The Situation of Internal Conflict and Foreign Invasion in the Central Plains in the Early Spring and Autumn Period

After the wheel of history entered the Eastern Zhou (Spring and Autumn Period), the Zhou royal family's territory was shrinking year by year, and the authority of the Son of Zhou was gradually weakening, and the situation of the Western Zhou, in which the "rites and music and conquests came from the Son of Zhou" was replaced by the "rites and music and conquests came from the vassals", was replaced by the "rites and music and conquests came from the vassals", but the Zhou royal family had some say but no command. But the Zhou royal family still has a certain right to speak, but no command.

770 BC - 679 BC, for the early Spring and Autumn period of ninety years, the Central Plains vassals more in their own domestic annexation, the subject of the king, the son of regicide, fratricide, often seen, can be described as a state of chaos. The Rong and Di tribes in the north, plundered the north and south sides of the Yellow River; the Jing Chu in the south, and destroyed the small countries in the Han River basin, the power of the Tongbai Mountains [1], the Dabie Mountains [2] north of the region, the invasion of the southern part of the Central Plains.

During this time, the following historical events took place:

King Portable of Zhou was killed. In 771 BC, because King Yu of Zhou wanted to depose Queen Shen and Prince Ji Yishu, and install Bergsia as the queen and Bergsia's son, Bo Biao, as the prince, the father of Queen Shen, Marquis Shen, contacted the Zeng state and the Injun Rong to attack King Yu, killing him at the foot of Mt. Li, and Marquis Shen, Marquis Shibi, and Duke Wen of Xu established Ji Yishu in the state of Shen as the Son of Heaven of the Zhou, i.e., Pingwang of the Zhou Dynasty. Guo Gonghan, who was a diehard follower of King You of Zhou (Guo Shifu, the father of Guo Gonghan, was the upper minister of King You of Zhou), set up Ji Yuchen as the son of Zhou, i.e., King Portable of Zhou, thus forming a situation of "two kings standing side by side". In 750 B.C., Marquis Wen of Jin, in order to curry favor with King Ping of Zhou and covet the land on the west bank of the Yellow River, suggested to King Ping of Zhou, "There are no two kings in heaven, and there are no two kings in a country. Although King Ctrip was the brother of the previous king, he claimed to be the king without the recognition of the lords, which was really a treason, and the Son of Heaven should suppress him". Thus, Marquis Wen of Jin attacked and killed King Cangtang, ending the 20-year reign of the two kings. Strictly speaking, the last king of the Western Zhou Dynasty was King Portable of Zhou.

Conflict between Zhou and Zheng. The state of Zheng was initially founded in Huaxian County (Huazhou District, Weinan City, Shaanxi Province), a vassal in the gui, and not completely independent of the vassal state, Duke Huan of Zheng moved the state of Zheng to Henan Province in 774 BC, and built the capital in Zheng, the state of Zheng became a medium-sized vassal outside the gui from a vassal in the gui. In 771 BC, Inu Rong captured Haojing, Duke Huan of Zheng was killed together with King Yu of Zhou, and Duke Wudong of Zheng inherited his father's position as a minister. On the one hand, Duke Wudong of Zheng escorted King Ping of Zhou to move eastward to Luoyi, and on the other hand, he further carried out the attack on the state of Guo and Kuai in the east, and annexed the neighboring eight counties of Yanyan, Mian, Pian, Dan, Yi, Tao, Li, and Xin, which caused serious anxiety and dissatisfaction of King Ping of Zhou. In order to curb Zheng, King Ping of Zhou began to favor Guo Gong Ji Fu and privately appointed Guo Gong Ji Fu and Zheng Zhuang Gong (in 744 BC, Zheng Wu Gong died and Zheng Zhuang Gong succeeded to be the ruler of Zheng) as ministers at the same time in order to share the power of Zheng Zhuang Gong, who was very dissatisfied with this, and the royal family became alienated from Zheng and mistrusted each other, which developed to the extent that they exchanged protagonists, and King Ping of Zhou took his son, Fox, to be a hostage of Zheng ( The king sent his son Fox to Zheng as a hostage (Fox later died in Zheng), and Zheng sent Duke Khu to stay in the royal family as a hostage, which is called "Zhou and Zheng exchange of hostages" in history.

In 720 BC, King Ping of Zhou died, and King Huan of Zhou succeeded to the throne. In order to combat the arrogance of Zheng, King Huan openly appointed Duke Guo Linfu (son of Duke Guo Jifu) to be the Minister of State to weaken the power of the Duke of Zhengzhuang, and the struggle between the royal family and Zheng turned public. In 717 B.C., Duke Zhuang of Zheng went to Luoyi to pay homage to the Son of Heaven in order to ease the conflict with the royal family, but he was coldly rejected by King Huan of Zhou, and then the incident of exchanging land with Lu and Xu happened. The Zhou and Zheng developed from "friendship and quality" to the point of "friendship and hatred". The sharp conflict finally triggered a war - the battle of Clothing.

