Traditional festivals of Daur nationality

Daur Daur is a minority in China. By 2000, the population of Daur was 132394. Among them, Heilongjiang Province is mainly concentrated in Nenjiang County, Fuyu County, Longjiang County and Aihui County of Qiqihar; Molidawa Daur Autonomous Banner, Ewenki Autonomous Banner and Oroqen Autonomous Banner in Hulunbeier League, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and Daur people scattered in Hohhot, Bute Banner, Hailar City, Xiguitu Banner, Chenbahu Banner and Arong Banner. The Daur nationality in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is mainly concentrated in Tacheng County. In addition, Daur people are scattered in Jilin, Liaoning, Beijing and other places.

Daur people use Daur language, belonging to Altai language family. There are two dialects, Buta and Qiqihar, which are rich in languages and have a large number of words reflecting fishing and hunting farming, including Chinese, Manchu and Ewenki loanwords, especially Chinese loanwords. The Daur people do not have their own language, but mainly use Chinese. A few people can use Manchu, Mongolian and Kazakh. The Daur people believe in Shamanism, which is a primitive religion that combines nature worship, totem worship and ancestor worship. A few people believe in Lamaism. The Daur nationality is good at making birch bark and wicker handicrafts, and the production technology of flue-cured tobacco and leather boots is very high.

In Qing dynasty, meat accounted for a large proportion in the diet structure of Daur nationality, but in modern times, it became food. The traditional rice food of Daur nationality mainly includes: "Aosu Mbala" (steamed white millet); "Hijimo Bada" (uncooked rice); "Allemoz Bada" (steamed white buckwheat rice); Oatmeal rice and barley rice; Daur people like to eat all kinds of meat porridge, and all kinds of "Larry" (thick porridge), such as "West Jimmy Larry", "Ni Gilari" (buckwheat navel porridge) and "Waqi Hot Larry" (thick milk porridge made of sour bovine colostrum and millet porridge). When people eat bovine colostrum porridge, they must inform their neighbors and relatives to taste it. Pasta mainly includes: "Da Le Eight" (a buckwheat noodle stuffed with wild birds or domestic chicken and soup, with a special tool to suppress noodles-"Da Le"); "Togulie" (milk noodles mixed with cream and sugar); "Sparta Lari" (knife cutting noodle soup); "He Ri Ke Mu Le Ba Da" (* * or clear soup Daoxiao Noodles); "Herigebada" (broth thumb buckwheat bumps) and so on. Some of these pasta can be made of white flour. There are many kinds of cakes and steamed buns (Utumu), such as "Chuomao Utumu" (steamed buns with cup-shaped buckwheat noodles), "Ba Le Tiumu" (white flour with perilla stuffing or pancakes with nourishing flour), "Haowure Utumu" (cakes made with various flours) and "baked spoon Lewutumu" (buckwheat navel noodles pancakes). In addition, Daur people also have various kinds of fried noodles ("Hager") and "Schindler" (shredded oats made after frying), which are mixed with sugar, cream and milk when eating. This kind of dry food is convenient for field workers to carry and is resistant to hunger. Daur pastry food is a fried cake with fermented millet flour rolled into the shape of "8", which is called "Xirigele". It is also made of fried millet flour, sun-dried hawthorn powder, thick plum flour, sugar and butter, and then pressed into a square cake, which is called "tile".

Daur non-staple food mainly includes meat, milk and vegetables. The Daur people are good at hunting, fishing and raising livestock, so the meat sources are rich. Daur people basically don't avoid eating meat. All kinds of birds and animals, livestock and poultry, and all kinds of fish can eat it. Eating meat is the most important thing Stew the meat of animals and livestock into large pieces with bones and cut it with a knife. Daur people mainly eat milk, but generally don't eat horse milk or goat milk. Yogurt is the top grade for quenching thirst and relieving summer heat. Fresh milk can be eaten raw or cooked to make rice and pasta. Milk can also be used to make all kinds of dairy products, such as milk skin, cream, cheese and other advanced dairy products.

Daur women grow all kinds of vegetables in the garden, such as beans (kidney beans), eggplant, cucumber, cabbage, radish, pepper and peas. For food. He is also diligent in collecting all kinds of wild vegetables as a supplement, mainly "Manges" (wild onion), "Angguole" (wild celery), "Kailie" (wild leek) and "Manqi" (wild onion). Among them, "Kun Pierer" (Artemisia scoparia) is especially favored by Daur people, and it is harvested in large quantities in spring, or eaten at that time or stored in the sun in case of lack of vegetables in winter and spring. Mushrooms and auricularia auricula are harvested in summer, or eaten fresh or stored in the sun. Daur women also dry wild plums and Queena Ding and grind them into powder, or drink them as granules, or make cakes and buns with stuffing. Daur people can pickle all kinds of pickles by themselves, among which wild leek flowers are ground into fine spices and have a unique flavor. Daur women also dried other dried vegetables, such as shredded beans and eggplant slices, as food in winter and spring. Although the eating habits and food composition of modern Daur people have changed a lot, these traditional foods and eating methods are still favored and passed down by the vast majority of Daur people, especially at festivals and banquets, "holding meat" and "Kuncai" are essential.

