What are the four roles of China traditional opera?

This is the principle that artistic creation comes from life and is higher than life. Business is a unique performance system of China opera, which is also called "role business" and "foot color business". In fact, the original intention of occupation and role is different. Roles are the types of characters divided according to the characteristics of gender, age, status and personality in traditional operas. For example, the average man in the play is called Sheng, the old woman is called Sheng, and the man with rough personality is called Shelf Face. The profession is a type of professional division of traditional opera actors, which is gradually divided according to the different types of roles played by actors and their different characteristics in the performing arts. Role refers to the types of characters in the play, and occupation refers to the professional division of actors. Later, because actors in a certain industry often play a certain type of role, various specialized industries have been formed, and roles and industries are often borrowed from each other in habits, forming the saying that "role industries" are shared. Professional division of labor is very common in Beijing Opera and other local operas. The business of Beijing opera directly inherits the characteristics of the division of traditional Chinese opera business, and in the development of Beijing opera, it has formed the characteristics of this kind of drama, which is very representative. (A) Beijing Opera has a long history in China. As early as the Tang Dynasty, there were two fixed roles of "joining the army" and "Cang Xie". In the era of Zaju in Song and Yuan Dynasties and the legend of Ming Dynasty, there was a saying of "Twelve Subjects of Zaju", and the roles were divided into: vice-end, old student, regular student, foreigner, big face, two faces, three faces, Lao Dan, Zheng Dan, Xiao Dan, iron egg and miscellaneous. 1790 When Huiban came to Beijing, Huiju had nine roles: terminal, destiny, niche, foreign, Dan, paste, husband, clean and ugly. The Han dramas that came to Beijing after Huiban have the most neat roles, which can be divided into ten categories: end, Qing, life, Dan, ugliness, foreign, small, paste, husband and miscellaneous. This is the division of business before the formation of Peking Opera. Since the formation of Peking Opera, the division and classification of its industry has undergone several changes. At first, the business of Beijing opera was divided into "ten roles", namely: life, Dan, Jing, Duan, Ugliness, Vice, Foreign, Miscellaneous, Martial and Flowing. Later, there was a saying of "ten-line role", that is, "born ugly at the end, falling (somersault) at the beginning", in which "falling" and "starting" belong to martial arts. This statement is actually only six occupations. In the 1920s, the "Liyuan Club" (the organization of Peking Opera actors) once divided Peking Opera actors into "seven lines and seven subjects". Stage actors are divided into seven lines: the old student line, the young student line, the Dan line, the clean line, the ugly line and the martial line, which are popular. "Martial arts" is a variety of supporting roles in martial arts dramas. "Volkswagen" is an actor who plays the flag bearer and walk-on in the performance, also known as "Wen Tangxing". In addition to playing flags as a walk-on, I also play all kinds of male odd jobs. Backstage service personnel and backstage collaborators are divided into "seven subjects": music, that is, civil and military scenes, is now called bands; Brushing department, that is, the one in charge of luggage, also called "box protection", is in charge of large luggage, two luggage, three luggage and flag bags; The makeup department, also called combing hair, is a person who specializes in making up Dan Jiao. Hat family, that is, helmet box; The general subject of drama, that is, the inspection field; Traffic section, the guy who used to be in charge of drama and runway; After taking charge, the person responsible for contacting the theater and organizing business. After the founding of New China, the seven lines and seven themes of Peking Opera have changed again. Seven lines further simplified the merger, and gradually determined four trades: living, Dan, clean and ugly. Among the seven subjects, with the reorganization of the troupe, the purification of the stage and the improvement of the work management system, the classics, drama and communication subjects were cancelled, and the remaining four subjects were mainly replaced by bands and backstage managers. (2) The general trend of the development and evolution of Peking Opera is from complexity to simplicity. Up to today, life, Dan, Jing and Ugliness have become the four major operas in Beijing Opera. There are countless characters in thousands of Beijing operas, which can be classified into four major businesses: life, Dan, cleanliness and ugliness. In each row, you can make a more detailed division. The following are introduced according to the business. 