The Battle of Clothing . In 707 BC, King Huan of Zhou exempted Duke Zhuang of Zheng from the post of secretary, Duke Zhuang of Zheng then refused to have an audience with King Huan of Zhou, in the fall of the same year, King Huan of Zhou, in order to maintain the dignity of the royal family, personally led the royal division and enlisted the army of Chen, Cai and Wei to jointly attack Zheng, while Duke Zhuang of Zheng led the army to meet the Zhou allied army in Clothing: Duke Guo Lin father commanded the right army and the Cai and Wei armies; Duke Hei shoulder of Zhou commanded the left and the Chen armies; King Huan of Zhou, as the commander-in-chief of the three armies, commanded the center army The king of Zhou, Huan, was the commander of the three armies and commanded the center army. Duke Zhuang of Zheng adopted the suggestion of Zi Yuan (Duke Tou), a doctor of Zheng, to attack the two weak flanks of the allied army of Zhou first, and then concentrate his troops to attack the central army of Zhou; Duke Zhuang of Zheng also adopted the suggestion of Gao Qumi, who dispersed the foot soldiers behind the left and right sides of the chariots, covering each other and forming the "Fuli's Formation". Both sides engaged in battle, the Chen army was routed at the first touch, fled the battlefield, the left wing of the Zhou allied army was disintegrated; Cai Zhong commanded the Zheng army to attack Cai, Wei composed of the right wing of the Zhou allied army, a little bit of exchange, Cai, Wei army have been defeated; Zhou army disturbed by the routed soldiers, the formation was in great disarray, Duke Zhenzhuang immediately waved his flag to the general attack, the Zhou army was greatly defeated and retreated, the Duke of Huan himself was also wounded by an arrow, and was forced to order to disengage from the battle. That night, Duke Zhuang of Zheng appointed Cai Zhong to go to the Zhou camp to console the wounded King Huan of Zhou and his generals, to show his intention to make peace with the royal family, and to ease the sharp contradiction between the two countries.

Fearing another attack by Zheng's army, King Huan of Zhou pulled out and returned to the royal court. Although Zheng was victorious, Duke Zhuang of Zheng did not pursue King Huan of Zhou for fear of being convicted of regicide.

The battle of Clothing ruined the credibility of the Prince of Clothing, and the tradition that only the Prince of Clothing had the power to make rituals and music, and to order conquests, disappeared.

***Shu Duan's Rebellion. Wu Jiang gave birth to two sons for Duke Zheng Wudong, namely, the eldest son, Yansheng, and the youngest son, Duan. Because Yansheng was born in a difficult labor and Duan was born in a smooth labor, Wu Jiang was biased in favor of Duan, but Duke Zheng Wudong, in accordance with the etiquette of the system of the succession of the first-born, refused to abolish the status of the eldest son, Yansheng, as the first-born son. In 743 B.C.E., Duke Zhuang of Zheng inherited the title of Duke of Zheng, and Wujiang asked Duke Zhuang to make Jingyi Duan's fiefdom, but Duan did not comply with the Zhou rites and expanded the walls of Jingyi, and ordered the western and northern border cities to obey his own jurisdiction in addition to the orders of the state capital, but Duke Zhuang of Zheng, who could not bear to see his brothers killing each other, ignored Duan's behavior. The Duke of Zheng Zhuang's repeated indulgence of the Duan, so that Wu Jiang and the Duan had the wrong idea, wanting to cooperate, sneak attack Zheng's capital Xinzheng, Duke Zhuang was informed of the order of the Duke Lv crusade against the Duan, the Duan fled to the country of *** (later called Duan *** uncle Duan), after the Duke Lv killed the Duan in the city of Yanyan, relocated the Duke of Zhuang's mother, Wu Jiang, in the city of Ying.

In 701 BC, Duke Zhuang of Zheng died, and Prince Hu succeeded to the throne as Duke Zhaodong of Zheng, while Duke Zhuang of Song lured Cai Zhong to the state of Song, and then coerced Cai Zhong to make Duke Tut the ruler as Duke Li of Zheng, while Duke Zhaodong of Zheng fled to the state of Wei; in 697 BC, Cai Zhong forced Duke Li of Zheng to exile, and welcomed Duke Zhaodong of Zheng to return to his country to reset the throne; in 695 BC, Gao Qu Mi shot Duke Zhaodong to death when he and Duke Zhaodong were hunting together, and installed Ziqi Zheng as the ruler; in 694 BC, Duke Ziqi Zheng was killed by a gunshot, and then was sent to the state of Wei. In 694, Zheng Ziqin was killed by Duke Xiang of Qi when he took part in a meeting of the Shuji League. After the death of Duke Zhenzhuang, his second son, Duke Khu, and Duke Tou struggled for the throne for more than 20 years, and Zheng has been in decline ever since.

