the. From the Song Dynasty, Jin, Yuan, Ming Dynasty are equipped with large square pulse section, for the treatment of various internal diseases of adults, specializing in internal medicine, promoting the progress of internal medicine. Especially worth mentioning is the emergence of the four major medical doctors in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, who each summarized their characteristic theories and treatment methods by combining the social situation, human body condition and morbidity characteristics of the time. Liu Wansu had a profound study of the five movements and six qi doctrines in the Neijing, and based on his clinical experience and with reference to the spirit of the nineteen articles of the Neijing on disease mechanism, he believed that "fire-heat" was an important cause of disease, and therefore advocated the mechanism of fire-heat in causing diseases and created the "theory of fire-heat". In terms of treatment, he was very good at using cold medicines, so he was called the "Cold and Cold School" by later generations. Zhang Zihe was influenced by Liu Wansu's scholarship and played it out, believing that the root cause of disease lies in the invasion of disease, regardless of external or internal causes of disease, once the body is damaged, it should try to get rid of the evil out of the body, and should not be allowed to remain in the body as a disease. He sweating, spitting, under the three methods widely used in clinical practice, and has unique insights. Since his treatment was mainly based on attacking evils, later people called him the "Attacking and Lowering School". Li Gao lived in the year of Jin-Yuan war and social turmoil, when people were starving and suffering from hunger and cold, and were weak, which made the position of the spleen and stomach in the human body more prominent. Therefore, he pointed out that "internal injury to the spleen and stomach, a hundred diseases from birth", the treatment of disease is to use more drugs to tonify the qi and Yang. Because he was good at warming the spleen and stomach, later generations called him the "earth tonic school". Zhu Danxi studied the academic thoughts and writings of previous generations of doctors, and melted the doctrines of various schools into a single furnace to develop his unique theories of "phasic fire theory" and "surplus of yang and deficiency of yin". In terms of treatment, he strongly advocated the method of nourishing yin and lowering fire, so later generations called him the "nourishing yin school". These four schools of thought have had a great influence on later generations.

The achievements of the Jin-Yuan era were not limited to the four great masters of Jin-Yuan. At the same time, there were 18 volumes in the General Records of Shengji devoted to wind, reflecting a certain level of research on "wind evidence" at that time. Zhang Rui wrote Jifeng Pujifang, which classified edema into various types, differentiated edema of different natures according to the characteristics of the starting site, and applied different treatments. In addition, there are some monographs on internal diseases, such as Dong Ji of the Song Dynasty, who wrote "The Essentials of the Treatment of Foot Disease", which discussed in detail the cause of foot disease, its onset, and treatment methods, and made 64 prescriptions, which is a more comprehensive existing book on foot disease. Yuan dynasty Ge Kejiu "ten medicine book", is a treatment of tuberculosis monograph, the book proposed 10 prescriptions, respectively, with stop bleeding, stop coughing, expectorant, tonic, etc., on the whole process of tuberculosis typing and treatment summed up a set of experience can be followed.

The etiology of the disease also had an important development at this time. Chen Wuzhe's book "Three Causes and Extremely One Disease Certificate Formulas", on the basis of the classification of the causes of disease in "The Treatise on Typhoid Fever", combined with the theory of the "Internal Classic", created the doctrine of three causes: external, internal, and not internal and external causes, which is generalized and suitable for application in clinical practice, and has been used up to the present day.

