What are the folk customs in Zhangjiajie? Want to be more detailed

Zhangjiajie was not called Zhangjiajie earlier, but called Qingyan Mountain. At that time, there was no family named Zhang on Qingyan Mountain. Why was it later called Zhangjiajie? This matter has to start with Han Liang!

According to legend, Liu Bang, the Emperor Gaozu, killed the heroes after pacifying the world. Sean, Liu Hou, thought of a sentence that Han Xin, Hou of Huaiyin, said before he died: "Cunning to avoid death, running dogs cook;" Birds are exhausted, and good bows are hidden; I couldn't help trembling a few times when I broke the enemy country and my adviser died, so I wanted to follow the example of Yue's stupidity and hide the Jianghu. But where to go? Entering Jianghuai is Liu's hinterland; If you want to stay in the county and seal the country, you can't stay long; Qinling Mountain, Bashan Mountain and Tiger and Leopard are in groups, which are not places for health and longevity. In the northwest, the Huns harassed him ... he thought about it and went to the south to find the red pine fairy Lord! Qu Yuan, a former doctor, was released and once visited Jingzhou and Wuling, leaving many poems for Yuan and Li Mingshan: "Yuan is wise, Li Youlan, I miss my son, but I dare not speak" and "Open up the sky! Fen I take Xi Yun Xuan "... I think there will be a fairyland on earth and fitness will be more fun, so he followed the footsteps of Akamatsu to Tianmen Mountain. Later, I climbed Qingyan Mountain. There is another world here, which is exactly what Sean is looking for. Wonderland of the world! Since then, he has lived in seclusion here, studied Taoism, and left behind his descendants. It is said that in order to make the scenery of Qingyan more beautiful, Sean planted seven ginkgo trees in the south of Qingyan Mountain. These seven ginkgo trees grow tall and big, just like seven huge umbrellas, propping up halfway up the mountain.

One day many years later, a court official named Zhang Wanchong, wearing an official robe and jacket, took a sedan chair and took his wife and children to visit Qingyan Mountain. When he saw these seven ginkgo trees standing there like giants with ulterior motives, he wanted to take these seven trees as the boundary and divide this magical land of Qingyan Mountain into his own. So he invited a sculptor and asked him to carve a big word on each tree. It took the sculptor 49 days to carve it into seven characters: "Order Zhang Wan to cross the border". After the word was engraved, Zhang Wanchong looked at the skull again. While watching, he smiled: "Hey, hey, this is great, it will always be mine!" " At present, he posted a notice with the gate board, stipulating that seven ginkgo trees are the boundary, Fiona Fang Wuli, from the collapse of gongs and drums to Huangshizhai Village, from watching the sky to the collapse of horses, all traffic is prohibited, and offenders will be beheaded. Moreover, the Zhang family in the cottage will be driven away, and Zhang Wanchong will thrive in this fairy mountain! His ban forced people around him to detour to collect firewood and graze, and Zhang was displaced with his children.

One day, hunter Zhang Jinshan hit a tiger and happened to pass under seven ginkgo trees. He saw yellow water flowing on every tree, like a tearful man. Zhang was surprised at first. He doesn't know why ginkgo trees shed tears. Later, when he saw the seven characters "Zhang Wanchong bound", he suddenly realized that he flew into a rage and suddenly pulled out his hunting knife. Chen Wenjing changed the word "Wan Chong" to "Jia Xiong" several times. "Chen Wenjing" come again a few times, and chop the signboard into pieces!

