What are the places where Koreans with China nationality are concentrated? What are their customs?

China and North Korea are neighbors separated only by water. Since ancient times, the two peoples have crossed the border from time to time. In modern times, due to various reasons, a large number of Korean people moved to the northeast of China, where they worked, lived and multiplied, making great contributions to the development of the northeast frontier. The Korean immigrants described in this paper include not only migrants and floating population, but also Koreans who have joined China nationality and Koreans who have not joined China nationality.

First, the social groups of new immigrants in Northeast China

1840 opium war smoke and 1876 jianghua treaty signed, respectively, ended the era of China and North Korea's closed doors, forced to open their doors and began to enter the modern society. The former gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, while the latter became a colonial society. Since modern times, a large number of Korean immigrants have moved to China. This process can be roughly divided into three main stages:

The 1 stage was from the Opium War of 1840 to Japan's annexation of Korea of 19 10. During this period, Korean immigrants who moved to the northeast of China were mainly free immigrants who sought a livelihood because of "the land was sour and the people were thick" and "frequent disasters", and initially formed villages and market towns where Korean immigrants lived. The second stage is from the merger of Japan and South Korea in 19 10 to the September 18th Incident in 193 1 0. During this period, Korean patriots mainly migrated to China, forming a Korean group living in the northeast of China with Yanji, Dandong and other cities as the center. The third stage is from the September 18th Incident in 193 1 year to the August 15th recovery in 1945, mainly due to the forced migration of Japanese imperialism. At this time, from south to north, a North-East Korean settlement was formed. 1945 after the recovery of the "August 15", some people who were forced to emigrate or relocate due to domestic political reasons in North Korea returned to the Korean peninsula; The ethnic group who stayed in China, with the free immigrants who moved in 1 as the backbone, and those who moved in and permanently lived in China in the second and third stages and joined China nationality as the main body, formed the Korean nationality in China.

In the course of a hundred years, the growth of Korean immigrants in Northeast China is roughly as follows: 1845- 1880, with an average annual growth of about 500-600 people; 188 1- 1909, ranging from thousands to tens of thousands; 1910-1918 is about 2 1 1,000 people; 19 19- 1930 is about17,000 people; 193 1- 1936, about 4 100 () people; During the period of 1937- 1945, there were about 94,000 people in Sichuan. Korean immigrants moved to the northeast of China and had several climaxes. 1 Time: 19 After the 1960s, unprecedented floods, early disasters and insect disasters occurred frequently in North Korea, and hungry people fled to the northeast of China to survive. The second time was 19 10. After the merger of Japan and South Korea, the number of Korean immigrants "supporting the elderly and helping the young and moving to Manchuria" increased day by day, while most of the tens of thousands of patriots fled overseas every year, and thousands of children every year "L2l", which formed a rare trend of ethnic population migration in history; The third time is 1935 to 1944. In order to divide the "Glorious Circle of Greater East Asia" and turn the northeast of China into a grain base and a military rear area for expanding its aggression, Japan adopted a compulsory immigration policy, so that a large number of Koreans moved to the northeast of China in the form of groups, assemblies and dispersion. According to incomplete statistics, from 1937- 1944, 30,856 households and147,744 Koreans were forcibly immigrated to the northeast by Japan [3]. During the period of 10, Korean immigrants in Northeast China grew the fastest. Generally speaking, the flow and migration of Koreans to the northeast has never stopped and has been growing rapidly.

The migration process of Korean immigrants to the northeast of China is different, and the general migration routes are as follows: First, migration across the Yalu River; The second is to transfer population through Tumen River; The third is to move people from coastal States and West Britten areas across the Wusuli River or Heilongjiang. The migration process of Koreans in China is also a natural distribution process, gradually forming three immigrant groups with Yanbian as the center and along the Yalu River, Tumen River and Suifenhe River basins from south to north, and gradually extending to the north and west, and then migrating and spreading to the northeast. Widely distributed, almost all over the northeast, with Jilin Province as the most, and Yanbian area of Jungle Province as the most. Take 1934 as an example: Kendo Province 42 1950, Suidong Province 83930, Fengtian 92703, Jinzhou Province 929 1, Jilin Province 368 10 and Sanjiang Province145/kloc. There are 853 people in North Xing 'an Province, III people in West Xing 'an Province, 248 1 person in Guandong County [4 1o 1929], and 597,677 immigrants from Northeast Korea, including 388,976 from Yanbian (5 1). North Korean immigrants in northeast China mainly live in rural areas and small market towns. According to statistics, in 1936, the population of North Korean immigrants in North Hebei, Qiqihar, Fengtian and other northeastern cities 12 was only 339 12, while the total population of North Korean immigrants in that year was 8759).