Frequent regicide in Lu . The king of Zhou Ping moved east for the Duke of Lu Hui (reigned from 768 to 723 years ago), the Duke of Lu Hui in his later years for the Prince Xigu married the Duke of Song Wudong's daughter, Zhongzi, Zhongzi to the Duke of Lu Hui to see the Zhongzi looks beautiful, since the Na, and set up as a wife, gave birth to a son of Yoon, the Duke of Lu Hui was abolished Prince Xigu to Yoon for the Prince, and the Duke of Hui-Dong died, the group of ministers set up Xigu for the king of the country (at this time, the Prince Yoon is still small), that is, Duke Yin of Lu, the Duke of Lu Yin reigned (reigned 722 to 712), had joined forces with the Duke of Lu to kill the king of the country. During the reign of Duke Yin of Lu (722 BC to 712 BC), he united Qi and Zheng to attack Song and Xu, and Duke Album (huī) made a great achievement, which led to Duke Album's autocratic power in Lu. With the tacit approval of Crown Prince Yoon, Duke Album killed Duke Yinyin of Lu and set up Yoon as the king of the state, i.e., Duke Huan of Lu. After Duke Huan of Lu became the king of the state, he married the younger sister of Duke Xiang of Qi, Wen Jiang. 694 BC, Duke Huan of Lu and his wife, Wen Jiang, went to the state of Qi to hire, and they found that Wen Jiang was committing incest with his brother, Duke Xiang of Qi. So, Duke Xiang of Qi arranged for his son Peng Sheng to kill Duke Huan of Lu, leaving Wen Jiang in Qi. Duke Xiang of Qi then killed Peng Sheng to explain to Lu, and Duke Huan's first son Ji Tong succeeded to the throne as Duke Zhuang of Lu.

The Duke of Wei is in rebellion . In 735 B.C., Duke Zhuang of Wei died, and Prince Wan succeeded to the throne as Duke Huan of Wei; in 733 B.C., Duke Huan of Wei, because of his brother Zhou Yu's arrogance and extravagance, dismissed him from his post, and he fled from the state of Wei; in 719 B.C., Zhou Yu assembled a group of displaced people from the state of Wei, and plotted with Shi Hou, and killed Duke Huan of Wei, and made himself a king, which is called the Abolition of Duke Huan before Wei, and Duke Huan of Wei was also the first king of Wei in the period of the Spring and Autumn Period, and from that time on, king-slaying became a custom. From then on, regicide became a customary practice. Shi Que, a minister of the state of Wei, killed Zhou Yu and his son Shi Hou, and established Shi Que, the younger brother of Duke Huan of Wei, as the ruler of the state of Wei. In the Spring and Autumn Period, Shi Que (called Shi Hou by the historian Zuo Qiu Ming, "The pure minister who destroyed his relatives for the sake of justice!") made Ji Jin, the younger brother of Duke Huan of Wei, the Duke of Wei, the Duke of Wei; the Duke of Wei had an affair with his father, Duke Zhuang of Wei, and gave birth to a son of the Duke, Uni, whom he favored very much, and he made the Duke, Uni, the Crown Prince; but when he married a woman of Qi to the Duke of Wei, he saw a woman of Qi's appearance, and married herself, and then he killed the Crown Prince Uni, and established Duke Shuo instead; in the year of 700, the Duke of Wei passed away, and the Duke of Wei succeeded to the throne as Duke Hui. In 688 BC, Duke Xiang of Qi led a coalition of vassals to crush Wei, and escorted Duke Wei back to his country to restore his throne. In 675 BC, Duke Hui of Wei joined forces with the state of Southern Yan to attack the Zhou Dynasty, and King Hui of Zhou fled to Wenyi, and later resided in Liyi of Zheng, where the two states of Wei and Yan installed Prince Decadent, the younger brother of King Hui of Zhou, as the king (in 673 BC, the allied armies of Zheng and Guo attacked the capital of the Zhou Dynasty, killing Prince Decadent and the Five Great Doctors, and restoring King Hui of Zhou to the throne, an event historically referred to as the "Zi Decadent Rebellion"); in 669 BC, the Duke Hui of Wei died, and was succeeded by the Duke of Wei, who was named Duke Yi of Wei. In 669, Duke Wei died and was succeeded by Duke Chi, who became Duke Yi of Wei. Duke Yi of Wei only knew luxurious and lustful pleasures and preferred to keep cranes, and he even gave the cranes official positions and salaries, which led to the resentment of his subjects; in 660, Chidi attacked the state of Wei, and Duke Yi of Wei was killed in defeat. Duke Huan of Qi, who was desperate to survive, sent Duke Woujia to send his troops to support the state of Wei to guard Caoyi; in 658, Duke Huan of Qi built the city of Chuchu for the state of Wei in Chuchu, and the capital of the state of Wei was then moved from Chaogo to Chuchu, which enabled the restoration of Wei to its former statehood; After the death of Duke Wei Yi, the ministers of the state of Wei decided to appoint Duke Shen, a cousin of Duke Wei Yi, to succeed the throne in Cao Yi, as Duke Dai of Wei.