Zhang's move was serious, and people outside Zhai Zhai Zhai cheered in unison. Only Zhang Wanchong was flustered and furious. He transferred 300 Qin Bing and surrounded the Qingyan mountain area. He arrested people everywhere, searched the mountains from all directions, but failed to catch Zhang, so he took it out on the villagers. He drove the villagers to the ginkgo tree, claiming to dye seven Chinese characters with everyone's blood. At the time of crisis, I saw trees flashing, leaves spitting clouds, branches hissing, and seven barrels of yellow water spouting from the trunk, pointing directly at Zhang Wanchong's men! In an instant, the wild waves were surging and overwhelming, and Zhang Wanchong poured into Jin Bianxi with three hundred military forces! When the villagers saw this scene, they all kowtowed to the ginkgo tree in fear and prayed for God's blessing. At this moment, I heard someone sending a message on the cloud:

"Listen, villagers: this place is made in heaven and a fairyland on earth. Zhang Can Wan Chong, a black sheep, how can he be allowed to run amok! My God has ordered Ginkgo faerie to bury him at the bottom of the sea. This place belongs to Zhang * * * now, and it will exist forever! " After that, he pointed to the seven ginkgo trees and saw that the seven golden characters "Zhangjiajie, a fairyland on earth" immediately appeared on the seven ginkgo trees.

When they looked up, they saw that the immortal looked like a scholar, with a high bun on his head, dressed in linen, a childish crane face and a sage-like style. Several knowledgeable elders in the crowd were shocked when they saw it, and said, "Isn't that my father-in-law who visited Tianmen Mountain and Qingyan Mountain with Big Fairy Akamatsu?" Hearing this, the crowd quickly bowed down and prayed. The immortal waved his sleeves, smiled and hid in the vast sea of clouds, drifting away in the direction of Huangshizhai.

Because the name is lit up by the immortal Zhang, people call Qingyan Mountain "Zhangjiajie".

Jin Bianxi: After Qin Shihuang unified China, in order to consolidate his rule, he ordered the Great Wall of Wan Li to be built with huge stones. The whole country, men, women and children, applies. Empress Guanyin sympathized with the migrant workers who sold coolies, so she cut off a bunch of hair and gave each migrant worker a boulder to pull. Qin Shihuang thought that a hair could pull away a boulder. If you braid your hair, you can drive away a mountain. So he collected all his hair, woven it into a golden whip, and used it to drive mountains and build the Great Wall. It was really amazing, so he immediately named it Mountain Whip and threatened to use it to move mountains and fill the sea. The sea dragon king was angered by the upsurge of reclamation. The sea dragon king summoned the soldiers and crabs to discuss the countermeasures and make a clever plan. One day, Qin Shihuang saw a girl who looked like a big fairy and ordered her to be a concubine. Who knows this girl is the daughter of the sea dragon king? On the night of the bridal chamber, the dragon lady never left her body when she saw Qin Shihuang's mountain whip, so she asked Qin Shihuang to untie it before entering the bridal chamber. Qin Shihuang readily agreed and immediately ordered the soldiers to hold a banquet to celebrate. The dragon lady frequently toasted Qin Shihuang. After he was drunk as mud, the dragon lady replaced the mountain whip that Qin Shihuang put under his pillow with a fake gold whip and quietly returned to the Dragon Palace. Second, Qin Shihuang found that the dragon lady had disappeared and the mountain whip had changed. In a rage, she threw the fake whip and returned to Epang Palace. When the Dragon King knew about it, he sent an eagle to guard the Golden Whip, and he has been guarding it ever since. Today, this rare natural landscape amazes Chinese and foreign tourists.

Legend of South Gate: South Gate is one of the four heavenly gates in Tian Zi. According to legend, this is where the king was shot with three arrows.

According to legend, on the eve of the uprising against Dakun, he was suddenly ordered to go to Beijing and had an accident at Luoyang Palace. After escaping from danger, he vowed to kill the emperor to avenge himself.

After three years of hard training in Tianzishan, he has been able to swim with chopsticks, throw a stone lion weighing several hundred pounds into the air, catch a running goat within a hundred paces, and shoot a lark in the eye. ...

One night, an old man with a white beard in Wu Yun dreamed of him, saying that after 49 days, Shannan lined up three heavenly gates and sent L arrows from each gate, so he could take revenge on the court.