"Daur" is the self-name of Daur people. There are different explanations about its meaning. Some people think that "Da" in Daur language can be interpreted as "Yuan" and "Old", meaning "Yuan", "Past" and "Former". "Wall" can be interpreted as "location" and "address", which mean "residence", "location" and "region" respectively. In this way, "Daur" means "old place". After the rise of the Khitans, they fought against foreign countries, and a large number of Khitans moved to new areas, calling those who stayed in the vicinity of Huangfu in Liaohe River Basin "Daur shallow" (shallow, Daur is plural), and then gradually formed the name for this group of people.

According to legend, Sagir Daihan, the ancestor of Daur nationality, lived in the upper reaches of the Enun River. One winter, the weather was extremely cold and the river froze. Khan planned to go out to war, and the sleeper facing south followed him across the river to fight. Those who went out to war were called "Jiedaqisen" ("Jiedaqin", that is, Qidan, "Qisen" went out to war), and the head that stayed where it was slept facing north, including his mother and his six sons. These survivors are called "Daur Khrushchev".

According to China's historical records, "Qidan was originally named Daiwa", and Daur was transliterated from Daiwa. "In the first year of Wude, Tang Gaozu (6 18), Daur (formerly Yamato) was originally named Daur (Lie)". Another explanation is the name of "big river", which is the ancient name of Taoer River. For example, "Liao history called Ta Ruhe, Jin history called Ta Ruhe".

Some people think that the Daur nationality comes from the "Daruhuachi" in Mongolia. The meaning of Daur nationality has not been clearly explained so far. According to the self-proclaimed transliteration of Daur people, there are many ways to transliterate Chinese, such as Daur, Daur, Hu Da, Dagulu and Daur. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), it was finally named Daur after national recognition, and it became a fixed national name from then on.

The festivals of Daur nationality include Spring Festival, Lantern Festival, Tomb-Sweeping Day, Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, off-year and so on, which are roughly similar to the traditional festivals of Han nationality.

It is a traditional festival for the Daur people to celebrate the 30th anniversary. On the morning of the festival, Daur people clean up, post New Year pictures and couplets, and give gifts to the elderly among their close relatives. Prepare a pile of dried cow and horse dung outside the gate, light it before dinner to dispel the ominous clouds, put some meat, cakes and jiaozi on the fire, and pray for Vulcan to bless people and animals. Dinner is mainly hand-grabbed meat. After dinner, the old people worship their ancestors with wine, meat and cakes and burn incense. In the first half of the night, in the first month, jiaozi cooks frozen at any time. When I was a child, the younger generation toasted and kowtowed to the elders, wishing the elderly health and longevity, and the elderly also wished the younger generation happiness. That night, firecrackers kept ringing and lights kept on.

Ani Festival of Daur nationality is a traditional festival of Daur nationality, which is held on the first day of the first lunar month. "Ani" is a phonetic translation of Daur language, which means Spring Festival.

In order to have a good festival, Daur people began to clean houses, make jiaozi, steam bean buns, cook banquet dishes and purchase various new year's goods on the 23rd day of the lunar calendar. Then freeze these foods so that you can eat them ready-made during the holidays.

On the morning of New Year's Eve, Daur families clean the courtyard and post New Year pictures and couplets. There are many dried cow dung cakes piled in front of the gate, which are lit at night, making the whole village full of harmonious, auspicious, peaceful and warm holiday atmosphere. Old Daur people also throw large pieces of meat, white touch, jiaozi and all kinds of delicious food into the fire, wishing people and animals good health and abundant crops. Daur people think that the more fires, the better, so every family tries to pile up the cow dung in front of the door as high and big as possible.

At night, all kinds of lanterns are hung in front of the Daur nationality, and some people decorate their doors with unique ice lamps. On New Year's Eve, the Daur people have a tradition of offering sacrifices to their ancestors, but there is no memorial tablet and no end to offering sacrifices to the gods. They just put a stick of incense on the ground on the west side of the house and then worship to the west to show their memory of their ancestors. Wine, milk skin, snacks, etc. What is offered to ancestors is left at home by the old people. After the whole family kowtowed to their elders to bid farewell to the old year, they went to the relatives of the same blood relatives to pay New Year greetings. Go to the home of the oldest person in the family to pay New Year greetings, and then go door to door to pay homage, and every family should pay homage. After midnight, at the beginning of the new year, Daur people who get together will worship again and go door to door to their elders' homes. Every household will pay homage to their elders and offer them cigarettes and kowtow. The whole New Year's Eve was full of laughter, and the Daur people enjoyed it and stayed up all night.

