"Tenth Five-Year" to the year of China's non-metallic minerals applied research and development and utilization of development direction

I, the main countermeasures

To fundamentally reverse the weak foundation of non-metallic mining industry, technology and equipment backwardness, narrow the gap with developed countries, and create a new era in the development of non-metallic mining industry, we should face up to the problems and mistakes in the development of the policy to give full play to the role of guiding and economic leverage, relying on scientific and technological progress, the initial realization of the utilization of mineral resources from the crude to the intensive change to the direction of industrial development, including mining, processing, processing a whole process, including mining, processing, products processing, and so on. Intensive change to the processing of non-metallic mineral materials products to change the direction of industrial development, the formation of a complete industrial system, including mining, selection, processing and meet the requirements of modern industry. Optimizing and adjusting the industrial structure, transforming and breaking through the deep processing and series utilization of resource technology of many kinds of non-metallic mineral resources, improving the level of purification and comprehensive utilization, expanding the field of application of non-metallic minerals, developing the synthesis technology of new minerals and important scarce non-metallic minerals, and establishing a database and evaluation system for the comprehensive utilization of China's non-metallic minerals; serialization and standardization of the processed products and products and the domestication and serialization of the equipments; and conducting relevant technical and economic research on the utilization of two kinds of resources to meet national needs, and solve a number of key technologies to improve the quality and competitiveness of China's non-metallic mineral products; provide technical support for the initial realization of the transformation of the development and utilization of non-metallic mineral resources from the crude to the intensive mode, effectively meet the demand for non-metallic mineral products in the development of the national economy and society, and realize a basic improvement of the ecological environment of the mines, so as to make China's non-metallic minerals' utilization and protection level reaches or approaches the level of internationally developed countries.

The main countermeasures and measures are as follows.

(1) Take the market demand as the guide, according to the products - raw material processing - mine mining in reverse order, the overall arrangement of mineral resources development and technological development, improve the comprehensive utilization rate of resources. Accelerate the adjustment of industrial structure, the development of non-metallic mineral deep-processing products, especially the proportion of products supporting pillar industries and basic industries. In terms of enterprise structure, take large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises as the leader, and develop in the direction of comprehensive enterprise groups with reasonable economic scale across regions and regions.

(2) Accelerate the pace of technological and equipment transformation of existing enterprises, and improve technological development capabilities. Selectively introduce deep-processing technology and equipment, organize digestion and absorption and innovation to improve the introduction of technology and domestic technology development combined with modern technology to transform existing enterprises. In the state-owned large and medium-sized comprehensive enterprises to establish technological innovation centers, through the combination of production, learning and research, so that enterprises gradually become the main body of technological development, and improve technological development capabilities and the rate of transformation of achievements.

(3) continue to implement the "Mineral Resources Law" and "Environmental Protection Law", and resolutely stop the mining of the rich and poor, indiscriminate and destructive mining, small mines that do not have the rational mining and comprehensive utilization should be restricted, and encourage enterprises to rationalize the mining, comprehensive utilization, and protection of the ecological environment.

(4) pay attention to strengthening the basic performance of non-metallic minerals test research. Accelerate the transition of mineral and material product standards to international standards, and gradually popularize the popularization of ISO9000 quality management and quality assurance series of standards in large and medium-sized enterprises, in order to enhance the counterweight with imported products and the ability to compete in the international market.

(5) adjustment of China's mineral import and export trade policy, change the current "high in low out" situation, improve the technical content of non-metallic mineral export products and product quality grade, and gradually expand the products and deep-processing products of the export trade volume, and cultivate fist products and brand-name products, increase the share of foreign exchange earnings.

(6) Emphasis on personnel training. Scientific research units and institutions of higher learning, mainly to strengthen the non-metallic minerals applied basic theory research. Expand foreign technological exchanges and cooperative research, and pay attention to the orientation of professional training. Accelerate the use of modern technology to reform the pace of existing enterprises, non-metallic mining industry to guide the transformation from simple labor-intensive to technological development, to non-metallic mineral products to the deep processing of products, mainly in the direction of industrial development.

Second, "Tenth Five-Year" period of non-metallic mining field to solve priority scientific and technological problems

Because of the non-metallic minerals, a variety of products, the overall level of development is low, need to solve a wide range of technology, so it is necessary to start from the strategy of sustainable development, from the economic construction of non-metallic minerals on the demand for the arrangement of the work. "Tenth Five-Year" period of China's non-metallic mineral utilization of priority areas of development mainly include the following: ① rational use of advantageous non-metallic mineral resources, including the comprehensive utilization of coal kaolin; ② high-performance non-metallic mineral materials, research and development; ③ non-metallic mineral rational use of key technologies and equipment research and development.