1. Being a man is a business that plays a male role and plays a very important role in Beijing opera. There are old students, young students, martial arts students, red students, baby students and so on in life. Except for Hong Sheng and Wu Sheng, who have a crooked face, all the other students are plain-faced, and the expert term is "handsome", which means their appearance is clean and beautiful. Old students are also called "Xu Sheng", "Zheng Sheng" and "Hu Zisheng". Generally, they are middle-aged and elderly men with a sense of justice. The protagonists are all black beards. In the past, there were three lines in Peking Opera, namely, primary, exogenous and terminal, which were later collectively referred to as old students. According to the different characteristics of performing arts, old pedants can be divided into hard pedants, declining pedants and pedants who rely on handles. Old An Gong students, also known as "singing and cutting old students" and "Wang", play more emperors and generals, and are calm and steady on the stage, so they are called "An Gong", such as Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty in Going to the Tiantai and Chen Gong in Catch and Release Cao. Declining old students, also known as "old students who do work" and "old workers" mostly play people who are old or whose mental state is declining, so they are called "declining factions", such as Song Tujie in Four Sons, Qin Qiong in Selling Horses, and Song Jiang in Sitting on a Building to Kill Cherish. Relying on the elderly, most of them play the role of military commanders. It is named after relying on (wearing a helmet and armour) and using a sword and a gun (the weapon used by the people in the play), plus Huang Zhong, a veteran of Dingjunshan, Hua Yun in "The War of Peace" and Yue Fei in Zhentanzhou. No matter what kind of old students are, they mainly sing and use their own voices. The old students of An Gong should sing melodiously, while the old students of the declining school should sing with indignation and depression, relying on their passionate and generous singing. In addition, in the history of Peking Opera, there are also some senior actors who are good at writing, martial arts, singing, acting and playing tricks. Later, they were called "civil and military officials", such as Cheng Changgeng and Tan Xinpei. Xiao Sheng mainly plays young men. He wears makeup without a beard and looks handsome. Xiao Sheng sings with shrill voice and falsetto voice, and speaks with true and false voice. Xiao Sheng's falsetto is different from Dandan's. Xiao Sheng's singing style should be firm, powerful, broad and bright. It sounds clear but not gentle and lovely, rich but not rude. According to the different characteristics of characters' personality and status, they can be divided into robe belt, fan, Ling Zisheng, poverty and martial arts. A young man in a robe, also called a shamao young man, plays an official young man. Wearing a gauze cap is its main symbol. Most of these characters are literati, such as Wang Jinlong in Yu Tang Chun, Zhao Chong in Strange Double Meeting and Chen Kui in Chen Sanliang's Climbing the Hall. Fan students often play young scholars and romantic and elegant sons, holding fans, wearing literary towels and pleating, so they are also called "pleated students". Fans are special props to help characters express charm and elegance. For example, Fu Peng is picking up jade bracelets and Zhang Junrui is in the west wing. Ling Zisheng, also known as "Pheasant's Tail", is its main symbol, and he is a figure who plays both military commanders and civil and military skills. Playing Zi Ling requires martial arts. With the help of scaffolding and dancing, many dance moves were performed with Zi Ling. For example, Zhou Yu in Hero, Lu Bu in Lu Bu and Diophantine, Yang Zongbao in Wood Carving Zhai and so on. Poor students, who mostly play down-and-out literati and scholars, "pay special attention to their performance", mainly show the sour smell of the characters and are used to stepping on the heels of shoes