Confucius' view on education?

It should be admitted that Confucius' educational thought of "teaching without class" is the crystallization of his lifelong educational practice and embodies the essence of education. In the era of Confucius, official schools were set up for aristocratic children, but most of his education targets were ordinary people, and there were many "international students". This is a miracle in itself, and we have truly achieved no distinction between noble and humble, kind and stupid, regardless of race and national boundaries. At the same time, his treatment of educational objects and people is not measured by wealth or occupation, but by willingness to learn and honesty. This is related to his poor family and poor life, to his good traditional culture, to his emphasis on his own moral cultivation and to the realm of benevolence. In the concrete educational practice, Confucius has gradually formed many far-reaching educational principles according to the educational object of "teaching without distinction", which are flexible and eclectic, mainly as follows. One of the principles of Confucius' education: "If you are above the average person, you can also speak orally;" Under China people, you can't speak orally. "People who are above average can tell profound truth; People who are below average should not talk about abstruse truth. This method of distinguishing the upper and lower acceptance levels of "middle-aged people" and arranging different educational contents is in line with the reality of the educational objects. From the perspective of education system, it laid the foundation for the formation of the segmented education system in ancient China. For example, the Book of Rites says: "The ancient teachers learned, the party learned, the technique was orderly, and the state-owned learned. Admission the following year, middle-aged exam. One year counts as distinguishing classics, three years counts as respecting orchestras, five years counts as learning friends, and seven years counts as small achievements. I have known the class very well for nine years and stood firm and did not object. This is a great achievement. Husband is enough to change the customs, and those who are near will persuade him, and those who are far away will be pregnant. The way of this university is also. "In terms of teaching ideas, it establishes the general principles of applied education and teaching methods. Zhu, a Neo-Confucianism scholar in the Song Dynasty, said, "Confucius teaches students in accordance with their aptitude." (Notes to Four Books) means "Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude". It is Confucius' educational principle of "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" that has injected fresh blood into education and opened up a new world for his educational theory and practice at the level of national education, thus generating strong vitality. As long as we fully understand the whole process of Confucius' educational practice, it is not difficult to find that the application of the educational principle of "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" has greatly shortened the distance between educators and educatees, made education scientific in guiding ideology, flexible in teaching methods and lasting in educating people, and has become an effective way to cultivate high-quality national pillars. The sublimation and formation of Confucius' theory of "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" roughly includes six points: First, to establish a "studious" model for students' intellectual differences. He divided people into four categories: being born with knowledge, learning with knowledge, learning with difficulty, learning without difficulty, and thinking that being born with wisdom and being trapped without learning with stupidity cannot be changed. The cleverness of this distinction between "wisdom" and "stupidity" lies in his objective and correct exposition of the preconditions: for the former, he said from himself that "I was not born knowing, but also keen on seeking" (Schur), which proved that the cleverness of "wisdom" is rare. The implication is that only by adding "keen to seek" can we show extraordinary intelligence; For the latter, it is emphasized that the phenomenon of "stupidity" cannot be changed because of "being sleepy but not learning". This fully shows that he does not despise anyone, but regrets those who refuse to learn and cannot get rid of ignorance. Confucius paid great attention to the cultivation of intelligence in the teaching process, such as demanding "drawing inferences from others", affirming "asking people to learn from others" and praising "learning one thing and knowing ten things", which is proof. At the same time, he took Yan Hui as an example of "studious" and said that Yan Hui "did not disobey benevolence in March" ("Ode to Leaves"), "I talk back all day, and I don't disobey, like a fool. Retire and keep your privacy, and you will be rich enough to retire without being stupid "(Politics)," I have seen its progress, but I have not stopped "(Zi Han). Yan Hui's moral, intellectual and physical beauty is an example set by Confucius among his students. I comforted myself when I was alive, and I cried when I died. These behaviors of Confucius have to affect other students. Second, according to the students' personality differences, make the best use of the situation. Confucius said, "Sex is similar, but learning is far away." He has a thorough understanding of students' different personality characteristics and his education is very targeted. Ruruz asked Confucius if he should take immediate action when he heard something just. Confucius' answer was, how could he be