1. Non-metallic minerals and products of physical and chemical properties and performance of the revelation and improvement

Non-metallic minerals are different from the use of metal minerals. The latter use of metal elements; the former can use non-metallic elements, but more often use the performance characteristics of minerals. In most cases, non-metallic minerals are utilized on the basis of the minerals in the electric field, magnetic field, gravity and stress field and other physical fields and chemical environment of the traits of the reaction, behavioral changes, based on the synergistic effect of non-metallic minerals and organic, inorganic, biological substances. The performance of non-metallic minerals is determined by the crystal structure and physical and chemical properties of the minerals themselves; different minerals, even if they have the same chemical composition, also show differences in performance. This is the basis for the development of new uses of non-metallic minerals and the development of new non-metallic mineral resources, but also the transformation, design and optimization of mineral properties.

Only with a high level of basic theory as a guide, we can develop high-performance products. The main research content is as follows. ① Research on certain special physical and chemical properties of non-metallic minerals. a. Reflection, absorption, transmission under various electromagnetic waves; b. Mineral surface structure, surface functional groups, surface bioactivity and surface affinity; c. Material science significance of the electrical, thermal, acoustic, optical, magnetic and adsorption properties; d. Mineral crystals occurring at the level of the electronic, atomic, molecular, physical and chemical reactions; e. In the high temperature, high pressure and low temperature e. At high temperature, high pressure and low temperature changes in the physical and chemical properties of certain minerals; f. Physical and chemical properties of minerals and composition, structure, defects, crystalline order, interlayer charge, water of crystallization, the use of the relationship between the environment. ② the main non-metallic minerals performance testing technology and method research. ③ The development of standards for major non-metallic minerals and their products. ④ Characteristics of layered, granular and fibrous non-metallic minerals and their ****. ⑤ Research on the development of structural engineering design, performance and application of major non-metallic mineral composites. ⑥ non-metallic minerals and their products in industrial plastics, engineering ceramics and other materials in the application of performance comparison.

2. Evaluation standard, evaluation method and evaluation system of "the degree of comprehensive utilization of non-metallic mineral resources" and its informationization, rational utilization of non-metallic mineral resources and protection of the database

For most of the non-metallic minerals, the quality of the quality determines the possibility of its utilization and the degree of utilization. It is necessary to pay attention to quality evaluation and correctly deal with the relationship between the quality of raw minerals and their application, processing and products. The current "three rates" (mining recovery rate, depletion rate, ore recovery rate) as the main indicators of the method, can only reflect the non-metallic ore mining, processing technology, processing of primary raw material level, resulting in product quality is not uniform, the application of the effect is poor, the waste of resources is serious, the market price is chaotic, in order to establish a new evaluation system It is imperative to establish a new evaluation system.

In the original "three rates" evaluation of the comprehensive utilization of the basis, the establishment of the refinement, deep processing technology and product quality and technical level of the evaluation system. By statistical indicators, evaluation indicators, the establishment of the assessment system to establish a new evaluation system, and according to the market and technological development, make it dynamic, information.

China's non-metallic mining industry has accumulated a large amount of information, but it is very dispersed, need to be formatted and organized, to establish an easy to retrieve, access to the data system and automatic regularity, trend analysis of the intelligent system. To provide a basis for decision-making organizations, quickly for scientific research, production departments to provide reference materials, to avoid low-level duplication of research, to speed up the transformation of scientific research results. The database includes: geological characteristics of domestic non-metallic mineral resources (mineral species, reserves, distribution areas, associated minerals and embedded characteristics, mining conditions, ore characteristics, comparison with foreign deposits of the same kind, minerals); developed deposits of mineral utilization, the size of the plant, the process of production conditions, the types of products, production and quality; non-metallic minerals, physical and chemical crystallization characteristics of the mineral products, the reality and possible areas of application ; various types of tailings mineral properties and the possibility of utilization, secondary resources, production, properties and recycling possibilities; domestic and foreign non-metallic minerals and their products, performance, product quality standards; domestic and international market sales, potential and price change pattern.

3. A number of key technologies (including equipment) research

including: ① non-metallic mineral enrichment and purification processing technology; ② ultra-fine crushing and flaking technology, solid-liquid separation technology, precision classification technology, modification and modification, the second granulation and functionalization technology; ③ non-metallic mineral calcination technology; ④ synthesis technology; ⑤ mining process of resource protection and utilization technology; ⑥ industrial sector-oriented Requirements of non-metallic mineral engineering nature of research and design; ⑦ non-metallic mineral products technology; ⑧ high-tech applications in the field of non-metallic minerals; ⑨ standardization technology; ⑩ use of two kinds of resources to meet the domestic demand for related technologies.

