Energy-saving design principles of bionic buildings?

Architectural bionics studies architecture from the perspective of bionics, simulates the process of its activity, perception, regulation and control, and then develops corresponding architectural technology, thus solving some problems in architecture and urban planning, coordinating the relationship between architecture and environment, and creating an ecological architecture that is integrated with nature to maintain ecological balance. Among them, what is the principle of bionic building energy-saving design? The following is an introduction to the principle of bionic building energy-saving design brought by building network for reference.

Energy-saving design principle of bionic building

WernerNachtigall, a famous German bionic scientist, put forward "bionic design principles suitable for functional modeling" in his book "PatternofNature", including: integration rather than additional structure, overall optimization rather than component maximization, multi-function rather than single function, fine-tuning of environment, energy saving, direct and indirect utilization of solar energy, full circulation rather than unnecessary garbage accumulation, network connection rather than linear connection, etc. The design principle of bionics has brought some beneficial enlightenment to the energy-saving design of buildings.

Overall optimization principle

Inspired by the prismatic structure of crystal and honeycomb, American architect Fuller proposed that "there is a system in the world that provides maximum strength with the smallest structure, and its overall performance is greater than the sum of its parts". Based on the principle of "less money and multiple functions", he designed the most efficient DymaxionHouse and assembled the spherical dome. Foster and Graeme Shaw benefited from Fuller's direct guidance and became models of high-tech architects in resource-optimized architectural design.

In 1960s, German architect Otto organized a research group on "Bio-architecture" to explore the efficient application of materials and environmentally friendly buildings. Otto also advocated "Lessis More", and Otto paid attention to the overall optimization of resources. Otto believes that his architectural creation inspiration comes not from form, but from efficient biological adaptability. With the development of materials science, Otto's efficient cable-membrane structure has been widely used in the world.

Adaptive principle

Adaptability is an active survival strategy formed by the long-term evolution of organisms to adapt to the surrounding environment. Animals teach us how to cope with high temperature or low temperature, and plants show us how to cope with the survival mode of sunlight radiation, both of which provide brand-new treatment methods for resisting bad weather.

It is very advantageous to apply this method to architecture. For example, TrombeWalls has been developed, which uses the principle of thermosiphon/temperature difference cycle to circulate heat by using natural hot air or water, thus reducing the load of heating system. In cold season, the wall can use its own ability to collect solar radiation to heat the air or water in the cavity. Fresh air enters the cavity from the bottom of the wall and enters the room after being heated by hot air or water, so that hot air circulates indoors. This kind of external wall system was adopted in the student apartment of Youth Education Institute designed by Thomas Herzog. When the outdoor air is only 8℃ in winter, the indoor air can reach 20℃ without heating.

Multifunctional principle

In a sense, people have three layers of skin. 1 layer is the natural skin of human body, which will sweat when it is hot and get goose bumps when it is cold, and the environment can be fine-tuned in different ways; The second layer is people's clothes. With the alternation of four seasons, people can add or subtract clothes to adapt to the changes of seasons. The third floor is the skin of the building. In the past, the skin of buildings was rigid and did not change with the seasons. However, in the study of bionics, architecture is no longer just an incubator. In addition to passive thermal insulation to prevent heat loss, we should also actively use solar energy; In winter, we should fully absorb sunlight during the day and prevent heat loss at night; In summer, it is necessary to meet the requirements of heat protection. The multifunctional principle of bionics provides an idea to meet these multiple needs.

The bioclimate buffer layer is a typical multifunctional strategy. It refers to the establishment of a buffer zone between the building and the surrounding ecological environment through the combination relationship between building groups, the organization of building units and the design of various details of the building, so as to prevent the influence of various extreme climatic conditions on the room to a certain extent, and at the same time strengthen various microclimate adjustment means required by users. The bioclimate buffer layer can be as large as streets, squares and other spaces, or it can be the external maintenance structure of buildings, or it can be as small as the detailed structure of buildings. Double skin glass curtain wall is the concrete embodiment of the design principle of bioclimatic buffer layer. This new thin and transparent skin structure can ensure enough sunshine indoors during the day in winter, thus realizing the passive utilization of solar energy efficiently. At night, in addition to the insulating glass, the closed special metal louver is equivalent to adding a layer of insulation layer, which effectively prevents the loss of indoor heat. In summer, the air rising in the cavity due to hot pressing can bring the heat absorbed by the metal louver to the window. By adjusting the special sunshade components between the double curtain walls, it can also play the role of sunshade and thermal reflection, thus realizing the passive cooling of the building.

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