Koreans are good at planting paddy fields, so their migration and distribution are mostly in river alluvial plains or river valleys and Hetao plains. Korean immigrants in Liaoning Province are mainly distributed in Yalu River, F River and Liaohe River Basin. Korean immigrants in Jilin Province are mainly distributed in Tumen River, the middle and upper reaches of Yalu River and the upper reaches of Mudanjiang River. Korean immigrants in Heilongjiang Province mainly live in Suifenhe, the middle reaches of Mudanjiang, Songhua River, Nensha _ and other river basins. As immigrants, most Korean immigrants live along the railway with convenient transportation. 1929, the total population of North Korean immigrants in Northeast China was 5 19276, and there were 39 people with 53 1 person along the Nanman Railway [7 10], forming a distribution pattern of "big mixed residence and small settlement". According to 19 10- 1926 Korean immigrants, the total population is 296,940, 126974 lives in Yanbian, and 1 1324 lives in Tonghua, Sanshui and Kuandian.

Judging from the sources of Korean immigrants living in the northeast, in modern times, Korean immigrants from the northeast of China originally came from the poor North-South Road of Ping 'an, Korea and North-South Road of Jing Xian. As a result of the policy of "the old people colonize the fresh and the fresh people colonize the full", there are more and more landless farmers in North Korea, so more and more farmers from North and South Korea moved to the northeast of China. Generally speaking, geographically close to the Yalu River and Tumen River north of the Korean peninsula, there are many immigrants from northern Korea and few immigrants from southern Korea. In the north-central part of northeastern China, which is farther away from the Korean peninsula, there are more immigrants from South Korea and fewer immigrants from North Korea.

As far as the occupational structure is concerned, before the merger of old Korea, Korean immigrants moved to China because of poor livelihood, mostly farmers. However, after the merger of Laos and Korea, political factors became a very important reason for moving people. Therefore, the immigrants in this period were not limited to farmers, but also included workers, intellectuals, soldiers and other people from all walks of life, but the main body was still farmers. For example, 1937 North Korean immigrants' occupational status in northeast China is as follows: agriculture and animal husbandry 527435, commerce 40554, industry 30028, mining 5327, aquaculture 5430, transportation 5097, government employees 7586, military organs 209, Lu Haijun 132, and education 365438. There are 593 artists, religion 156 1 1, other occupations121,housework 62825, unemployed children and the elderly 5013 [9].

Judging from the change of class structure, most Korean immigrants in Northeast China are working people, mostly poor farmers and workers. Taking the change of the class structure of Korean peasants in Yanbian area as an example, the proportions of landlords, yeomen, yeomen and tenants in 1927 were 8%, 36%, 32% and 24% respectively, and in 1934 they were 0.5%, 25%, 25.5% and 49% respectively [L00 Initially, Korean immigrants moved to the northeast, which broke the original concept of "settling in the land", but weakened the original clan group strength of immigrants. Everyone wants Qi Xin to work together to open up wasteland and expand land. Generally, they should organize mutual help deeds such as "crossing wasteland", "Dulie" and "Pinaxi". After the 1920s, with the increasing trend of farmers' tenancy in North Korea, the title deed has undergone structural changes, from single to multiple, from simple to complex. On the basis of retaining the original organizational forms such as "cattle contract" and "agricultural property contract". In the form of karma, "carpenter's deed" and "stonemason's deed" were established. Organized the "door deed" by blood; The "cave contract" formed by geopolitical relations. In order to facilitate management, marriage contract, funeral contract, scholarship contract and night school contract have been established, which are used to educate and promote learning, weddings and funerals, and help the poor. With the penetration of commodity currency, the management mode and operation mode of "contract" have changed accordingly. The original "contract" with free mutual labor has been replaced by monetary compensation. The difference between cultivated cattle and non-cultivated cattle is often compensated and offset by cash. In addition, various forms of mutual assistance require members to pay a "lease fee" and lend the "deposit" of the "lease" to members of the organization at a certain interest rate for public welfare undertakings. This is conducive to the flow of funds and relieves the shortage of production and living funds. With the further development of commodity economy, Qi established political, economic and cultural ties among immigrants, formed a relatively stable social order, and expanded the social groups of Korean immigrants. .