Battle of Dongmen. In 719 BC, the state of Wei Zu Yu killed Duke Huan of Wei to establish himself, under the banner of Gongsun Slide, the son of Duke Zhuang of Zheng's brother **** Shuduan, who had taken refuge in the state of Wei, and by means of bribery and the Duke of Song Zhen's dissatisfaction with the state of Zheng's acceptance of his cousin, Gong Zi Feng, they gathered the Chen, Cai, and Song states to attack the state of Zheng, and besieged the east gate of the state of Zheng, before retreating five days later. This battle was not only a continuation of the war between Zheng and Wei started by Gongsun Slide, but also started a series of battles between Duke Zhuang of Zheng and all the vassals (especially Duke Zhen of Song).

Internal strife in Jin . In 770 BC, Marquis Wen of Jin, together with Duke Wudong of Zheng, Duke Xiang of Qin, and Duke Wudong of Wei, combined their efforts to work hard for the king, and *** together they escorted King Ping of Zhou to complete the eastward relocation to Luoyi; in 750 BC, Marquis Wen of Jin killed King Crip of Zhou, ending the 20-year-long situation of the Zhou royal family of the parallel of the two kings, and stabilizing the situation in the early years of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.

Quwuo Substitute Wing: In 745 BC, Marquis Wen of Jin died, and Duke Bo succeeded to the throne as Marquis Zhao of Jin. Marquis Zhao of Jin sealed his uncle Chengshi in Quwuo, which was called Quwuo Huanshu in history, but the area of Quwuo was even bigger than the capital of Jin, which was contrary to the Zhou rituals and destroyed the hierarchical system; in 731 BC, Huanshu passed away, and his son, Quwozhuangbo succeeded him; and in 716 BC, Quwozhuangbo passed away, and his son, Quwuowu Gong succeeded to the throne; In the winter of 705 B.C. (706 B.C. in the Historical Records), the Duke of Quwowu seduced and killed the youngest Marquis of Jin, and King Huan of Zhou sent Guozhong to send his troops to crush the Duke of Quwowu and prevented the Duke of Quwowu from annexing the state of Jin, and then the King of Huan of Zhou made the younger brother of the Marquis of Jin, the Duke of Jin, the Prince of Line, the King of Jin; in the year 678 B.C., the Duke of Quwowu again attacked the Prince of Line of Jin, killed him, and then used the treasures and artifacts that were plundered and looted to bribe the new King of Zhou, who then appointed the Duke of Quwowu the King of Jin, and then the Duke of Quwowu was placed among the vassals. The king of Zhou appointed Duke Wu of Quwu as the ruler of Jin and ranked him as a vassal, and Duke Wu of Quwu was renamed Duke Wu of Jin. This historical event is called "Quwo Daiyi", or "Quwo Daijin". The usurpation of the greater power by the lesser power became the initial indicator of the breakdown of the rites and music.

The Li Ji Rebellion. In 677 B.C., Duke Wu of Jin died, and his son Ji Niu Zhu succeeded to the throne as Duke Xian of Jin; in 672 B.C., Duke Xian of Jin attacked Li Rong, and gained Li Ji and her sister, whom Duke Xian favored very much, and Li Ji plotted to alienate the feelings between Duke Xian and Shen Sheng, Chong Er, and Ego's father, son, and brother, and designed to kill the crown prince, and Chong Er fled to Puyi, and Ego fled to Quyi, and Duke Xian installed Xi Qi, the son of Li Ji, as the crown prince; Duke Xian fell critically ill, and Li Ji's son Xi Qi became the crown prince. In 669, Duke Xian of Jin, under the advice of his strategist, Shi Jianji (wěi), surrounded and killed all the former dukes of Jin (i.e. the lineage of Jinhou String) in Jinju, and named the place Jiangjiang, and built Jiangcheng City, which was the capital of Jinju.

The state of Song was in chaos. When the state of Song was passed on to Duke Zhen of Song, Kong Fujia was appointed as the Secretary of State, and Huadu was appointed as the Chief Minister. Duke Song Zhen was warlike, and although he reigned for ten years, eleven battles took place, causing the people to suffer.

In 710 BC, Huadu, who coveted the beauty of Kong Fujia's wife, killed Kong Fujia and took his wife. When the Duke of Song was informed of this, he was furious, and Huadu killed the Duke of Song. After killing the Duke of Song, Huadu, in order to be close to the state of Zheng, welcomed back the Duke of Zheng, Feng, and succeeded to the throne as Duke of Song, and during the reign of the Duke of Song, he appointed Huadu as the prime minister of the state, interfered in Zheng's state affairs, and forced Duke Zhao of Zheng to escape to the state of Wei, and installed the Duke of Zheng, Lijun, as the king, and for the next few years thereafter, there were many wars between the state of Song and the state of Zheng.