to show their poverty, so they are also called "shoe students", and wearing rich clothes is their main symbol. Rich clothes are green folds with many colorful patches, which means that although these people are poor and poorly dressed now, they will still be rich in the future, so they are called "rich clothes". For example, Moggi in Flirting and Wang Mingfang in Liansheng Store. Martial arts, mainly playing young heroes, performing martial arts, singing, chanting and working. From the martial arts point of view, Wu is similar to Wu Sheng, but both singing and reciting methods are used. Such as Lu Wenlong in Eight Hammer, Zhao Yun in Borrowing Zhao Yun and Shi Xiu in Shi Xiu. Wushu students play young and middle-aged men who are good at Wushu, and they are divided into two types: long-term dependence on Wushu and short-term fighting Wushu, commonly known as "chopping" and "skimming". "Split" refers to wearing thick-soled boots, and "skimming" refers to wearing thin-soled boots. Dragons rely on martial arts, and both martial arts and scaffolding are equally important, such as Zhao Yun of Changbanpo, Ma Chao of Jizhou and Pullman. Bunting martial arts students wear tight shorts. Attach importance to martial arts stunts, such as Ren in Sanchakou, Lin Chong in fun run. Wu Laosheng plays middle-aged and elderly British figures, such as Zhen Wu of Bailiang Building and Qiu Cheng of Jianfeng Mountain. Wu Sheng also acted in some hook drama (Wu Jingzi drama), such as Jiang Wei in Tielongshan and Gordon in Gordon. The monkey king in the monkey show is usually played by Wu Sheng. (4) Hong Sheng refers to a red-faced old man who mainly plays the roles of Guan Yu and Zhao Kuangyin. His singing is sonorous and vigorous, and his performance has a special framework and modeling. This actor should have a solid martial arts foundation and special training. The main repertoires include Huarong Road, Towards Maicheng, Gu Chenghui, Seven Armies under Water, Cut the Yellow Robe, etc. The doll plays the role of a child. Most of them are played by Tong Ling (children's actors), dressed in children's hair bun and tea clothes, singing with their own voices and using old-fashioned voices. If there are two children's characters in a play at the same time, they should be performed once a lifetime, such as Xue Dingshan in Fenhe Bay, Xue Yige in San Niang Long Xin, Aquilaria sinensis and Qiu Er in Lotus Lantern. Many famous actors sang Baby Life when they were young. 2. Play female roles of different ages, personalities and identities in Beijing Opera Dance. Danxing is divided into Zheng Dan, Hua Dan, Huashi, Beijing Opera Blues, wudan and Lao Dan. ① Zheng Dan, commonly known as "Tsing Yi", is named after its blue pleats. It mainly plays solemn young and middle-aged women and girls. The performance is characterized by singing, small range of movements and steady movements. Reading rhyme is white, singing is important. For example, Wang Baochuan in Three High Five, Li Yanfei in Ergong and Luo Fu in Sang Huiyuan. (2) Hua Dan plays more young women. Wear short clothes, such as jackets, trousers, skirts and coats; Sometimes I wear long clothes and embroider colorful patterns. Most of the characters are lively, cheerful and agile. The performance is mainly to do the work in plain English, mainly in Beijing and white, with less rhyme. For example, Jin Yunv in Beating a fickle Lover and Yan Xijiao in Wulongyuan. ⑤ The floral shirt is a new type of shoulder horn developed after the 1920s, which combines the artistic features of Tsing Yi, Hua Dan and Beijing Opera blues. It is impossible for an actor to play Tsing Yi and Hua Dan at the same time before the flower shirt is formed. In order to enrich Dandan's performance art and artistic expression ability, Wang Yaoqing combined the quiet and dignified style of Tsing Yi, the lively and dexterous performance of Hua Dan and the martial arts of Beijing Opera Blues, and started Dandan's career of paying equal attention to singing, reading, doing and playing. People named it Huashan (the combination of Hua Dan and Castle Peak). Most of the new dramas created and performed by four famous Peking Opera artists belong to the category of flowery shirts, and each new drama strives to satisfy the audience's viewing requirements in singing, reading, acting and acting, such as Yu Ji in Farewell My Concubine, Wang Zhaojun in Princess Han Ming, Xue Xiangling in Sorin's Bag, You Sanjie in A Dream of Red Mansions, etc. There is also a kind of flag dress in the flower shirt play, wearing the clothes of the flag bearer of the