Second, the economic and cultural life of Korean immigrants in northeast China.

In the early days of immigration, Korean immigrants still retained some traditional customs, such as rice and spicy cabbage as the staple food, white or light-colored clothes, eating more cotton and linen, dog meat, cold noodles, cakes and pickles. Their houses basically keep the traditional form of single room, double room and three rooms, and they like folk sports activities such as swinging and wrestling. At the beginning of the 20th century, Korean immigrants from the northeast of China lived in the social environment of China in transition, and the social life of Korean people also changed. For example, before the end of 19, Korean men generally lived in Dai Li. After the 20th century, people began to wear suits, western felt hats, student hats and caps. Before the 20th century, Korean men and women mainly wore sandals, Ma Xie and clogs. In 1930s, they began to wear rubber shoes and leather shoes. Clothes have also changed from a single white material to a variety of colors. On the hairstyle, young men began to keep their hair, while young women began to have a perm. Generally speaking, the family structure has gradually changed from a big family with four generations living under one roof to a nuclear family dominated by a couple. In the early days of Korean immigrants, their customs and habits still left a strong trace of feudal ethics and superstition. For example, the extended family system, patriarchal clan system, concubine system, male superiority and female inferiority. By the beginning of the 20th century, the Korean people had launched the cultural enlightenment movement, opposed the absolute authority of parents, early marriage and arranged marriage, abolished concubinage, advocated equality between men and women, and gradually abolished the bad habits of husbands abandoning their wives at will, forbidding women to remarry, not sharing seats with men and women, and women not going out at will. In short, the Korean people have gradually developed and formed their own folk culture and living habits by transforming the old and absorbing the new. These also enrich the folk culture in Northeast China, which is an important part of the cultural diversity in Northeast China.

The Korean people have a fine tradition of respecting teachers and attaching importance to education and developing national culture and education. As early as the eighties and nineties of 19, Koreans living in Yanbian and Dongdong Road began to set up some private schools and schools. Longjing in Yanbian has become a cultural and educational center for overseas Korean immigrants, including Koreans in northeast China and even Siberia. 1 Korea New School-Ruixun Shushu was founded in Longjing on 1906. It got rid of the disadvantages of feudal education, which was the beginning of new education and the cradle of anti-Japanese national education. Since then, many new Korean national education schools have been established in northeast China. By 19 16, there were 238 private primary and secondary schools in the three northeastern provinces with more than 63,000 students [[ii]]. During the 14 years when Japanese imperialism ruled the northeast of China, the education of Korean people in the northeast was greatly damaged by the enslavement education. However, they insisted on educating students with modern new cultural knowledge, opposed feudal ethics and morality, and opposed the enslavement education of Japanese imperialism, and developed and inherited the Korean national cultural education as [responsibility]. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the education of Korean people in Northeast China has made great progress. Taking five counties in Yanbian as an example, the number of schools in 1946 has grown to 65, with more than 98,000 students. The number of secondary education has increased from 5 during the anti-Japanese occupation to 4 1, and the number of students has reached 1. 1.0000. /kloc-More than 100,000 people have set up senior normal schools and high school classes in Pei, Yanbian, Jilin, Tonghua, Mudanjiang and other places where Korean people live in concentrated communities. On the basis of developing high school education, Yanbian University (North Korea University) was established in Yanji in April 1949. Zhibian University is a new Ukrainian university, covering many disciplines such as literature, science, medicine and agriculture. Its establishment is a monument in the history of Korean education development, and initially formed a national education network from kindergarten to university [12];