Three, systematic and perfect period

Since the four major Jin Yuan set off the wind of academic controversy, the subsequent generations, each with their own views, so that the theory and practice of traditional Chinese medicine is becoming more and more systematic and complete, in the field of traditional Chinese medicine, the development of the academic community set off a trend of innovation. Such as the successive generations of the dispute on the stroke, or say really in, or say class in, or say "non-wind", the more the more clearer the debate. Another example is the speculation on tonifying the spleen, tonifying the kidneys and dual tonification of the spleen and kidneys, which makes the physiology and pathology of the spleen and kidneys in the human body as well as the connection between the two clearer. For example, on the understanding of the pathogenesis of bulging and distention, from the "damp-heat theory" of Dongyuan and Danxi, to the "fire failure theory" of Zhao Yangkui and Sun Yikui, to the "water-wrapped qi condensation and blood coagulation theory" of Yu Chang, the more thorough the analysis, the better the understanding of the pathogenesis of bulging and distention. The more thorough the analysis, the better it guides clinical practice and improves the therapeutic effect. The Ming Dynasty inherited and developed the academic achievements of the Jin and Yuan dynasties. For example, Xue Ji's "Summary of Internal Medicine" was influenced by Li Gao's good at warming and tonic in academics and developed, and it was the earliest medical book in China to use the name of internal medicine. Yu Tuan's The Righteous Biography of Medicine, on the other hand, developed the doctrines of Zhu Danxi. Wang Lun explicitly stated, "Zhongjing for external sensation, Dongyuan for internal injury, Hejian for fever, and Danxi for miscellaneous diseases." It was a summary of the academic thought of internal medicine at that time. In addition, Gong Tingxian's "Shou Shi Bao Yuan", the first basic, after the clinical, the first exposition, after the formula, with medical cases, rich in material, detailed thesis, the selection of the formula cut with, suitable for internal medicine clinical reference. Jingyue encyclopedia" for the correction of the Jin Yuan Liu, Zhang addiction to cold attack bias, advocating people's anger to Yang-based, pointing out that the human body, "Yang is not surplus, yin is often insufficient," the force of the main method of warm tonic, is the book of miscellaneous internal medicine part of the 28 volumes, describing the treatment of more than 70 kinds of disease, each disease are cited ancient sayings, refer to their own views. Zhang Jingyue of internal medicine, many of the pathology of the analysis and generalization of the disease is extremely incisive, the treatment of prescription drugs also have a lot of insight, in this part of the content, Zhang's combination of the disease on the warm tonic doctrine is fully elaborated.

The Ming and Qing dynasties, in the history of medicine has a particularly prominent position in the formation and development of the doctrine of warm disease, which makes the internal medicine outside the practice and theory of infectious diseases into a higher and more perfect realm. Wu Yike's Theory of Warm Diseases is an early specialized treatise on infectious diseases in China. He believed that the plague was different from other febrile diseases in that it was not caused by the feeling of the "six qi" but by the infection of the "hostile qi" and the poor functional status of the body as the main cause of the disease. And pointed out that the "hostile gas" of the infectious pathway is from the mouth and nose and people, young and old, strong and weak, touching the disease. This understanding, in the history of China's medical development is also a breakthrough insight. Ye Tianshi's Theory of Warm Fever provided a theoretical and empirical basis for the development of the science of warm diseases, and its contribution lies in the following: firstly, it puts forward the saying that "warm evils are received upwards, firstly offend the lungs, and then spread to the pericardium", which summarizes the pathway of the warm diseases and the law of transmission, and it has become a platform of the exogenous warm diseases; secondly, it is divided into four stages, namely, the Wei, the Qi, the Ying, and the Blood, based on the pathogenesis of the warm diseases, indicating that the disease changes from the superficial to the superficial. Secondly, according to the pathogenesis of warm disease, it is divided into Wei, Qi, Ying, and Blood, indicating the four levels of the disease from shallow to deep, as the platform of identification and treatment; furthermore, in the diagnosis of warm disease, it summarizes the experience of the predecessors, and creatively develops the methods of checking the tongue, checking the teeth, and identifying the spots and rashes and white nevus. This laid the theoretical and practical foundation for the doctrine of warm diseases. On the basis of Ye's doctrine, Wu Jutong wrote "Articles on Warm Diseases", which took San Jiao as the outline and the name of the disease as the item, discussed the treatment of nine kinds of warm diseases such as wind-warmth, warmth and plague, and put forward a variety of treatments such as clearing the channels, clearing the camps, and educating the yin, which made the doctrine of warm diseases more systematic and complete, and established a system of diagnosis and treatment of warm diseases. Later, Xue Shengbai wrote "Damp-Heat Disease", which was an in-depth study of damp-heat disease; Wang Mengying wrote "Warm-Heat Jingwei", which divided warm disease into two categories: new sensation and ambient gas for diagnosis and treatment. All of them also played and supplemented the doctrine of warm disease, and promoted the development of the doctrine of warm disease.