After 36 days, two Tianmen gates have been formed in the south of the mountain. His sister-in-law was eager to avenge her husband and tried her best to persuade Wang to bring up the case as soon as possible. Wang Xiang finally lost his temper, so on the morning of the 37th day, he came to the worse gate and sent an arrow while the emperor was in court. The first arrow went to a corner of the dragon case, the second arrow went through the second door and hit the dragon pillar behind the emperor, and the third arrow went out from the second door and hit the emperor's dragon crown. The emperor was so frightened that he quickly got under the table and shouted that he would arrest the assassin. Someone pulled out the tendon from the dragon crown and found the words "Xiang Dakun" engraved on it. This angered the imperial court and led to the conquest of the southern army, and the uprising failed.

Now, the two gates of the worse gate are still square and imposing. The stone peak under that door is like a gesture of shooting arrows at Dakun, and the clouds rushing into the door are even more realistic.

After three days and nights, the flood receded and the stream became clearer and sweeter. In an instant, the barren hills are green, the flowers are in bloom, the green water reflects the blue, and the blue sky reflects the green hills, just like the hosta, pearls and biro sown by the fairy. It's beautiful. Qingyan Mountain is alive again, and tourists from all over the world come to this mountain again to enjoy the scenery. An ancient poet swam all the way from Baizhangxia to Jin Bianxi, but he was fascinated by this magical mountain and beautiful water. He wrote a poem praising: People are swimming in the canyon, and they are always painting.

Custom:

Crying marriage

On the wedding day of Tujia girls, they greeted them with tears. The bride cried more than half a month before the wedding, and some cried for more than a month, at least three or five days. Tujia people also regard singing wedding songs as a sign to measure women's intelligence and virtue. Weeping songs include Weeping to Marry Parents, Weeping to Marry Brothers and Sisters, Weeping to Marry Uncle, Weeping to Marry Matchmaker, Weeping to Marry Hair, Weeping to Marry Flowers, Weeping to Marry Father from Mother, Weeping to Marry Ancestors, Weeping to Marry in a Sedan, etc. Nowadays, crying for marriage is just a ceremony.

Weeping wedding songs

Weeping Wedding Song is a folk song of Tujia nationality. A month before the girl gets married, she will sing "Weeping Marriage Song", telling the unfortunate fate of Tujia women under the feudal comprador marriage system and their attachment to their loved ones. According to the custom, girls cry and sing for seven days to half a month, and cry and sing for a month at most until the girl's voice is hoarse. According to the process of marriage, the forms and procedures of crying and singing in the wedding song can be divided into "one person crying and singing" and "two people crying and singing", such as "crying dad": I don't know how many months the stars in the sky are, dad has worked hard for me, and dad's kindness is inexhaustible. One is afraid that we are hungry, and the other is afraid that we are sick; I'm afraid I'm uglier than people, and I've taken great pains to wear star Dai Yue. Fourth, afraid that we have no education, send us to school, train your daughter, and spend money to buy Fermi. One foot and five inches with a female plate, just to take it from the mouth; Hard times need time, and hunger and cold need courage! The daughter was mistaken for the life of rape, and her parents were painstakingly devoted to her; When I left my parents today, I was very sad and tearful! Being a woman is not filial to her parents, and it is difficult to adopt her parents for a lifetime; The lights in the water are unknown, and it is a waste of time to come to earth!

For example, sisters cry and sing: Zhangjiajie scenery sister: "There are twelve ya on Thoreau tree, and we have the same root and ya;"

Now that the sisters are going to be separated, it's too lonely to leave Xiulou!

Sister: "Thoreau's tree has twelve branches, and we have the same father and mother;"

Sisters are leaving now, it's inseparable!

Big sister: "thoreau tree came to Taiwan to visit Taiwan, and my big sister couldn't rest assured;"

Leave it at your sister-in-law's house and come back on holidays!