On the morning of the first day of junior high school, Daur people dress up, then burn incense and bow down to the gods, goddesses, kitchen gods and ancestors, praying for shelter and gifts, and then toast and bow down to their elders and accept the blessings of the old people. The first New Year's Eve dinner was jiaozi. When cooking or wrapping a red line, it means that people who eat will live longer; Or wrapped in coins, Daur people think that people who eat will not be short of money for a year. Daur people in Inner Mongolia and other places also wrap eight small pieces of dough or a pinch of flour when wrapping jiaozi, symbolizing that children are full of house and kind. After the Spring Festival, young Daur men and women, led by their peers and brothers, went door to door to pay New Year greetings. If the elder died less than three years ago, the younger generation would kowtow to the coffin in Nankang for the New Year. In other villages, you can't wait until sunrise to pay New Year's greetings. As soon as the New Year's greeting guests enter the door, they will first uncover the pot cover of the host family, grab the rice cakes that every family must have, and taste the sweet and sour of the rice cakes. If we say whose cake is sweetest, we will praise whose heart is kindest. It is said that after eating, production and life can be "higher year by year".

According to the traditional custom, women should give gifts to each other and wrap up the best tobacco leaves, milk skins, cakes, frozen meat and so on every festival of the Ani nationality. And give it to the elderly, relatives and friends. From the first day of junior high school to the fifth day of junior high school, in some places, even the whole first month, women are not allowed to prick needles, or they will be implicated for one year. During the Chinese New Year, they are not allowed to cry and scold loudly, or they will suffer. Cigarettes are an essential gift for Daur people to entertain guests, so during the festival, both men and women should respect each other first to show mutual respect.

Daur people are good at singing and dancing. Everyone can dance, regardless of gender or age. During the festival, "Humber Dance" is an essential program. This kind of dance is full of variety, sometimes slow and sometimes cheerful. It is a very beautiful dance art, and they especially like to dance Rouge and Hakenbai. During the Ani Festival, every village became a big stage for these two dances, with women as the protagonists. They often dance for several days from the first day of junior high school. At that time, young girls and * * * will wear embroidered silks and satins, their shoes will be polished brightly, their hair will be combed neatly, and they will shine brightly with bright flowers. Even women in their forties wear bright clothes when they are brides. Dido's elegant flowers are tied in a high bun, and their charm remains the same. Daur dances are rich and delicate, simple and lively, with dances such as carrying water, looking in the mirror and combing hair, full of rich life breath; In particular, they performed an eagle dance, with their hands on their sides and their wrists swinging gently up and down, from slow to fast, flying freely in the blue sky like an eagle with wings. They are singing and dancing, and with one cry after another, the rhythm is getting faster and faster, so that the cheerful dance gradually reaches * * *. When dancing, the girls quietly stuffed embroidered tobacco bags to their sweethearts. If a young man receives this precious gift, he should carefully hide it in his arms and keep it a secret for the girl before marriage. There is also a unique musical instrument popular among Daur women, which they call "Mukulian". This instrument is simple in structure, but very delicate. This is for personal use and never lent to outsiders. It can play a variety of beautiful tunes, is a "weapon" for Daur women to display their talents during the Ani Festival, and often becomes a medium for emotional communication between men and women.

During the festival, entertainment activities are colorful, such as playing hockey, dancing, singing, stepping on bones, playing cards and so on. After the first day of May, teenagers began to play "back covering" (hockey) in groups. In the evening, they play games imitating animals after putting on makeup. Children play with their children in their arms, old people listen to epics, tell stories and sing folk songs, women dance "Luzile Song and Dance", and there are many other cultural and recreational activities, which are lively until the fifteenth day of the first month.

The Daur Spring Festival has a title every day from the first day to the fifteenth day of the first month. According to tradition, the first day is chicken day, the second day is dog day, the third day is pig day, the fourth day is sheep day, the fifth day is horse day, the sixth day is ox day, and the seventh day is human day ... Daur festivals are often related to these stresses. The celebration of Ani Festival lasts until the 15th day of the first month, which is called "Kaqin" in Daur language.

Ani Festival is the Daur Spring Festival, which expresses the same theme of saying goodbye to the old and welcoming the new and wishing for the coming year. Its activities are very loyal to the traditional customs of the Daur people.