In terms of internal medicine and miscellaneous diseases, the Ming and Qing dynasties also had some development. Yu Chang's "Fuzi Cao" puts forward the viewpoint that the occurrence of diseases is closely related to the background of the times, deepening the understanding of the nature of disease occurrence, and therefore improving the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and theoretical level. Lin Peiqin's "Classical Evidence Treatment and Cure" was extremely practical, and Xiong Zi's "Theory of Stroke" and You Zaijing's "The Wings of the Golden Chamber" described stroke, Hu Shenruo's "Shenruo Wushu" and Qishi's "Rixuyuanjian" analyzed the disease of deficiency and fatigue, and Lu Zhiyi's "Theory of Malaria" understood the disease of fatigue and fatigue, which can be called the internal medicine treatises and monographs, and they had important academic value. At this time, there are new breakthroughs in the understanding of blood disease, Wang Qing Ren, "Medical Correction", a detailed discussion of blood stasis evidence, and the creation of the blood stasis formula, especially for the production of blood stasis of qi deficiency to promote the blood tonic Yang also five soup is more of a pioneering work, until today, still has a high practical value. Tang Rongchuan's "blood evidence" is a monograph on blood disorders, the understanding of blood disorders further in-depth, and put forward the treatment of blood evidence of the four major methods, which has a greater impact on later generations.

After the Opium War, China was gradually reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, and Western medicine was introduced to China, which inevitably affected the development of Chinese medicine, and the Chinese and Western confluence school was produced under such conditions. The ruling class of old China was wrongly oriented, and could not correctly guide the two kinds of Chinese and Western medicine to complement each other's strengths and weaknesses and to use each other, but instead attempted to stifle Chinese medicine, which seriously hindered the development of Chinese medicine.

After the founding of New China, new progress has been made in the inheritance and development of Chinese medicine. The establishment of Chinese medicine colleges and universities and Chinese medicine hospitals, so that internal medicine, like other disciplines, has made rapid progress. Several revisions and use of the unified textbook of Chinese medicine internal medicine, some Chinese medicine masters have organized their own experience, writing books, such as Qin Bo Wei's "Qianzhai medical lectures", Pu Fu Zhou's "medical case", "medical words", Ren Yingqiu's "medical collection" have certain insights and play. 1983 "Hengyang meeting" and 1985 "Hefei meeting". The "Hefei Conference" in 1985 gave a great impetus to the revitalization of Chinese medicine, especially in the decision of the Central Secretariat of China **** on health work clearly stated: "Chinese medicine and Western medicine should be placed on an equal footing. On the one hand, Chinese medicine is the unique characteristics and advantages of our country's medical and health care, Chinese medicine can not be lost, must be preserved and developed; on the other hand, Chinese medicine must actively use advanced science and technology and modernization means to promote the development of Chinese medicine." This decision was echoed by the whole country, all kinds of Chinese medicine schools and Chinese medicine hospitals appeared like mushrooming, the Chinese medicine team grew continuously, creating a large number of internal medicine professionals, not only inherited the academic thinking and clinical experience of successive generations of medical doctors, but also drew on the modern Chinese medicine internal medicine in the theory and practice of the new achievements, new technologies, new advances, to better guide the clinical practice, and to promote the rapid development of the internal medicine science of Chinese medicine,. It creates conditions for TCM to go to the world.