Sister: "I hope you can rest assured that thoreau tree will come to Taiwan Province.

Take good care of your sister and remember my teachings!

Marriage rules with the same surname

Tujia people are very cautious about the problem of intermarriage with the same surname, which is limited to intermarriage with the same surname, different clans or outside the five clothes, and intermarriage within the five clothes is a big violation. In fact, today, even the marriage with the same surname that conforms to the rules of Tujia marriage is still not recognized by most Tujia people.

Marriage in Tujia history is relatively free. Men and women can get married after freely falling in love and obtaining the consent of their parents. In Shi Yao, Enshi and the peak of Dashan, there is a custom of "Daughter Meeting", that is, every year on July 12th of the lunar calendar, young men and women can freely fall in love and become lifelong partners through "Daughter Meeting". After returning to their native land, Tujia people were forced to arrange marriages according to their parents' orders and the agreement of the media. Gan Long's "Hefeng County Records" in Qing Dynasty said: "As for the choice of husband, grandparents and parents will preside over it, and there is no need to ask women whether they want it or not. If a woman is shameless and says she doesn't want to, she might as well be punished according to law. Once she is hired, she will not change for life. "

Catch up with the new year

Tujia people have their own unique custom of reunion in the New Year: if the twelfth lunar month is big, it will be the 29th New Year; If the twelfth lunar month is small, it will be 28. Tujia people call it "catching up with the New Year", celebrating the New Year one day in advance.

Life vocabulary

Life: commonly known as taking numbers, men often greet their families with red lacquer gold chips. On the day before the wedding, relatives and friends will beat drums and send wooden signs to the groom's house. The father leads the groom to worship the collar. This is called a plaque. After the worship, the plaque is hung on the wall of the main hall, which is called the plaque. The signboard should be hit three times, and the gun should play music. After the cannon was fired, a banquet hall was held, and nine boys and ten grooms were selected, which were called "Accompanying Ten Brothers", and the grooms in ten were called "Champion Lang".

Jiuzibian

Jiuzi Whip, also known as "God Whip", is popular among Han, Bai and Tujia people, especially Bai people. They pinned their happiness and good luck on God. In order to please the gods, they cut down the deep mountain purple bamboo, and the top of the bamboo was perforated with nine copper coins. It's about 1m to 1.5m in length, which is suitable for me to hold in my hand and decorated with red flowers. Playing Jiuzi Whip can be a solo dance or a group dance, ranging from one person to hundreds of people. The performer kept dancing with the suona with a whip in his hand. The method is to clap with one hand, dance with both hands and coil. Sometimes slapping the outside or inside of the foot, sometimes slapping the shoulders and arms, the movements are graceful and rough. The whip rod dances, and the ancient money rubs against each other, making a rhythmic sound, which is quite wonderful. The movements include Goddess Scattering Flowers, Sisterhood, Snow Covering the Roof, Blocking the Door Left and Right, and Crabs with Grass.

Tujia sacrifice

Tujia people worship the land god in order to pray for the land god to be the master of one party, to bless the bumper harvest of grain and the prosperity of six livestock, and also to bless the villagers' safety, exorcise evil spirits and protect the village. Tujia people are very devout to the land god. Every village in Tujia area has one or more land temples, which can be seen everywhere. There are many forms of land temples, some of which are carefully built with marble, some are simple temples built with four rough boards, or land temples built according to caves and rock houses.