Modern Korean immigrants flowed to the northeast of China, which was basically synchronized with the development and construction of the northeast of China. They risked their lives diving to reclaim wasteland. However, the ancestors of the Korean nation braved hardships and made immortal contributions to the development and construction of this black land. According to the survey of Hunchun Land Reclamation Bureau, the cultivated land area in the border areas where Koreans live in concentrated communities has reached 27815 [13]/year; 1907 In Yanbian and Yulong, the population of Han and Manchu was only 264, while the population of Korean reached 5990, and its cultivated land area was 2550 1 [147]. North Korean fishermen not only cut through thorns, open up new territory and build new homes, but also actively try to grow rice, which is the originator of rice planting in Northeast China. However, brothers from other ethnic groups in Northeast R taught and popularized paddy field farming techniques, which rarely spread rice fields all over Northeast China. As many people said at that time: "(North Korean farmers in Northeast China) have cultivated more than 60% early, and water accounts for more than 30%. As far as paddy fields are concerned, the cultivated area of the three northeastern provinces in the decade of the Republic of China was about 400,000 mu, and the rice harvest reached 130 stone. Among them, the hard-working exchanges of Koreans account for about 80%. Its great contribution to the three provinces can be imagined', [15]. According to statistics, by the 1920s, there were 85% paddy fields in Yanbian 1009, Tonghua, Heilongjiang100, 90% paddy fields in Kaiyuan, X Province, 85% paddy fields in Yingjing and Shenyang, 80% paddy fields in Fushun and 70% paddy fields in Dandong. Morning Post 1845, more than 80 farmers from Chushan County, North Pyongan Province, North Korea entered Lianjiang and planted rice in Xiajiahe River in Hunjiang River Basin and Taipingshao in Kuandian County, which was the earliest record of paddy field development in northeast China in modern times. /kloc-in 0/87, Korean immigrants tried to plant two kinds of rice in Xiadianzi, Huanren County, Liaoning Province, and achieved success. 1883, Jinhua Tour and other Korean fish immigrants in Xiaowangou, Tonghua, also succeeded in planting rice in Liuhe Sanyuanpu. Soon Sanyuanpu area became a famous Korean immigrant settlement and rice-producing area. With the continuous development of North Korean immigrants to the north and west, the rice planting experimental area has gradually developed to the north and west. The paddy field in Heilongjiang Province was developed late, with an area of 70,000 mu (L 17J) from the mid-1920s to the end of the 20th century. In the process of developing paddy fields, many people in North Korea built a number of water conservancy projects, which promoted the development of water conservancy irrigation technology in Northeast China. Among them, many water conservancy projects, such as Cheng Xiao main canal, Sihe main canal, Qizhi main canal, Zhengyi main canal, Fraxinus mandshurica main canal and Jianshanzi irrigation area in Mulan County, Heilongjiang Province, are still in use. Korean immigrants actively introduced and planted new rice varieties in Northeast China, mainly including Hongguangtou, Hongmaozi, Wannian, Dayuan, Tiantai, Qingsheng, Beihai, Sapporo Chiji and Oda Shiro. Korean immigrants not only brought Korean-style rice planting technology to the northeast, but also improved the original rice planting technology according to local conditions according to the climate and soil quality in the northeast, and created rice planting technology in cold areas that adapted to the natural conditions in the northeast. In this way, the rice yield has been greatly improved. 192 1 year The paddy field area in Manzhouli is 30,323, and the rice output is 939,920 tons [1g]. By 1930, the paddy field area in Manzhouli was 98 140, and the rice yield was 1540 350 tons [19]. Korean immigrants came to the northeast to develop paddy fields and grow rice. People in Northeast China saw and ate "Xixi fresh cream" (what people called rice at that time), which enriched people's diet structure. The most important thing is to rewrite the history that there was no rice planting and cultivation in Northeast China in modern times, change the single planting structure mainly in dry land, diversify agricultural planting, greatly improve grain output, and promote the construction of commodity grain base in Northeast China.

Influenced by the traditional concept of "attaching importance to agriculture and restraining commerce", Korean immigrants came to the northeast of China, which was impacted by the relationship between local and foreign capitalist commodity economy and experienced the development process of industry and commerce from scratch. Take Dandong as an example, 1927 has 10 many Korean industries, and 1939 has 10 many Korean industries. In terms of business, since 1927, Dandong has 9 Korean trading companies, 18 stores, 5 hotels, 8 restaurants and 1 barber shops, and nearly 100 enterprises were established in 1939. During this period, due to the migration of workers and businessmen from many Korean cities, some small towns with national characteristics, mainly Koreans, were formed in Northeast China. Commodity exchanges in these small towns are becoming more and more frequent, and the national economy is developing day by day. Yanbian has agricultural products and handicrafts exchange and distribution centers such as Longjing, Nanyang Ping, Erdaogou and Baicaogou, and has formed North Korea Street in Hunchun, Kuandian, Xinbin, Linjiang and Ji 'an counties. It laid a foundation for the development of cities with ethnic characteristics in Northeast China and the establishment of regional ethnic autonomous areas in the future. At this time, the trade of Korean immigrants in Northeast China is mainly with Russia and Japan, and the trade volume is also increasing. Take Yanbian as an example, the total export value of 1925 is less than 4 million yuan, and that of 1927 is 9,287,052 yuan [2 1 10]. Although the economic development of Korean immigrants in this period has a strong colonial color, it objectively strengthened the ties between regions and promoted the economic development of Saskatchewan in Northeast China.

