What are the characteristics of famille rose?

Cixi has a lot of Yongzheng famille rose in her new house in chengde mountain resort. I have always had a soft spot for pastel since I saw it. Later, I learned that the most beautiful pastel is not the one that once stunned me, but the most famous one that Gan Long asked. Pastel is a kind of porcelain glaze color, also known as "soft color", which is a new variety influenced by enamel color on the basis of Kangxi color. The most profound production process is the Yongzheng period, so it is called "Yongzheng famille rose". Pastel is one of the four traditional famous porcelains in Jingdezhen kiln, which began in the late Kangxi period and has been popular ever since.

Yongzheng pastel peach trees in the Palace Museum

Pastel is to draw a summary of various pictures on white porcelain fired at high temperature, and then use an arsenic-containing glass white as the base material, and then paint on this glass white, and gently paint the color with a clean pen according to the depth of the color. This technology can make people's clothes and petals and leaves of plants feel bright and dark.

All kinds of glazed vases of Qingganlong are collected in the Palace Museum.

Compared with other colored porcelain, Gan Long pastel has unique characteristics:

First, from the appearance.

During the Qianlong period, the pastel shapes were mainly celestial bottles, gourd bottles and deer heads. Pastel is fashionable and fine in workmanship. Some animals, fruits and plants are often made into pastel porcelain style. Gan Long porcelain is exquisitely decorated, such as the ears of elephants, deer and sheep on both sides of the porcelain bottle. It can't be ignored that the hollowed-out carving device is a new style created in Qianlong period, such as rotating neck bottle, rotating heart bottle and bottle sleeve, which can't be done by porcelain-making technology in other periods. In addition, Bailuzun is a common variety in Qianlong period. This kind of porcelain is mostly painted with green mountains and green waters on a white background, and many sika deer gallop in the mountains and rivers or forests. Beautiful colors, clear levels and reasonable planning. However, there were few white deer statues broadcast in Qianlong period, most of which were imitated in Guangxu period, and the texture was not as bright as Ganlong pastel.

The Palace Museum's collection of green dried dragons, blue and white flowers, eight immortals crossing the sea and gourd bottles.

During the Qianlong period, the planning requirements for porcelain were very strict. Every work is fired and planned, and the requirements for appearance technology are also carefully carved. Porcelain, big or small, was examined by the emperor and used in the palace.

The Palace Museum's collection of enamel-colored opening Western character pattern Ribbon ear gourd bottle.

Second, from the perspective of ornamentation.

The number of famille rose ceramics in Gan Long is limited, but it has made great progress in color and color use compared with the previous generation, showing new techniques and technical level. During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, the main pattern of official kiln pastel porcelain was usually to deform the traditional peony flowers, lotus flowers and leaves to form a modern so-called sense of mechanism, just like western flowers. The protagonist in the decoration occasionally has the figure of the west, which shows his closeness to the west at that time. Stripes are usually wrapped in branches, and then some animals are used as mascots to form various pictures symbolizing good luck and longevity.

Gan Qing Huanglongdi pastel hook pattern statue in the Palace Museum.

Part of Gan Long famille rose inherited the beautiful features of white glaze decoration in Yongzheng period. There are many kinds of decorative patterns, including flowers and birds, white deer, ladies, Eight Immortals, Hua Die and so on. During the Qianlong period, most porcelains painted peonies in the center of vases, surrounded by chrysanthemums and other flowers. This kind of porcelain vase is called "a bunch of flowers" or "adding wings to the tiger", which is almost the primary school of dry dragon pastel.

The Great Portrait of Huang Longdi's Pastel Pattern in the Palace Museum (Ⅱ)

Third, from the glaze.

Gan Long famille rose still inherited the delicate luster of Yongzheng famille rose in the early stage, and the fetal quality gradually became rough in the later stage.

Gan Qing Longji blue glaze painted gold and opened pastel Hua Niaowen square bottle in the Palace Museum.

Fourthly, from the perspective of color application.

Gan Long famille rose constantly innovates in color setting, inheriting the famille rose painting of the previous dynasty, and painting it on a piece of porcelain together with gold, black or blue and white pigments, which makes the use of pigments more abundant. This combination of various colors is brighter than the famille rose in Yongzheng period, and the painter's painting skills fully illustrate the development of painted pottery art in Gan Long period. Gan Long famille rose is mainly divided into famille rose paintings, which are often painted with materials, gold or black, or combined with blue and white and barrel colors. Pastel powder is used to moisten the soft texture, and powdered materials are used to copy various craft products.

Pastel of dried dragon, lotus leaf and citron in the Palace Museum

V. From the perspective of innovation

During the Qianlong period, famille rose showed turquoise glaze for the first time. The turquoise glaze is simple and bright, as smooth as porridge skin, and coated on the mouth and bottom of the vessel. This is a feature of dry dragon pastel. Gan Long famille rose can vividly copy all kinds of animals, plants, fruits, etc., and is very skilled in using famille rose. Porcelain shows the soft texture of pastel, and it can also be used to copy other craft products, such as bronzes, lacquerware and marble.

Gan Long pastel summarized the porcelain-making techniques of the two dynasties, further developed the porcelain of this dynasty, and then created many novel pastel porcelains. By consulting the materials of Gan Long pastel, we need more ways to learn more attractive pastel techniques through on-the-spot investigation in order to fully understand Gan Long pastel. During the five thousand years in China, ceramics were a part of the history of China, which reflected the unprecedented skill level and aesthetic ability of the ancient people in China, and also reflected the social status and economic prosperity at that time. China ceramics participated in and influenced the innovation of modern art.