Kaqin Festival of Daur Kaqin Festival (Lantern Festival) is a traditional festival of Daur nationality, which is held on the 15th day of the first month. Daur people believe that this day is the day when the gods return to the border.

The night before, you should worship the gods, burn incense and kowtow. On Kachin Festival, people should put on new clothes and eat hand-grabbed meat or jiaozi.

It is a traditional festival of Daur nationality and a unique activity of Daur youth during the Spring Festival, symbolizing happiness, health and auspiciousness. I wish the crops a bumper harvest that year. Early in the morning, Daur elders first put a little black ash from the bottom of the pot on the foreheads of their children who didn't get up. Young people struggle to plaster their faces, and they also wipe each other's faces, which means avoiding evil spirits and wishing a bumper harvest and happiness in the coming year. It is said that whoever doesn't wipe his face on this day is unlucky this year, and the darker it is, the more blessed it is. Young girls and daughters-in-law are often the objects pursued by young men. Their faces are often blackened and gray. Therefore, the Daur people designated the 16th day of the first month as "Black Ash Day". On this day, people can make fun of each other, encourage each other and look forward to a beautiful and happy life. This kind of festival activities are mainly carried out among young people.

Daur Cold Food Festival Tomb-Sweeping Day is a cold food festival and a traditional Daur festival. On this day, Daur people will go to the graves of their ancestors and the elderly to sweep graves, burn paper, offer offerings, cultivate the soil and kowtow to pay homage. The Dragon Boat Festival of Daur nationality is a traditional festival of Daur nationality, and the fifth day of May is the Dragon Boat Festival. On the morning of Dragon Boat Festival, Daur people get up early, wipe their faces with dew outside, and some bathe in the river. Daur people put moxa sticks on clothes or hats, and hang moxa sticks everywhere in the house. It is said that this can repel insects and avoid harm, and ensure that there is no disease or disaster within one year. May 23rd is Horse Day. As a rule, each village chooses a tree. Daur people call it "Tian Shu". Sacrifice under the tree and pray for the safety of livestock.

The Mid-Autumn Festival of Daur nationality is on August 15. On this day, Daur people will slaughter livestock, prepare rich food, celebrate the bumper harvest of grain and the prosperity of livestock, eat shortcakes and jiaozi, and sacrifice moon cakes and watermelons to the gods.

The Thousand Lantern Festival of Daur nationality is a traditional festival of Daur nationality, which belongs to religious festival and is popular in Daur area around Hailar.

Every year on October 25th of the lunar calendar, Daur people make all kinds of lanterns and bring them to the Lama Temple to light them. The more you order, the luckier you are.

Daur Festival of Sacrificing Kitchen Stove1February 23rd is a Festival of Sacrificing Kitchen Stove, which is also a small year. In the evening, Daur people send the kitchen god to heaven, provide wine and meat, and pray that the kitchen god will bless the whole family and have no worries about food and clothing.

Erdenii Festival of Daur nationality is a traditional festival of Daur nationality, which means shaman sacrifice in Daur language. It is held every year or every other year in March of the lunar calendar, and the festival lasts for one day.

Festival sacrificial activities were held in the home of the clan shaman. When this festival is held, Daur people will bring wine, incense, hada, cloth and other gifts to the shaman's home. Erect a small willow tree with green leaves in the house, called a holy tree, with a bronze fake mask of the gods hanging on it.

At the beginning of the ceremony, the accompanying shaman drummed and recited a spell to invite the gods to come. Then guide the priests and shamans to dance around Toro (sacred tree) to meet the gods. The dance moves are rough and the whole body is trembling. From head to toe, he wore "magic clothes" and his ornaments swayed. Jumping God is divided into four sections. In the first paragraph, the shaman's god is invited. In the second paragraph, please ask the shaman's Lord to sacrifice to God. The third paragraph invites immortals from all walks of life to come; The fourth paragraph sends the fairy back.

In Daur language, the festival in the south of Daur nationality is the south of Daur nationality, which means the grand ceremony of shaman. This festival is a traditional festival of Daur people and belongs to a religious festival. It is held every three years in March and April of the lunar calendar. This festival lasts for three days. The purpose of this festival is to offer gifts to God and seek happiness for the clan.

On the first day, Daur people will take gifts to temporary Schelinger (Daur language). First, two birch trees with green leaves will be erected in Scheringer, which is called Gretoro (indoor sacred tree). Six feet south of the sacred tree, a birch branch with the same green leaves will be erected, which is called "Boditoro" (outdoor sacred tree). Then, the Daur people hung bronze masks of the gods on three sacred trees respectively. At the beginning of the ceremony, he accompanied the sacrificial shaman to drum and recite the mantra, invited the gods to come, and then led the sacrificial shaman to dance around the sacred tree to welcome the gods.

Continue dancing the next day.