/kloc-how did American art develop in the second half of the 0/9th century?

Taking the American Civil War as the boundary marks the beginning of a period when American art is fully mature. No matter in landscape painting, portrait painting or genre painting, a group of artists have emerged who have mastered painting skills, can fully display their personalities and profoundly reflect the real life, thoughts and feelings of the American people.

Winslow homer (1836— 19 10) is regarded as the greatest American painter in the 19th century. He was born in a middle-class family in Boston. My father is a kind businessman and my mother is well educated, which makes Homer live in an artistic environment since childhood. Later, Homer received a formal art education at the National Academy of Fine Arts and Design in new york. Homer's art is a typical American art. His early works show the happy life of the American people, while his middle-aged works are the records of the war era. In his later years, he painted a magnificent picture of the life of fishermen on the coast of Maine and became a symbol of the American spirit.

Homer was also the first American custom painter. In his early years, he was engaged in printmaking, mainly depicting the optimistic and upward character of the American people. He is full of life and has an on-the-spot effect in composition and modeling. The randomness of action and the incompleteness of composition are its characteristics, which are related to the news of printmaking at that time, and it has become a new style when applied to oil painting. The civil war became a turning point in Homer's art. As an art reporter, he interviewed with the army and drew many oil paintings reflecting war life according to the battlefield sketches, such as Prisoners from the Front. After the war, a large number of young people went to Europe to study painting, and the Chinese painting school was left out in the cold. Homer was a little depressed, so he turned to watercolor painting to explore his feelings about nature and life in remote villages. He describes the rapidly changing climate of the ocean, and his pen has a natural force. The work 1890 won the gold medal at the Paris International Fair. Representative works include Current (1899) and so on.

Thomas Yi Kensi (1844— 19 16) is a famous American realistic painter. Yi Kensi was born in Pennsylvania. He first studied at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, and from Philadelphia to Paris in 1866, he was greatly influenced by Manet in the process of learning painting. Later, he went to Spain and was influenced by Velazquez's paintings. From 65438 to 0870, Yi Kensi returned to Philadelphia and taught in the high school affiliated to the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts. He began to explore realistic teaching methods, mainly painting daily life themes, including family genre paintings, outdoor sports scenes and portraits. His representative works include Gross Hospital (1875) and so on. Yi Kensi's early figure paintings mostly show people in action, with complex composition, natural and humanistic forms, such as bridges, sailboats and rowing boats. In paintings such as wooden stakes and swimming pools, they are the basic elements. Outdoor scene painting also includes complex factors such as external light, color and climate. The last outdoor theme "Cowboy in the Wilderness" is the loudest and simplest color in all his works. His later works are mainly portraits. His portrait is not a combination form, but a single static figure, usually with a simple and objective background. This is the central form of composition, which strengthens the sense of modeling. Yi Kensi was the first important artist to accept contemporary American urban life and create expressive art from it, which made the American realistic tradition mature.

Cassatt (1926) 1844 was born in Allegheny, Pennsylvania, USA. She traveled in Europe with her parents. 186 1 year, regardless of her family's opposition, she entered the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts in Philadelphia and began her artistic career. However, she is not satisfied with the teaching in this university. Dogmatic college courses suppressed her creativity and freedom, and she came to Paris in the summer of 1866. In addition to copying the works of Louvre masters, she also went to Paris Salon to study the works of contemporary artists. From 65438 to 0867, she visited the art exhibitions in Courbet and MANET, and was very interested in MANET's works. 1872 In the spring, cassatt's first work Before Carnival was accepted, and she sent her work to the salon for the next two years. 1874, a portrait of her middle-aged woman was exhibited in the salon, which was highly praised by Degas. 1879, at the invitation of degas, cassatt attended the Impressionist Art Exhibition. Until 1886, she was an active member of Impressionism. 1879' s The Little Girl in the Blue Armchair and 1883' s The Woman in Black are her representative works. The former is bold and unrestrained with a pen, but it conveys a quiet and comfortable atmosphere; The latter shows the influence of oriental art on her, especially the fans in the background, which has a strong oriental flavor. After 1886, her works entered a new style stage, and began to pursue simple and stable composition, paying more attention to the theme of mother and children. Her "Amy and Her Children" (1899) is fluent in brushwork, but it avoids too broad brushwork. She thinks it is the label of Impressionism, which shows that she has a different style from Impressionism in content and technique at this time. Under the influence of Japanese prints from 65438 to 0890, she created a set of ten-color intaglio paintings, including bathing, grooming and letters. After 1900, cassatt's creation entered a late stage, which was also a productive period. As a painter whose subject is mother, her reputation is growing day by day. In the turbulent situation in Europe, people can feel a sense of nostalgia from her paintings.

John singh Sangent (1856— 1925) was born in Florence. I traveled all over Europe with my mother when I was a child. 1870 to 1874 received systematic education at Florence Academy of Fine Arts, 1874 settled in Paris and studied in Carolus-Du Lang Studio. Carolus is a portrait painter. Using strict realism, Sargent quickly became his favorite student, and at the same time concentrated his talents on portrait painting. A painting by Sargent in 1877 was accepted by the salon. From 65438 to 0878, his oil painting Mulang Picker in Kankar, which was based on sketches of seascapes and fishermen's lives, won him a reputation, marking his first success in the professional art world. During the period of 1879, Sargent traveled to Spain and copied the works of many masters, which were deeply influenced by Velazquez, and completed the second big painting "El George". Since then, he has become a portrait painter. The Portrait of Carolus-Du Lang and Four Daughters of Beuter are both representative works of this period. The Three Sisters Vic, Girls and Roses and Mrs. Henry White exhibited by the Royal Society show his keen observation and superb skills, with rich and elegant pictures. In 1980s, Sargent's works became more and more wonderful, and he especially liked to use the effect of light to highlight the texture and the feeling of fabric. 1884, the portrait of Mrs. Gottru was exhibited in the salon. After he moved to England in 1885, he became interested in outdoor scenery, drew many sketches and created carnations, lilies and roses. Sargent's career peaked in the 1990s. From 65438 to 0897, he was elected to the National Academy of Fine Arts and Design in new york, the Royal College of Art in London and the French Order. His later portraits include Madame Hegenu and Three Sisters in Windham. From 65438 to 0899, he accepted the task of architectural decoration design and mural design of Boston Public Library, and also painted "Egyptian girl" here. Landscape painting is another great achievement of Sargent. After 1905, watercolor became a tool for his travel and sketching, and he created many excellent works, such as Sailboat Repair (1905) and Arabian Stables. In his later years, he also created two murals with the theme of the First World War. Since the impact of modernism on European painting in the 20th century, he has always adhered to the realistic art road.

Albent pinkham ryder (1847— 19 17) is the most important American romantic painter in the 19th century. He was born in New Bedford, Massachusetts. Although he has been living in a slum in new york, most of his paintings are about seascapes and other landscapes. His paintings are full of grotesque and dreamy, and his pen is full of color. Although he has been to Europe, he has not been influenced by European painting, but has been exploring his inner world. Ryder's important works include Ardennes Forest (1888— 1900), Moonlight on the Sea and Death of a White Horse (about 19 10).