When did the apprenticeship education in Europe reach its peak?

Apprenticeship education in Europe reached its peak in 14 ~ 16 century, which is the era of European cultural renaissance.

Renaissance, as an ideological emancipation movement to promote the emerging bourgeois culture, laid a solid foundation for the budding development of early capitalism in the process of communication, and also accumulated original wealth for the early bourgeoisie.

Renaissance originated in Italy, and then spread from the Mediterranean coast to the Atlantic coast, where famous cities appeared, such as Rome, Florence, Venice and Holland.

Capitalist industry and commerce began to prosper, and capital began to pour into the pockets of the emerging bourgeoisie, which provided the necessary conditions for simultaneously opening up a new line, religious reform and future bourgeois revolution or reform.

Leonardo da vinci, a famous Renaissance painter, and Donatello, a sculptor, were both outstanding figures trained by apprentices.

A representative figure of the European Renaissance

Italian representatives: poets Dante and Petrarch, philosophers Erasmus and Machiavelli, writers Boccaccio, painters Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael, sculptor Michelangelo, architect Filippo Brwnelle-Schi, musicians Palestrina and Lasso;

2. Spanish representatives: writer Cervantes and dramatist Lope de Vega;

3. German representative: Diu Lei;

4. French representative: essayist Montaigne and novelist rabelais;

5. British representatives: writer Shakespeare and philosopher Thomas Moore.

Extended data

1, Renaissance

Renaissance refers to a European ideological and cultural movement that reflected the requirements of the emerging bourgeoisie from the14th century to the16th century.

At that time, people thought that literature and art had been highly prosperous in the classical era of Greece and Rome, but declined and disappeared in the "dark age" of the Middle Ages, and it was not until the14th century that it was "reborn" and "revived", so it was called "Renaissance".

Renaissance first rose in Italian cities, then spread to western European countries, and reached its peak in the16th century, which brought a period of scientific and artistic revolution and opened the curtain of modern European history, and was regarded as the dividing line between the Middle Ages and the modern. Renaissance is one of the three major ideological liberation movements in modern western Europe (Renaissance, Reformation and Enlightenment).

2. Apprenticeship system

Apprenticeship was a system that exploited young workers in workshops, businesses and factories in old China. The apprentices are of different ages, and most of them are very young.

People who enter factories and shops for the first time should be apprentices first. Apprentices must have shop insurance and personal insurance, pay a certain deposit or security deposit, and hold the teacher's wine. In order to protect the exploitation and oppression of apprentices by factory owners and shopkeepers, an "apprenticeship contract" or "guarantee" should be made for the factory owners or shopkeepers, which generally states that "only the factory owners can use it, and I am not allowed to quit" and "no matter whether I die or not, I will not pay back the money".

3. Traditional apprenticeship

The traditional apprenticeship system is sometimes called "apprenticeship system" or "manual apprenticeship system", which refers to the art dissemination activities in which the master and the apprentice worked together in workshops or shops before the emergence of modern school education, and the apprentice acquired knowledge or skills under the guidance of the master. This activity is a highly situational learning method. Apprentices observe the master's practices in the real workplace, perceive and capture the master's knowledge and skills, and then implement them under the guidance of the master and gradually learn.

4. Modern apprenticeship

Modern apprenticeship is a mode of educating people jointly promoted by enterprises and schools, and its educational objects include both students and employees of enterprises. For them, studying is employment, part time in enterprise production and part time in school. Therefore, students and employees can receive corresponding wages from enterprises. However, as a new model, enterprises and schools need to formulate corresponding personnel policies to support promotion.

5. Cognitive apprenticeship

Cognitive apprenticeship refers to the combination of the core technology of traditional apprenticeship with school education, so as to cultivate students' cognitive skills, that is, the ability to think, solve problems and deal with complex tasks required by expert practice. In this mode, learners learn in a certain field by participating in expert practical activities and social interaction.

References:

Baidu Encyclopedia-Renaissance

References:

Baidu encyclopedia-apprenticeship system

References:

Baidu encyclopedia-traditional apprenticeship

References:

Baidu encyclopedia-modern apprenticeship

References:

Baidu Encyclopedia-Cognitive Apprenticeship