How do I so difficult to understand the conditioned reflex learning theory, which the integration of the master to help me open the way to open the way, ps, the best is a psychology major, do not baid

How do I so difficult to understand the conditioned reflex learning theory, which the integration of the master to help me open the way to open the way, ps, the best is a psychology major, do not baidu 1, behaviorist view of human nature. Conditioned reflex theory, is the basic theory of behaviorist psychology, but also one of the three major learning concepts of educational psychology, the basic theory of behaviorist view of learning. Therefore, to understand this, we must first understand the basic idea of behaviorism (human nature view): in the view of traditional behaviorism, human beings are an instinctive creature like an animal, like a machine, which can be arbitrarily shaped, manipulated, and altered in its behavior through the intervention of the external environment. Therefore, traditional behaviorism does not look at the inner mental process changes, only care about the external behavioral changes, once caused controversy: this is still considered psychology or not?

2. Basic principles. Based on the above basic concepts, although there are several categories of conditioned reflex theory, the basic principle is similar: in the instinctive response based on the conditioned stimulus and continuous reinforcement, in order to establish or change the process of behavior. It's like when you're eating, why are your favorite dishes more pleasing to the eye? Because there is an instinctive response (eating tastes good) as the basis, in which a conditioned stimulus is implanted (see the dish before eating), and then constantly reinforced (often see the dish before you eat it), so eventually it becomes even before you have eaten in your mouth, there is already a very favorite performance. And the different conditioned reflex theory, but the form of the difference;

3, the classical conditioned reflex theory. It is also the most traditional theory of conditioned reflexes. The principle is to implant a signal of conditioned stimulus (CS) on the basis of unconditioned reflex (instinctive response UCR), and then to be continuously and repeatedly strengthened, and finally formed a conditioned reflex response (CR). As mentioned above, human eating seems to be instinctive behavior, but after all, will be color, aroma, taste, in fact, there has been a conditioned reflex reinforcement process, not like animals eating that really is just to satisfy the mouth and stomach. Therefore, this is why Pavlov could not take a living person who already had mature behavior to do experiments, but to use Siberian sled dogs. In the dog's classical conditioned reflex experiments, the first bell is the conditioned stimulus (CS), eating meat is the basis of the unconditioned reflex (UCR), constantly in the dog to eat before hearing the bell signal is the process of reinforcement, and finally the dog hears the bell will produce the behavior of saliva secretion. The formula is "Stimulus-Response (S-R)";

4, operant conditioning. The classical conditioned reflex is operated under the experimenter's pre-set pattern, which is more subjective. Whereas human beings are autonomous conscious animals with active behavior. Therefore, on the basis of Pavlov, the American psychologist Skinner created the theory of "operant conditioning". The principle is the same as the classical conditioned reflex, but the difference is that he let the experimental subject to produce an unintentional behavior, and then add the instinctive unconditioned stimulus and continuous reinforcement, so as to increase or decrease the behavior. For example, if a rat unintentionally touches a pedal and food falls, and then the process of reinforcing this behavior is repeated, the rat will massively increase the behavior of stepping on the plate. On the other hand, it is also possible to give the rat a punishment (e.g., electrocuting it) when it inadvertently steps on the pedal in order to make it decrease and not dare to step on the board again. The order of the whole process is exactly the opposite of classical conditioning: spontaneous behavior and then stimulation, so it is a theory based on autonomous learning, which is expressed by the formula "Response - Stimulation (R-S)";

5. Observational Learning (Social Learning) Theory. The first two theories of conditioned reflexes are based on stimuli that are directly aimed at the object. And then the psychologist Bandura found that even without directly loaded stimuli, as long as the observation of external role model examples, the same effect can be to establish and change the conditioned reflex response. Bandura famously conducted an experiment to this end: small children were confronted with a pile of dolls. After watching a video of the dolls being smashed, they immediately learned to mimic the behavior. But in this process need to go through four processes "attention - retention - reproduction - motivation". The last process, in particular, is the key to further enhancement and expansion of behaviorist psychology: the key to sustaining the acquired behavior is to see the reward. It could be that someone else is rewarded for doing it, or it could be that one's own praise or reward for reproducing the behavior previously can greatly enhance the motivation for the behavior. As a result, Bandura put forward the concept of "self-efficacy (self-confidence)", but also behaviorism from the traditional focus on the environment determines the behavior, towards the beginning of the emphasis on people's internal cognitive beliefs, since then, the new behaviorism was formally formed;

6, generalization. The phenomenon of generalization exists in all three major conditioned reflexes. The so-called generalization, that is, the individual can not identify similar stimuli, so that when with the experiment when similar stimuli appear, will also produce a conditioned reflex response. For example, in the classical conditioned reflex, when you form the conditioned reflex behavior to KFC, you see McDonald's, Texaco and other similar fast food will also have the same reaction; in the operant conditioned reflex, the most typical example is "once bitten by a snake, ten years afraid of the well rope"; in the observation and learning, when a child sees people In observational learning, when a child sees people smashing dolls and then get praise, even if it is not the same as the doll in the video, it will make him have the urge to go to smash;

7, abatement. The three major conditioned reflexes also exist in the phenomenon of fading. The so-called fade, that is, after a period of time without reinforcement, the conditioned reflex behavior will naturally reduce, to return to the natural state of the phenomenon before the experiment. For example, in classical conditioning, if you are no longer able to eat your favorite dish for medical reasons. Although initially every time you see it will still feel very like, but over time because you have not been able to eat it will be tasteless; in the operant conditioning, when touching the snake, but it no longer bites itself, and over time will not be afraid of; in the observation of learning, if a period of time do not see the scene of smashing dolls, and slowly will no longer have to smash the behavior. It is generally believed that the phenomenon of extinction is a kind of individual in order to maintain their own natural state of reaction;

8, application. Understand the theory of conditioned reflex, then can explain many phenomena in the specific learning. You can try to use these theories to explain the process of their own classroom learning, and thought why learning will encounter obstacles, how to improve learning efficiency and so on.