Section III: Classification, Naming and Characteristics of Diseases in Internal Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine

The diseases included in Internal Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine are increasing day by day with the deepening of medical practice, accumulation of medical practitioners through the ages and changes in the spectrum of diseases. In order to facilitate the study and research and clinical application, the method of exploring the classification of internal medicine diseases has long attracted people's attention. The Golden Chamber book, has done a useful exploration, such as spasm, wet, drink all three are from the beginning of the solar meridian, for the disease from the exogenous, so together for a good identification; thirst, urinary incontinence, gonorrhea are urinary abnormalities, so listed as a discussion; vomiting, vomiting, retching, diarrhea are gastrointestinal disorders, discussed together, easy to identify the evidence for the treatment, and so on. Although this classification is rough, but in the exploration of disease classification is useful. The origin of the disease is the first existing monograph on the evidence, its "wait" category, *** 1739, see the book classification of the fine, the book of wind disease, fatigue disease, typhoid fever, temperature, fever, time and gas disease as a systemic disease, and then according to the characteristics of the evidence or physiological system of internal organs to be categorized. This classification is too complicated. Thousand Gold Formula" is from Bo back to about, the initial generalization. Wind disease, typhoid, foot, thirst, edema, etc. as a systemic disease, other diseases are categorized into the liver, gallbladder, heart, small intestine, spleen, stomach, lungs, bowels, kidneys, bladder and other internal organs in the door. Although "Taiping Huimin and Dosage Bureau Square" is a prescription for adult medicines in the Song Dynasty, but this book is categorized by disease, in the classification of diseases also made some attempts. For example, it categorizes the internal diseases into all winds, injured winds, all gases, phlegm and drinks, all deficiencies, chronic cold, accumulated heat, diarrhea and dysentery, and miscellaneous diseases. The Three Causes and One Disease Evidence Fang Theory attempted to categorize diseases according to the three causes, but in some cases, it contained different treatments such as internal, external, and non-internal and external causes, so it also showed that this method of categorization had not yet reached the perfect place.

Three Laws and Six Doors divides diseases into wind, cold, summer, dampness, dryness, fire, internal injuries, external injuries, internal accumulation, and external accumulation*** Ten Doors according to the cause of the disease, which has a great influence on the later "Laws of Medicine", and it is the book that will be divided into the first six and the miscellaneous certificates into categories, and written into a book. Medical Outline" is categorized according to the division of internal organs. Such as liver and gallbladder, on stroke, epilepsy, spasms and other diseases; small intestine, on heartburn, chest pain, delirium, etc.; spleen and stomach, on internal injuries, diet, phlegm, plaque, etc.; lung and large intestine, on coughing, wheezing, etc.; kidneys and urinary bladder, on tinnitus, deafness, bone disease, toothache, etc.; typhoid fever, typhoid fever, and both the temperature, summer, the plague and so on, you can see that the author of the taxonomy on the painstaking efforts. It can also be seen that the author has made painstaking efforts in categorization. The "Evidence and Pulse Therapy" categorizes the illnesses discussed as exogenous and internal injuries, which can be said to be the prototype of the categorization of illnesses by exogenous and internal injuries. The "Certificate Treatment Compendium" will be divided into eight departments of internal medicine, the outline of the door listed stroke, wind, cold, summer, wet, dry, fire and other certificates, the internal cause of the door listed gas, blood, phlegm, depressions, and deficiency and fatigue, etc., the external door of the list of fever, cold, sweating, malaria, etc., on the door of the vertigo, headache, the five senses, etc., the door of the diaphragm of the chest, coughing, wheezing, croup, vomiting, regurgitation, etc., the door of the abdominal and hypochondrium of the list of cardiac disease, abdominal pain, cholera, etc., the door of the waist and knees of the list of impotence and knitwear, hernia, The Lower Orifices Gate lists diarrhea, dysentery, blood in the stool, gonorrhea, and spermatorrhea, etc., exploring the method of categorization according to the parts of the body. It also discusses the treatment of diseases by categorizing them into epidemiological, internal, cold, heat, solid, and deficiency syndromes.