In 692 BC, Duke Zhuang of Song died, and his son, Duke Min of Song, succeeded him as Duke Min of Song; in 689 BC, Song united with Lu, Qi, Chen, and Cai to attack the state of Wei; in 684 BC, the armies of Song and Qi united to attack the state of Lu, and Lu's army defeated Song's army in the Battle of Multiple Churches; in 683 BC, Duke Min of Song, annoyed by the fight between Nangong Changwan and him over the hunting trophies, verbally abused him as a captive, and he was taken prisoner by Nangong Changwan. In 683 BC, Duke Min of Song was angry with Nangong Changwan for fighting with him over the prey, so he insulted Nangong Changwan as a captive. Nangong Changwan then resented Duke Min of Song and killed Duke Min of Song, Duke Qiumu, and Dazai Huadu, and made Duke Ziyou the ruler in 682 BC, and all the dukes of Song fled one after another.

There were frequent changes of rulers in Qi . In 698 BC, Duke Xi of Qi died, Prince Zhu Er succeeded to the throne, is the Duke Xiang of Qi, during the reign of the Duke Xiang of Qi, the barbaric, mediocre, incapable of incest with his estranged sister, Wen Jiang, sent Peng Sheng to kill his brother-in-law, Duke Huan of Lu (694 BC), and then killed Peng Sheng to account for the Lu; at that time, the state of Qi is getting stronger, the Duke Xiang of Qi, the military attack on the State of Wei, the State of Lu, the State of Zheng, and successive victories, the Duke Xiang of Qi, sent Lian called, tube to the father of the two to go to Before their departure, Duke Xiang of Qi was eating a melon, and casually said that he would send someone to replace them when the melon was ripe (this is the origin of the saying "the melon will be replaced by a certain date" and "the melon will be replaced by a certain date"), i.e., to guard the border for one year. However, after one year, Duke Xiang of Qi forgot about the agreement, and asked Lian Xiang and Guan Zhifu to guard the border for one more year. However, after one year, Duke Xiang of Qi forgot the agreement and asked Lianzheng and Guanzhifu to guard the border for one more year, and the two of them became furious, and Duke Xiang of Qi was killed by Lianzheng, Guanzhifu, and Gongsun Wuchi in 686 B.C., and Gongsun Wuchi made himself the king.

Shan Rong invaded Yan . In the 7th century BC, the Shanrong attacked Zheng, Yan, and Qi, and the Huanhou of Yan was forced to move his capital from Ji to Linyi to avoid the Shanrong's intrusion. In 664, the Shanrong wanted to cut off Yan's access to Qi, and invaded Yan on a large scale. Duke Zhuang of Yan was unable to defeat the Shanrong, and sent his men through the intermediary channels to report to Qi, and Duke Huan of Qi, with the call of "Honoring the King and Revealing the Barbarians", launched a large-scale counter-attack against the Shanrong, which finally managed to save Yan, and then Yan returned to the capital of Ji in 657. In the meantime, Duke Huan of Qi rescued Yan, paving the way for his hegemony by destroying the Shanrong, and at the same time destroying the Guzhu and Lingzhi kingdoms as well. During the reign of Duke Wu of Song (765-748 BC), a northern nomadic tribe called Changdi Ta-da invaded the state of Song, and Duke Wu of Song sent his brother, Huangfu, to lead an army to defend against them, defeating the tribesmen at Changqiu and capturing the leader of the tribes, Rims. In 616, the Changdi attacked Lu, and Lu defeated the Changdi at Chengdi in Puyang, East County, killing the Changdi chief Changzhai Qiaoru; in 607, the Changdi attacked Qi again, and the first general of Duke Huan of Qi, Prince Chengfu, captured Qiaoru's younger brother, Rongru, and decapitated him, and the people of Wei captured Qiaoru's second younger brother, Jianru, and Ta-da-Zi was about to be destroyed, and the brother of Qiaoru, Burning Ru, led the Changdi people to the area of Henan and Shanxi; and Ta-da-Zi was destroyed by the state of Jin in 594.

The Red Di invaded the land of Wang Ji. In 675, Prince Decadence joined forces with the five great warriors, namely, Banji, Bianbo, Shisu, Zhanfu, and Ziqian to attack King Hui of Zhou; in 649, Prince Zidai summoned the Rong tribes near Chengzhou to attack Chengzhou, and was met by King Xiang of Zhou, who then fled to Qi; and in 636, Zidai united with the army of Chidi and attacked Zhou, defeating the Zhou army. In both the "Rebellion of Zi Xuan" and the "Rebellion of Zi Belt", Prince Xuan and Prince Belt were both coerced by the Red Di.