Third, the socio-economic and cultural characteristics of new immigrants in Northeast China

In the long-term social production and activities, Korean immigrants in modern Northeast China inherited and developed their own cultural traditions and formed their own economic and cultural characteristics due to the specific historical environment and the influence of other nationalities and countries.

1. Korean immigrants are mostly concentrated in large and small river basins and plain areas. This is mainly because immigrants come from farmers, engaged in agriculture and are good at growing rice. At the same time, most of them live along and around the railway, which is convenient for migration and mobility. Living relatively concentrated, with strong national centripetal force and cohesion.

2. Korean immigrants in the northeast of China have a strong sense of national self-improvement. A few Korean immigrants were1farmers and victims who went bankrupt under the rule of the Li dynasty from the middle of the 7th century to the 1960s, that is, refugees. Most of them were forced into exile among the conquered peoples in China from 65438 to 1990s. 1876 After Japanese imperialism forced the Li Dynasty to sign the Treaty of Jianghua Island, especially after Korea was annexed by Japan in 19 10, a large number of immigrants, as pioneers in modern Northeast China, showed the perseverance of the Korean nation in their indomitable anti-Japanese struggle.

3. Have dual patriotic feelings and consciously shoulder dual missions. Since modern times, Korean immigrants have undertaken the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggle together with the people of China. One of these struggles is to strive for the national independence of Korea as a Korean nation; First of all, as a minority living in China, they fought to defend the territory of China. In short, the Korean people shoulder the second term of fighting for Korean independence and China's liberation. In the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggle in China, the Korean people gradually linked their destiny with the future of the China revolution, and in the struggle against communist party, they established and strengthened flesh-and-blood ties with the Han nationality and other ethnic groups. The Korean people have shown great revolutionary enthusiasm in all previous revolutionary movements. They gave their precious lives and made positive contributions to the liberation of the Chinese nation and the establishment of new China.

4. North Korean immigrants flowed into the northeast of China, which basically kept pace with the development of the northeast. Since the end of the Qing Dynasty, the opening of the ban in Northeast China has provided favorable objective conditions for the flow of Korean immigrants and immigrants entering the customs. Due to the special humanistic environment and historical conditions of the immigrant society in Northeast China, it has laid a solid foundation for the life and settlement of Korean immigrants. The cultivation of cattle and apple pears in North Korea is well known, especially their pioneering work in the agricultural development of rice in Northeast China, which has made great contributions to the development of Northeast China.

The history of Korean immigrants in Northeast China in southern modern times is a history full of blood and tears, which is closely related to the specific historical and political environment in modern times. Since moving to the Korean peninsula, Koreans have been subjected to national oppression and feudal exploitation by Japanese colonialists and feudal rulers in China in different historical periods, and they are in a tragic situation of "no nationality" and "no nationality". This determines that their economic level and social status are basically in the middle and lower classes. At the same time, it also forged their indomitable and indomitable will quality.

6. Northeast China is an immigrant society, which is inclusive, receptive to foreign things and easy to communicate and integrate with foreign cultures. Therefore, Korean immigrants were quickly accommodated in the northeast of China in modern times, and they were also active in the economic and cultural stage with distinctive national characteristics in the northeast of China, forming some economic and cultural regions with national characteristics. In the historical process of developing the northeast frontier, the Korean people have established close political, economic and cultural ties with other ethnic people, absorbed and assimilated each other, and some changes have taken place in their production methods and living habits.

After the Korean immigrants moved to the Northeast, most of them gradually formed the Korean nation in China, which was recognized by the China government and possessed the citizenship of China, and the Chinese nation was further enriched and developed. At the same time, most of the areas where North Korean immigrants live together are located on the border between China and Russia, such as Yanbian, Changbai, Dandong and Mudanjiang. The Korean immigrant population in these areas accounts for more than half of the Korean population in Northeast China. This special interpersonal relationship is conducive to regional economic and trade cooperation and development. The migration and mobility of population and the economic, cultural and political ties among North Korea, Japan, Northeast China and the Russian Far East have made the ties between people in Northeast Asia closer, more frequent and more extensive than at any time in history, thus opening up a broader prospect for the friendly development of Northeast Asia.

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