moved by the wind with his father and brother in front of him? You Ran asked the same question, but Confucius ignored it. Gong Xihua found it difficult to understand. Confucius said: "Seek to retreat, so enter; Because it is also a person, I retired "("Advanced "). Ran Qiu is timid and cautious, thus encouraging; Lutz's personality is reckless, impulsive and irritable. He needs to calm down. Third, according to the differences of students' hobbies, cultivate talents in many directions. Confucius attached great importance to cultivating students' hobbies and specialties. For example, his advantages over students can be summarized as follows: "Virtue: Yan Yuan, Min Ziqian, Ran Boniu, Zhong Gong. Word: Kill me, Zi Gong. Politics: You Ran, Lu Ji. Literature: Ziyou, Xia Zi. " ("Advanced") He thinks that "harmony can also make the south" ("Harmony also"), and the palace with outstanding virtue can be king; Lutz is good at political affairs and can manage military and political affairs. "A thousand times a country can be ruled and endowed" (Gongye Chang); Sociable Zigong can engage in diplomacy and so on. Fourth, according to the actual differences of students, it is gradually introduced to the society. Such as: "I made seven sculptures of An Kai officials. Yes:' I can't believe it.' Zi said. "Ji Kangzi asked,' Zhong, can you engage in politics?' Confucius said:' What are the consequences of being in politics? For example,' Can donations also make politics work?' You said,' If you give and get, what else is there in politics!' Say,' Can asking also make politics work?' Yue said, "Do you seek art in politics?" "(and also). Fifth, follow up the continuing education according to the differences in students' work. For example, "Ziyou is the slaughter of Wucheng. Confucius said,' Why do women say that?' He said:' If you kill yourself with a platform, you can't go anywhere, it's not official business, and you can't be locked in a room. "(Ode to Leaves) inspired Ziyou to attach importance to talents." Jishi is rich in the Duke of Zhou, and he also seeks to benefit from it. Confucius said,' If it's not my disciple, it's okay for the boy to beat the drum.' "("advanced ") to Ran Taiwei with the necessary warning. Therefore, Confucius used the principle of "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" from all aspects and took the initiative to attack. If students' intelligence is developed, the top is the guide of knowledge, the middle is the development of ideas, and the bottom is the foundation of knowledge, and the results are rich. Sixth, in view of behavioral differences, let students be alert to the "six shields." As Confucius said: "kindness is not easy to learn, but its cover is also stupid;" "You know well, you don't learn well, and your cover is vacillating; Honesty is not easy to learn, and its cover is also a thief; Straight board is difficult to learn, and the cover is distorted; If you are brave and study hard, your cover will be messy; This is difficult to learn and crazy. " People who like kindness will be ignorant if they don't study; People who love to be clever are bound to be bohemian without reading; Honest people who don't study are inevitably deceived; People who are honest and frank will stick to their own opinions if they don't study; A brave person, if he doesn't study, will inevitably get into trouble; People with integrity, who don't study, are bound to be arrogant. While affirming the advantages of students' behavior, Confucius emphasized the negative behavior caused by "not learning" in order to stimulate everyone's enthusiasm for learning. The second principle of Confucius' education: "If you love it, can you work hard?" Loyalty and righteousness, can you not teach? "Love children, love students, can't spoil, let him suffer. Loyalty to the monarch should not be foolish, but also enlighten his abnormal behavior. This is Confucius' personal experience and his summary of it. Confucius and his students often encounter poverty and famine, such as: "In the old society, there was a lack of food and illness could not prosper. When Lutz saw it, he said, "Even a gentleman is poor? Confucius said,' A gentleman is poor, but a villain is poor and extravagant.' "("Wei Linggong ") Yan Hui is an optimist who is not afraid of starvation. Confucius said, "OK, come back! A spoonful of food, a spoonful of drink, in the mean lane, people can't bear their worries, and they won't change their fun when they go back. Hyun-jae, come back "(Yongye) Confucius attached great importance to Yan Hui, and his determination to run a school and promote education has not wavered. On the contrary, he encouraged students to learn from gentlemen, "Worrying about Tao is not worrying about poverty" (Wei Linggong), and "Being poor and enjoying Tao" (learning to be excellent is to be an official). People will be tempered by some difficulties in their student days, which is not a bad thing. This is a different way of thinking between Confucius and aristocratic school education, which is conducive to the development of civilian education and the cultivation of people with noble virtues. At the same time, when Confucius was in Shandong or other countries, he paid special attention to national and world events. Whenever he comes into contact with monarchs and ministers, he is willing to answer their questions, so as to publicize his political views and strategy of governing the country. This can be seen from the records of Historical Records Confucius Family. Here are a few examples. " Twenty years in Lu and thirty years in Confucius. Qi Jinggong and Yan Ying came to Shandong, and Gong Jing asked Confucius,' What did Qin Mugong do when he was young? Right:' Qin, although the country is small, it