Western Rong invaded Qin. During the Spring and Autumn period, the vassal states in the central plains called themselves Huaxia, and the small states or tribes in the four directions around the central plains were called Xirong, Beidi, Dongyi, and Nanban. Qin and Xirong's encounter can be said to be "long history": 824 years ago, King Xuan of Zhou appointed Qin Zhong as a doctor, so that he led the army to attack the Xirong; 822 years ago, Qin Zhong in the battle with the Xirong, defeated and killed; 821 years ago, succeeded by Duke Zhuang of Qin to defeat the Xirong, the King of Zhou Xuan of Qin Zhuang as a doctor of the Xichui, given the land of the canine mound, from then on, the state of Qin had a "name"! From then on, Qin had its own "name" and a piece of heaven and earth, and began to ascend to the stage of history; in 778 BC, Duke Xiang of Qin succeeded to the throne, and because Qin was still weak, in order to divide the Rong people, Duke Xiang of Qin married his sister Miu Weng to the Rong man, King Feng, as his wife; in 771 BC, Duke Xiang of Qin saved the Zhou Dynasty with his troops, and was appointed as a vassal; in 766 BC, because of the Western Rong besieged Inuqiu, Duke Xiang of Qin moved the capital to Zhanyi, and Qin began to advance eastward. In 750 BC, Duke Wen of Qin defeated the Western Rong and collected the survivors of the Zhou Dynasty, extending Qin's territory eastward to the west of Qishan Mountain; in the reign of Duke Mu of Qin, when the Rong invaded Qin's territory and sent Yu Yu to spy on Qin's realities, Duke Mu of Qin saw that Yu Yu was a rare talent and used the stratagem of intermediary to make Yu Yu submit to Qin; in 623 BC, Duke Mu of Qin adopted Yu Yu's plan and made Yu Yu submit to Qin; in 623 BC, Duke Mu of Qin adopted the stratagem of intermediary to make Yu Yu submit to Qin; in 624 BC, Duke Mu of Qin adopted the stratagem of intermediary to make Yu Yu submit to Qin. In 623 BC, Duke Mu of Qin adopted Yu Yu's plan and annexed twelve small states of the Western Rong, including Jin Zhu Rong, Kung (gǔn) Rong, Zhai Rong, and Yi Qu, etc. Duke Mu of Qin claimed supremacy over the Western Rong, and the state of Qin opened up a thousand miles of territory.

The power of Chu penetrated into the Central Plains. While the lords of the Central Plains were in a state of confusion, the southern state of Jingchu was also expanding its territory: it had destroyed the states of Shen and Deng, and had sent troops to the outskirts of Cai, Chen, Xu, and Zheng, and had pushed the boundaries of the state northward to the north of the Tongbai Mountains and the Dabie Mountains, so that the power of the state was deep in the heart of the Central Plains.

Tongbai Mountains: located in the border area of Henan and Hubei provinces, the northern part of its main ridge is mostly in Henan province, belonging to the western part of the Huaiyang Mountains (or Dabie Mountains in the broad sense), with a north-west-south-east direction.

Dabie Mountain: located in the border of Anhui Province, Hubei Province and Henan Province. It is connected to Tongbai Mountain in the west and extended to Tianzhu Mountain and Zhangbaling in the east, with the western section oriented northwest-southeast; and the eastern section oriented northeast-southwest. The Dabie Mountains are the watershed of the Huaihe River and Yangtze River.

Duke Xu Wen: the ruler of the state of Xu.

Guo Gong Han: the king of the state of West Guo, son of Guo Shi father.

Carrying place: located in the Western Zhou capital of Haojing near, when Ji Yu Chen lived in Shaanxi Weinan, the specific location is not known.

Ji Yuchen: son of King Xuan of Zhou, brother of King Yu of Zhou, uncle of King Ping of Zhou.

Marquis Wen of Jin: the ruler of the state of Jin.

Duke Huan of Zheng: Ji surname, Zheng clan, name You (known as Prince You before he was enfeoffed), the youngest son of King Li of Zhou, Ji Hu, the half-brother of King Xuan of Zhou, Ji Jing, the first monarch of the state of Zheng, who ruled from 806 BC to 771 BC.

Zheng: present-day Xinzheng City, Henan Province.

Duke Wu of Zheng: son of Duke Huan of Zheng, the second ruler of Zheng.

Dong Guo: In 1046 BC, King Wu of Zhou destroyed the Shang Dynasty and established the state of Dong Guo by installing Guo Zhong, the brother of King Wen of Zhou, in Ziyi (present-day Sishui Town, Xingyang City, Henan Province). In 767 BC, the state of Dong Guo was destroyed by the state of Zheng. After the fall of the Eastern State of Guo, its descendant Guo Xu was re-founded by King Ping of Zhou in Xiayang (present-day Pinglu County, Shanxi Province) and established the Northern State of Guo. In 658 BC, the state of Northern Guo was destroyed by the state of Jin.

Kuai (kuài) State: southwest of Zhengzhou City, northwest of Xinzheng and southeast of Xinmi, Henan Province, in 767 BC, Duke Wudong of Zheng destroyed Kuai State.

Guo Gong Ji Fu: the ruler of the state of Western Guo in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, a duke.

Wendi: present-day Wen County, Henan Province.

Near Luoyi: refers to the east of Luoyang city in present-day Henan province.

State of Chen: After King Wu of Zhou destroyed the Shang, he sealed Gui (guī) Man, a descendant of Emperor Shun, in Zhuno of Chen (present-day Zhecheng County, Henan Province), with the capital of Hu Xiangzhen, and later moved the capital to Wanyuqiu of Chen (present-day Huaiyang District, Zhoukou City, Henan Province), with a territory roughly in the east of Henan Province and Bozhou in Anhui Province.

