What were the scientific and technological achievements in the Song and Yuan Dynasties?

In the early years of Northern Song Dynasty, it was used to make rockets and fireballs. Then there was an explosive thunderbolt. During the Southern Song Dynasty, new weapons such as iron cannon, musket and ware appeared. These weapons are powerful and widely used in the war against Mongolia.

"Wu Yao" is a detailed book on military theory and technology officially compiled by Renzong, which contains a large number of firearms introduction and powder preparation methods. Later, when the Mongols moved westward, gunpowder spread to the west.

2. Movable type printing

The Song Dynasty was also the era of the fastest scientific and technological progress in the ancient history of China, and the so-called four great inventions of cement movable type printing were all born in the Song Dynasty. But it was not until 1440 that Gutenberg movable type printing appeared and printing began to spread in Europe (1833 was introduced to China) that the literacy rate of residents around the world began to climb.

3. Compass

In the early Northern Song Dynasty, people discovered the artificial magnetization method, and made a compass by rubbing a steel needle with a natural magnet. People learned to fix the compass on the azimuth plate and made a compass needle. At that time, the compass was still a water compass, that is, the magnetic needle floated across the wick on the water. The water compass was widely used in the Southern Song Dynasty. As for the drought compass, China did not appear until the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty (1522- 1566)? .

4. Astronomy and Calendar

Nineteen changes were made in the Song Dynasty, which was an era of frequent changes in the history of China. Yuan Shizu has successively set up observatories in Shangdu, Dadu and Dengfeng, and returned to the fourth rooftop, as far away as the North South China Sea, and set up 27 observatories, which have made outstanding achievements in measuring ecliptic and observing stars.

Famous astronomers in Yuan Dynasty included Guo Shoujing, Wang Xun, Yeluchucai, Jamalidin and others. Lu Yechu compiled the Yuan Calendar of the Western Expedition, Zamaru Ding Yu 1267 wrote it into the perpetual calendar, and Guo Shoujing and others revised the calendar and compiled the chronograph calendar by the method of modern yuan-cutting.

5. Mathematics

Traditional mathematics made great achievements and progress in the Song Dynasty. Jia Xian, Qin and Yang Hui are outstanding mathematicians. The famous achievement is Yang Hui Triangle, and the mathematical works are Shu Shu Jiu Zhang and Yang Hui Algorithm.

A number of outstanding mathematicians and their works appeared in Yuan Dynasty. For example, Ye Li and his Round Sea Mirror and One guyan Break. Zhu Shijie and His Arithmetic Enlightenment and the Four-Yuan Jade Sword. Ye Li's celestial technique (that is, the method of establishing equations) and Zhu Shijie's quaternary technique (that is, the solution of simultaneous equations of multiple degrees) are new achievements with worldwide influence. The abacus also began to take shape in the Yuan Dynasty.

6. Agronomy

Agricultural technology in the Yuan Dynasty can be found in three books: Summary of Agriculture and Mulberry, Wang Zhennong's Book and Summary of Agriculture and Mulberry's Food and Clothing.

7. Geography

In terms of geography, his main achievements are compiling the Annals of the Yuan Dynasty, exploring the source of the river, publishing Maps and a large number of travel notes.

Extended data:

Song and Yuan art:

1, porcelain

The Song Dynasty was the heyday of ceramic art in China. Its beautiful shape, elegance and dignity not only surpass the achievements of predecessors, but also are unmatched by imitations of later generations. After textual research and induction by scholars, the five famous kilns in Song Dynasty were Ding Kiln, Ru Kiln, Guan Kiln, Ge Kiln and Jun Kiln. With the convenience of the Maritime Silk Porcelain Road, China porcelain began to sell well all over the world.

Step 2 paint

The combination of literati painting and flower-and-bird painting makes the flower-and-bird painting in Song Dynasty look particularly beautiful and refined. Huang Jucai and Xu Chongsi were two famous artists in the early Song Dynasty, and their situation was quite prosperous. The landscape developed by the Northern School in the courtyard is similar to that developed by the Southern School outside the courtyard. He promoted Zhang Zeduan, the author of The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival. His son Zhao Gou was also edified and became an outstanding calligrapher.

3. Calligraphy

Calligraphy in Song Dynasty emphasized the importance of meaning, philosophy, bookishness, stylization and artistic expression, and at the same time advocated individuality and originality. Su, Huang, Mi and Cai are the four great calligraphers in the Northern Song Dynasty. In the Southern Song Dynasty, calligraphers such as Wu Shuo, Lu You, Fan Chengda, Zhu, Wen Tianxiang, etc. further extended, and their unique calligraphy style was called Shoujinti.

References:

Baidu Encyclopedia-Song Yuan