is ambitious; Although the place is a monarch, the route is right. Holding five shackles (that is, Priscilla), Doctor Jue began to talk with him for three days and granted him political power. Taking this as a lesson, although the king can do it, his hegemony is small. "Gong Jing said. ..... After living in Yue Wei, Gong Ling and his wife were in the same car, and Yong Qu, an official, took part in the ride and went out, making Confucius take the second ride and parade in the city. Confucius said,' I don't see good virtue as lewd.' So ugly, go to Wei, go to Cao. ..... Cai Ruye's Confucius. When Lord Ye asked about politics, Confucius said,' Politics is far from you.' One day, Lord Ye asked Confucius about Lutz, but Lutz answered irrelevant questions. Confucius heard this and said,' Then why don't you tell him that he is a human being, who never tires of learning, never tires of teaching, forgets food when he is angry, forgets his worries when he is happy, and doesn't know that his old age is coming to the clouds. ... Lu Aigong asked about politics, and he said, "Politics is to choose ministers." . Ji Kangzi asked about politics and said,' If all grievances are raised, the grievances will be straight. When Kangzi was robbed, Confucius said,' If you don't want to do it, don't steal it. However, Lu could not use Confucius in the end, and Confucius did not want to be an official. It can be seen from this case that Confucius attached great importance to the moral education of the monarch and published many incisive opinions. From the point of view of educators, this extraordinary practice of Confucius' monarch education fully shows that everyone needs lifelong education. Confucius' view of "paying equal attention to reeducation through labor" actually contains the advanced educational principle that school education is labor and educational practice is lifelong. The third principle of Confucius' education: "Don't be angry, don't be angry, don't be unhappy. If you don't turn three times, you won't be there. " "If you don't get angry, you will be threatened" means that you can't inspire your thinking without activating students' emotions. "Don't worry" means that it is impossible to develop wisdom without telling students' inner doubts; "Draw inferences from others" means applying knowledge to life, from the known to the unknown, from here to there. The Book of Changes says, "If you introduce it and expand it, you will learn from it and you will be able to accomplish everything in the world." It shows that mastering the law of knowledge can be analogized and get twice the result with half the effort. Confucius discovered the importance of developing students' intelligence, found a breakthrough from three aspects: inspiring thinking, broadening thinking and cultivating associative ability, and revealed the regular methods of developing intelligence, which has obvious guiding significance. The fourth principle of Confucius' education: "If you know it, you can't keep it; Although you get it, you will lose it. " Confucius thought: "Knowing it, benevolence can't keep it; If you get it, you lose it. Knowing it, benevolence can keep it. If you don't admire it, the people will be disrespectful. Knowing it, benevolence can keep it, Zhuang can reward it, and it is impolite. " (Wei Linggong) It means that what wisdom can achieve is not protected by kindness. Although I got it, I will definitely lose it. What intelligence can achieve can only be protected by kindness, managed carefully, mobilized to serve in farming time and managed well. It has been recognized here that benevolence is the dominant thing, and from the acquisition of knowledge to the contribution of knowledge, that is, doing something beneficial to society, it is inseparable from benevolence, which is the foundation of being a man. This is a correct view of the relationship between morality and learning, morality and behavior, and morality and politics. In the aspect of educating students, he always put teaching students how to be a man in the first place, and solved the trinity problem of morality, intelligence and teaching in practice. For example, Confucius answered his student Zi Gong's question, which made Zi Gong have a low-level and high-level understanding of the treatment of the rich and the poor, "poor without flattery, rich without arrogance", "happy without poverty, rich without courtesy", and thought of the truth of reading and learning. Confucius immediately affirmed with appreciation that "if you give it, you can tell people who knew it in the past." Because students can feel the teacher's personality anytime and anywhere, and listen to the teacher's teachings, they will inevitably reach the best academic state of taking learning as fun. Confucius regards being a man above everything else, which has more enlightenment for us to teach and educate people. In fact, teaching and educating people is a systematic project of school education, with all-round development of morality, intelligence and physical education. While educating students about their outlook on life, world outlook and values, we can never do without excellent traditional culture education, so that they can have social morality and the minimum virtue of being a human being. That is to arouse people's conscience from the heart, be proud of respecting social morality, and be ashamed of violating social morality. Practice has proved that this kind of basic education is necessary. The thicker, firmer and better the foundation, the more remarkable the effect of ideological and political education will be. People call teachers "engineers of the human soul", which is extremely profound and reasonable. 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