State of Cai: The first king of Cai was Shudu, the brother of King Wu of Zhou (generally known as Cai Shudu), who followed Wu Geng in his rebellion and was banished by the Duke of Zhou to Guoyin. After the death of Cai Shudu, the Duke of Zhou appointed his son, Cai Zhong, to rebuild the state of Cai in Cai, present-day Shangcai County, Henan Province.

State of Wei: King Wu of the Zhou Dynasty initially appointed his half-brother Kang Shufeng in the gui land of Kanguo (northwest of present-day Yuzhou, Henan Province), so he was known as Kang Shufeng or Kang Shufeng; King Cheng of the Zhou Dynasty, Kang Shufeng was involved in the pacification of the "Three Supervisors of the Rebellion", and he was reappointed to the former capital of the Yin Shang Shang Dynasty, Chaogue (present-day Qi County, Henan Province), and established the state of Wei, which he called Kang Shufeng, and the state of Wei has successively relocated to the capitals of Chuchu (present-day Slide County, Henan Province) and Dicu. The state of Wei successively moved its capital to Chuchu (present-day Yixian County, Henan Province), Dichu (present-day Puyang, Henan Province), and Nuwang (present-day Uyang, Jiaozuo City, Henan Province).

Clothing: North of Changge City, Henan Province.

Duke Zhou Black Shoulder: great-grandson of Duke Ding of Zhou, secretary of King Huan of Zhou.

Gongzi Tou: son of Duke Zhuang of Zheng.

Gao Qumei: a great physician of the state of Zheng, who was appointed as a minister at the time of Duke Zhuang of Zheng.

Fuli's Formation: an ancient formation in which the foot soldiers were sparsely arranged around a chariot.

Cai Zhong (蔡仲): an important official of Duke Zhuang of Zheng, a minister of Zheng, a statesman and strategist.

Wu Jiang: Daughter of the king of Shen, wife of Duke Wu of Zheng.

Jingyi: about twenty miles southeast of present-day Xingyang, Henan Province.

Gongzi Lu: brother of Duke Wu of Zheng.

*** State: area northwest of Huixian in present-day Henan Province.

Yancheng: present-day Yanling County, Henan Province.

Chengying: present-day Linying County, Henan Province.

Zheng Ziqi (wěi): son of Duke Zhuang of Zheng, brother of Duke Zhao of Zheng and Duke Li of Zheng.

Shouzhi: southeast of Suixian County in present-day Henan Province.

Gongzi: Yu father, also known as Gongzi wang, was a member of the Lu clan, and was a great physician of the state of Lu at that time.

Duke Xiang of Qi: the 14th ruler of Qi.

Wen Jiang: Duke Xiang's half-sister.

Duke Pengsheng: a great physician of Qi.

Shi Hou: son of Shi Que (què), a minister of Wei.

Nan Yan state: the surname of 姞: the first king of the state, Bo Leucuo (tiáo), was a descendant of Jiguang after Emperor Xuan Yuan (轩辕) and Huangdi (黄帝), and the state of Nan Yan, founded by Bo Leucuo (tiáo), was 45 miles northeast of Yanjin (延津), Henan Province (河南), with a small place named Chengshang. This Southern Yan State was different from the Northern Yan State of the descendants of Duke Zhaogong, which had the surname Ji and was located in Hebei and Liaodong, and was originally known as the State of Place and Sequestration. Ji surname South Yan state is a small state, the birthplace is in the Joon Shui River.

Wenyi: southwest of Wen County in present-day Henan Province.

Qu (yuè) Eup: present-day Yuzhou City, Henan Province, then the capital of the state of Zheng.

Prince Decadence: uncle of King Hui of Zhou.

The Five Great Doctors: namely, the five members of the Cabinet, Bian Bo, Shi speed, Zhan father, Zi avian Zhu kneeling.

Red Dixie: A group of Dixie people during the Spring and Autumn Period, or so named because of their red clothes. Mainly distributed in the area of present-day Changzhi, Shanxi Province, and the Jin people live together, is the strongest and most influential Di tribe during the Spring and Autumn Period

Duke Wulia: Duke Huan of Qi, common son. After the death of Duke Huan of Qi, Yi Ya (Yong people, favorites of Duke Huan of Qi, chefs, the first person to open a private restaurant, the chefs are called the master), Harp Diao (eunuchs, quite favored by the Duke of Qi Huan), Wei Kaifang (Qi nobility) and other traitors, confinement of the Duke of Qi Huan, the Duke of Qi Huan died of starvation, Yi Ya, Harp Diao killed the group of officials, the establishment of the Duke Wulia for the king, Duke Xiang of Song to help the Prince Zhao reset to the throne as Duke of Qi Xiaogong, the Duke of Qi Wulia to be hanged, only three months on the throne. He was hanged and reigned for only three months.

Caoyi: present-day Niuxian County, Henan Province.