Gaohuadeng

Gao is a dance with national characteristics popular in Yongding Garden. There were twelve to fourteen people during the performance. Equipped with gongs, cymbals, suona, drums and other musical instruments. Each person holds a paper lantern, lights two candles inside, inserts a wooden idol on it, and cuts it into operas with five-color paper, such as Eight Immortals, Wagangzhai and Liangshan Heroes. There is a set of procedures for the Lantern Festival, which requires that the East rises and the West sets, entering a "half moon", producing a "full moon" and dancing a "Tai Chi diagram". It can also be performed in private houses, called "wishing lights", mostly for praying, wishing or making fun of a happy event. Shouting and whistling can only be done outdoors, which is called "Lantern Festival" for everyone to see.

swing dance

Hand-waving dance is the most influential large-scale dance of Tujia nationality, which has a strong sacrificial color. Song is born of dance, and dance is famous for song. Hand-waving dance, also known as "Sheba", is performed in the form of ritual dance and singing, with the content of telling the origin of human beings, national migration and heroic deeds. After the ceremony, the "horse body" or the host of the altar led the masses into the wave hall or wave flat to sing and dance. The aborigines danced this dance before the battle to boost their morale. There are several kinds of swing dances: single pendulum, double pendulum, big wave and small wave. Dancing, beating gongs and drums, magnificent and touching. When dancing, both hands swing on the same side, kick and wave, and move back and forth in pairs, which is vivid in artistic conception. Hand-waving dance is not only a folk entertainment and fitness sports activity, but also a unique artistic wonder on the stage. It's just a song "Shake hands in front of the hall, hold hands and walk slowly". The gongs and drums are loud and the reverberation is around the beam. "

Sanbanggu

Sanbanggu, called Sanbanggu in Tang Dynasty, was introduced to China in Ming Dynasty and gradually became a popular folk art form. Every Spring Festival, artists will go to the village to pay New Year greetings. The performers are rich and poor, and every family will come. In case of poor family circumstances, performers will give gifts from other families to make everyone happy during the festival. It fully embodies the hospitality and kind national character of unearthed family members. It plays a certain role in strengthening national unity. Three-stick drums are generally composed of three to five people, one playing drums and singing, one playing gongs and drums and one playing with flower sticks. There are three branches, one foot long. Dancers hold one in the left and right, throw the other into the air, draw a bow in the left and right, and hit a stick in the air to prevent it from landing. There are also techniques of replacing sticks with knives, three sticks and five knives. Steel knives jump happily in the air, flashing silver light and shuttling left and right. The strong man with high skill suddenly threw the knife very high, his feet flew in the air, turned around and waved it out, and continued to pick it up and throw it, which was dazzling and could not help but amaze. Usually, there are four sets of three-stick drums, such as spring ploughing, harvesting and threshing, celebrating the bumper harvest and celebrating the New Year, which are divided into such projects as yue longmen for Carp, Shuttle between Jade Maids, and Rafting on the Beach with Slabs. Playing Sanbanggu is skillful, which requires a high degree of concentration, appropriate strength and tacit cooperation with the singer.

other

Before the Tujia nationality changed its native land and returned to the country, there was a custom of "betraying marriage", that is, the bride was married to the man on the back of her relatives; After returning to her native land, the bride is carried by her relatives to the gate, and then takes a sedan chair or walks. You should wear naked clothes whether you are sitting in a sedan chair or walking. The door-blocking ceremony of Tujia people's wedding reception is unique. When young Tujia men and women get married, both men and women invite a talkative person as the manager, and the man's manager (also called the road manager) leads the wedding procession to the woman's wedding, and the woman puts a table of banquet outside the gate, and the two managers sing or talk. If a man's manager wins in singing or talking, move the table and let him in the gate; If that man's manager loses in singing or speaking, he has to climb under the table.

After the bride and groom of Tujia people pay their respects, both sides have to rush to the bridal chamber to grab a new bed, commonly known as "grabbing the bed". The habit of sitting on the bed is usually that men are left and women are right, with the center line of the bed as the boundary. A scheming bride often sits on the center line of the bed, symbolizing her future position in the family. Not to be outdone, the groom tried his best to push the bride out of the queue until the groom unveiled the bride's veil, the bride grabbed the bed with a smile, and then the husband and wife drank a glass of wine. Tujia young men and women return to their parents' homes three days after marriage, commonly known as "Huimen", usually on the same day.