What is the development of synthetic ammonia

German chemist Haber (F. Haber, 1868-1934) from 1902 began to study the direct synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen. Applied for a patent in 1908, that is, the "cycle method", on the basis of which he continued his research, improved synthesis in 1909, the ammonia content of 6 on. This is the direct synthesis method commonly used in industry.

To solve the problem of low conversion rate of hydrogen and nitrogen synthesis in the reaction process, the ammonia product from the synthesis of the gas after the reaction is separated from the unreacted gas and fresh hydrogen and nitrogen mixture to re-engage in the synthesis reaction.

The ammonia synthesis reaction formula is as follows (the reaction is a reversible reaction, the equal sign on the reaction conditions are: "high temperature and high pressure", under the: "catalyst")? :

Extended information:

Main uses of ammonia:

The main uses of ammonia are nitrogen fertilizer, refrigerant, and chemical raw material. Inorganic aspects are mainly used in the production of ammonia, liquid ammonia, nitrogen fertilizer (urea, ammonium carbonate, etc.), nitric acid, ammonium salt, soda ash. Organic aspects are widely used in synthetic fibers, plastics, dyes, urea and so on.

Features of the ammonia industry:

1, the demand for fertilizer in agriculture is a lasting driving force for the development of the ammonia industry. The world's growing population puts pressure on the food supply, and the application of chemical fertilizers is an effective way to increase agricultural production.

Ammonia (i.e., an aqueous solution of ammonia) and liquid ammonia body itself is a nitrogen fertilizer; urea, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate and other solid nitrogen fertilizers widely used in agriculture, and ammonium phosphate, nitrate of phosphorus and other composite fertilizers, are based on the production of synthetic ammonia processing.

2, and the energy industry has a close relationship. Ammonia production is usually a variety of fuels as raw materials, while the production process also requires fuel supply energy, therefore, ammonia is a chemical product that consumes a lot of energy. Theoretical energy consumption per ton of liquid ammonia is 21.28GJ, the actual energy consumption is much more than the theoretical energy consumption, with the raw materials, plant size, process and management levels vary.

Daily output of 1000t of ammonia in a large ammonia plant to produce liquid ammonia, the actual energy consumption of about twice the theoretical energy consumption (Table 2 [ large ammonia plant production of synthetic ammonia actual energy consumption ]).

3, process complexity, technology-intensive. Ammonia synthesis is carried out under high pressure and high temperature and the presence of catalysts, for the gas-solid phase catalytic reaction process. Because the ammonia synthesis catalyst (see inorganic chemical catalysts) is very susceptible to sulfur compounds, carbon oxides and water vapor poisoning (see catalyst poisoning).

And the raw gas from various fuels contains varying amounts of these substances, so before the raw gas is sent to the ammonia synthesis, the harmful substances need to be removed. Therefore, the total ammonia production process is long and complex, according to different raw materials and different purification methods and a variety of processes (see ammonia).

Baidu Encyclopedia-Ammonia