Chuqiu City: in present-day Slide County, Henan Province.

Chaoge: present-day Qi County, Henan Province.

Chuqiu: in present-day Slide County, Henan Province.

Quwo: present-day Wenxi County, Shanxi Province.

Yicheng: present-day Yicheng County, Linfen City, Shanxi Province.

Jin Kid Hou: The son of Jin Ai Hou, the ruler of Jin at that time.

Lijong: a branch of the ancient Rong people, the location is controversial, one said that the area around the Lintong District, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, and the other said that the present day Shanxi Province, Analysis of the city, between the two mountains of Wangyu.

Li Ji: the daughter of the ruler of Li Rong.

Shen Sheng: son of Duke Xian of Jin and his wife Qi Jiang, the crown prince of Jin.

Chong Er: the son of Duke Xian of Jin and Hu Ji (the daughter of the Zhai State Fox Clan, known as the Dajong Hu Ji), later Duke Wen of Jin.

Yiwu: the son of Duke Xian of Jin and Hu Ji (the daughter of the Zhai State Fox Clan, known as Xiao Rong Zi), i.e. Duke Hui of Jin, Chong Er and Yiwu were two aunt cousins, Chong Er was older than Yiwu.

Puyi: the cognizance of Chong Er, now northwest of Limit County, Shanxi Province.

Quyi: the cognizance of Yigu, now in Ji County, Shanxi Province.

Xun Xi: Duke Wu of Jin destroyed Xun State (also known as Zhen State, a vassal state located in the Fen River Valley of Shanxi Province), and gave the former land of Xun State to Yuan An, so Xun as the clan, historically known as Xun Xi, Xun Xi was a resourceful person, and was the first phase state of the state of Jin in the Spring and Autumn period with a historical record.

Rik: a minister of the State of Jin, and an advisor to Duke Xian of Jin.

Jiu: present-day South City Village, five kilometers south of Jiangxian County, Yuncheng City, Shanxi Province, known as Carriage City.

Jiang: present-day Jiang County, Yuncheng City, Shanxi Province.

Kong Fujia: the eighth-generation grandson of Weizhong, the younger brother of Weiziqi, the founder of the State of Song, and the Grand Secretary of the State of Song.

Hua Du (华督): a treacherous minister of the state of Song, the prime minister of the state of Song, and the head of the "Six Ministers".

The city of Yanzhou, Shandong Province, is located in the eastern part of the city.

Nangong Changwan: also known as Nangong Wan, a Song general who was captured at the Battle of Daiqiu and later released to his country.

Chou Mou: He was a great physician of Song at the time of Duke Min of Song.

Gongzi You: Cousin of Duke Min of Song, known as the Former Abolitionist Duke of Song.

Xiao Shu Daxin (萧叔大心): a member of the Duke of Song who was originally a minister of Xiaoyi (萧邑), and was appointed by Duke Huan of Song as a vassal state of Song for his work in quelling the civil unrest in Song.

Duke Wu said: Duke Min of Song was the younger brother of Duke Min.

Lian Zai: a great physician of Qi at the time, whose sister was the consort of Duke Xiang of Qi.

Guan Zhifu: Ji, Guan, descendant of King Mu of Zhou, Guanzhong's clan, and a doctor of Qi at that time.

Kwaiqiu: West of Linzi District, Zibo City, Shandong Province.

Gongsun Wuzhi: a male member of the Qi state, nephew of Duke Xi of Qi.

Yonglin: name of the Eup, location unknown.

Gongzi Xiaobai: third son of Duke Xi of Qi.

Ju: present-day Ju County, Shandong Province.

Shanrong: a branch of the Northern Rong, the state in Lingzhi, also known as Lizhi. West of Yan, southeast of Qilu, the border between the three countries.

Thistle: modern Beijing.

Lin Yi: modern Rongcheng, Hebei Province.

Lulong County, Hebei Province.

Lingzhi: present-day Qian'an, Qiangxi, and the northern part of Luanxian County, Hebei Province.

Changdi: Changdi, also known as "Changzhai", or Ta-da, was an ethnic minority tribe during the Spring and Autumn Period, which once belonged to the Chidi and formed the state of Beidi. The name of the tribe was Ta-zi, and its capital was the ruins of Dicheng (狄城) in Gaocheng Town, Gaocheng County, Shandong Province, about two miles northwest of the city.

Changqiu: South of Fengqiu County, Henan Province.

Prince Decadence: uncle of King Hui of Zhou.

Prince Band: son of King Hui of Zhou.

Qin Zhong: the ruler of the state of Qin at that time.

Zhanyi: present-day Long County, Shaanxi Province.

Xichui: present-day Dabaozi Mountain in Li County, Gansu Province.

Yu Yu: one says that he was a native of Jin, the fifteenth grandson of Tang Shuyu, the son of King Wu of Zhou, and the great-grandson of Marquis E of Jin; the other says that he was a descendant of Ji Yuchen, the king of the Crip of Zhou, who fled to Rongdi for refuge.