Throughout the ages, the classification of internal diseases by medical doctors has not yet been standardized. In order to guide the clinic, it is necessary to find a more reasonable classification. In recent years, most physicians believe that it is more appropriate to categorize internal diseases by their etiology and pathological changes. Based on etiology, internal diseases can be divided into two categories: exogenous diseases and internal injuries. Exogenous diseases are caused by the six evils; internal injury diseases are caused by emotional stimulation, diet and fatigue, living and living disorders, as well as internal dysfunction of pathological products, such as phlegm and blood, blood stasis and other triggered by the transmission of qi, blood and fluids. Admittedly, these two types of diseases can also be transformed into each other. Some exogenous diseases can be changed into internal diseases, and internal diseases can be changed into exogenous diseases at a certain stage in the course of the disease due to the deficiency of positive qi and the susceptibility to exogenous evils. Pathologic changes as the outline of internal diseases can be divided into two categories: fever and miscellaneous diseases. Heat disease includes all the external heat evidence, to the six meridians, San Jiao, Wei Qi Ying blood for the transmission characteristics of the disease; miscellaneous diseases, including visceral dysfunction and the main evidence of the disease.

The classification of etiology highlights the specificity of etiology and facilitates the clinical identification of the cause and treatment. Pathological classification reflects the intrinsic connection of pathological changes in disease and helps to grasp the law of disease development. Because the pathology is mainly caused by visceral dysfunction, it can be further categorized according to the five viscera and six bowels.

The classification of pathology is based on the classification of etiology and is a supplement to the classification of etiology. Therefore, clinically, these two types of classification can be combined and called exogenous fever and internal injury miscellaneous diseases.

External heat illnesses can be divided into typhoid fever and warm illnesses according to the difference in the feeling of the evil, and warm illnesses can be divided into warm-heat illnesses and damp-heat illnesses. Warm-heat diseases include wind-warm, spring-warm, winter-warm, autumn-dry, warm-poison, warm-epidemic and so on; damp-heat diseases include wet-warm, summer heat, summer-warm and so on. According to the characteristics of the onset of temperature disease can be divided into two categories of new sense of temperature disease and ambient temperature disease, such as wind temperature, winter temperature, summer temperature, autumn dryness is a new sense of temperature disease, spring temperature, summer heat is ambient temperature disease.

The theoretical basis for the classification of internal injuries and miscellaneous diseases is the theory of Tibetan elephant. The human body is an organic whole centered on the internal organs, outreach limbs and bones, five senses and nine orifices, gas, blood and fluid as the material basis, to the meridian as a pathway. Therefore, although more internal injuries and miscellaneous diseases, but its pathological changes are always away from the viscera dysfunction, meridian pathway obstacles, gas, blood and fluid generation and operation of transmission and distribution disorders. Therefore, the classification of internal injuries and miscellaneous diseases, in accordance with the physiological and pathological changes in different viscera and divided into lung disease, heart disease, spleen and stomach disease, liver disease, kidney disease, meridian disease, blood and fluid disease.

The naming principle of TCM internal medicine illnesses is mainly based on the cause of the disease, pathogenesis, pathological products, location, main symptoms, signs and symptoms. Such as stroke, heatstroke, insect evidence, etc. named by the cause of the disease; depression, paralysis, syncope, etc. named by the pathogenesis; phlegm drink, etc. named by the pathological products; named by the location of the thoracic paralysis, liver, kidney, impotence of the lungs, etc.; cough, wheezing, vomiting, diarrhea, vertigo, etc. named by the main symptom; named by the main signs of jaundice, accumulation, edema, tympanites, etc.. Due to the different ways of recognizing diseases in Chinese medicine, the naming of diseases has its own inherent characteristics, and most of them are named after clinical symptoms and signs, which are obviously different from Western medicine. However, in the process of thousands of years of medical practice, this traditional naming method has a definite meaning, under the guidance of the academic theory of Chinese medicine, gradually formed with the name of the disease corresponding to the etiology of the disease mechanism, clinical characteristics, identification of the class of evidence, the development and evolution of the prognosis of systematic understanding, as well as the identification of specific treatments, prescriptions and preventive care, and so far, is still effectively guided by the clinic.