Qing Dynasty, combing the flag head and wearing flowerpot shoes, saying that Beijing is white. The roles performed by Qi Zhuangdan are not limited to women in the Qing Dynasty, but have existed in all previous dynasties, including Hu Ayun in Su Wu Shepherd (Han Dynasty) and Princess in the Iron Mirror in Shiro Visiting Mother (Song Dynasty). ⑥ Lao Dan plays the role of elderly women. Dress, figure and catwalk are different from those in Tsing Yi, mainly highlighting the characteristics of the elderly. Singing with local noise, singing is close to the old students, but it has the sleek charm of women. For example, She Taijun in The Woman General, the mother-in-law in The Tattoo of Her Mother-in-law, and Kang in Crouching Scarab. 3. The network cable is clean, which is also called "painting face" and "painting face". Mainly play a male role with outstanding personality, quality or appearance characteristics. Facial makeup sketch facial makeup, using wide-pitched falsetto when singing, shows great movements, and highlights its character, tolerance and momentum. Network cables are divided into three categories: primary network, secondary network and martial network. 1 Zheng Jing is often called "Big Face". Because it is mainly based on singing, it is also called "singing". Xu in Two is a typical singer with a beautiful face. Because he has a bronze hammer in his hand, "bronze hammer beauty" has become synonymous with beauty singing. In many Bao Gong dramas, singing skills are also very heavy. Because Bao Gong is the representative figure of sketching black facial makeup, "blackhead" has also become synonymous with singing. Most of the characters played by Zheng Jing are upright and positive, such as Xu Zhaoyan in The Second Palace, Bao Zheng in My Beauty Case and orphan Zhao. ② The sub-network is commonly known as "Erhualian". It is also called "shelf flower face" and "shelf flower" because it mainly focuses on labor, chanting and performing. Shelf flowers also need to have a singing foundation; A lot of the plays on the shelf pay equal attention to both works and singing skills, such as Doulton in the comic book. Therefore, a showy actor should not only have superb martial arts, but also be able to perform, recite scriptures and sing. The shelf flowers are mostly straightforward figures, such as Zhang Fei, Yu Liang, Jiao Zan, Niu Hao, Li Kui jy, Dou Erdun and Cao Cao. In addition, similar to the clown's performance style, Facebook's painted face also belongs to the sub-pure category, such as Hu Wei in Counting Grain and Liu Biao in Famen Temple. ③ Jason Wu is commonly known as "Wu Hualian" and "Wu Erhua". Because the performance is mainly about beating, it is also called "hitting the face". Because some roles of Jason Wu have been played by Wu Sheng, the scope of Jason Wu's drama is shrinking day by day. Jason Wu's role is like the green-faced tiger in White Water Beach and the black wind in Pullman. 4. Ugly behavior, commonly known as "little face". Because a small piece of white powder is put on the bridge of the nose when making up, it is named "ugly". It is also called "three sides" because it is juxtaposed with the large surface and double sides in the network cable. The ugliness of ugly behavior refers to the ugliness of appearance, not the ugliness of quality. Ugly plays not only a sinister character, but also an upright and kind image. There are two kinds of ugliness: Wen Chou and Wu Chou. All kinds of humorous characters in Wen Chou Peking Opera are played by Wen Chou. Wen Chou can be divided into square towel ugliness, robe ugliness, tea ugliness, towel ugliness and colorful Dan. The ugly square towel mainly plays a scholar who wears a square towel, including Confucian scholars, scribes, counselors, teachers and other professions, such as Jiang Gan in Hero and Zhang Wenyuan in Wulongyuan. There are civil servants, military attaché s, positive figures and negative figures, such as Shentoutang, Qipanshan and Zhaojun. Ugly people in tea clothes play the lower working people in all walks of life and are named after wearing blue jackets (tea clothes), such as the ferryman in Qiu Jiang, the bartender in Song Wu Hu Da, and the shepherd boy in Little Cowherd. The ugly towel is between the ugly square towel and the ugly tea coat, and its performance style is slightly more rigorous than that of the ugly tea coat, such as Dong, the shopkeeper of Liansheng Store, and the woman's interpretation of Chongyi. Cai Dan, also known as the "ugly girl", is a woman played by an ugly actress, such as Liu's mother in The Lost Money.