Three, non-metallic minerals applied research and development and utilization of the direction of development

China's non-metallic minerals applied research and development and utilization of the main direction of development of the country's four pillar industries (construction, automotive, electrical and mechanical, petrochemicals) and related industries (agriculture, environmental protection, light industry, fine chemical industry) to provide non-metallic minerals supporting products and services. Development focus is as follows.

1. New high-performance friction materials

New high-performance friction materials are generally made of reinforcing materials (asbestos), matrix materials (modified resin) and filler (non-metallic minerals and metal powders, adjusting the coefficient of friction) composed of three parts of a variety of braking products made by processing. Brake products require high mechanical strength, low thermal conductivity, good heat resistance, good alkali resistance, good insulation, these technical indicators make automotive friction materials become a high-tech products with large consumption. The annual demand is about 160,000t, it is expected that by 2010 China's automobile industry needs friction materials will reach 340,000t. At present, the market is less high-quality products, which directly affects the performance and safety of the car. A large number of imported cars using imported friction materials made of brakes. As a result of braking transient high temperatures, the reinforcing material asbestos so that the surface of the product thermal degradation, resulting in material wear, especially asbestos impact on human health, so that the research of new high-temperature resistant asbestos-free or asbestos-free friction materials have become a hot spot of the research of the developed countries in the industry. Asbestos-free friction materials in addition to the use of semi-metallic friction materials, glass fibers, aramid friction materials as a substitute for asbestos, the main study of the use of Aconite clay, seafoam clay, magnesite, wollastonite and other minerals with a fiber structure as an enhanced friction material. In addition to the application of fiber minerals, the use of vermiculite, mica, graphite and other sheet minerals as enhanced friction materials is a new field of development, its enhanced performance is better than the fiber reinforced materials, the production process is simple, the production cost is low, and there is a better prospect for development. Automotive brakes are also suitable for ships, locomotives, aviation, is a broad market for consumable industrial materials.

For example, the development of the third generation of non-asbestos friction materials for sedan (light) vehicles, replacing the current market for asbestos-based and metal-based friction materials. The third generation of friction material has a small specific gravity, stable coefficient of friction, coefficient of friction ≥ 0.35 (at 350 ℃), service life of more than 50,000km, no noise, no corrosion and other advantages. With an annual output of 400,000 sets of third-generation car brake pads, the output value of 32 million yuan, profit tax of 12 million yuan.

2. High-performance sealing materials

The technical performance of traditional sealing materials has been unable to meet the modern automotive, machinery, industrial installations and the atomic energy industry and the requirements of the defense industry, modern technology requires high-performance sealing materials. The development of high-performance sealing materials is the use of certain non-metallic minerals with physical and chemical properties, the use of modern composite technology, to produce sealing materials to meet a variety of harsh conditions of use, such as flexible graphite composite sealing materials, dip silicon graphite sealing materials, vermiculite composite sealing materials, mica and seafoam heat-resistant sealing materials, etc..

The main technical indicators: ① dip silica graphite sealing material, density 2.8 ~ 3.1g/cm3, free porosity <10%, 1500 ℃ compressive strength of 300 ~ 355MPa; ② flexible graphite sealing material, sulfur content <50 × 10-6 ~ 500 × 10-6, the use of temperature -200 ~ 450 ℃; ③ mica, Seafoam, vermiculite sealing materials, the use of temperature 600 ~ 1000 ℃.

3. High-tech graphite functional materials

Graphite is one of the three most promising emerging materials in the 21st century. High-tech graphite functional performance materials are: nuclear energy with ultra-low sulfur and high-purity flexible graphite; lithium-ion batteries with natural graphite anode materials; governance of oil pollution graphite environmental protection materials; a variety of domestic color picture tubes in need of different grades of graphite emulsion; ammonia graphite efficient catalyst; highly conductive graphite materials.

Main technical indicators: ① nuclear energy-grade flexible graphite, C ≥ 99.98%, S ≤ 50 × 10-6, Cl ≤ 10 × 10-6; ② graphite anode for lithium-ion batteries, C ≥ 99.98%, capacity of 300mAh / g; ③ graphite adsorption materials, saturated oil absorption 20g / g, regeneration rate of 80%; ④ ammonia graphite high-efficiency catalysts, at 350 ℃, 10h, the conversion rate of 90%; ⑤ high conductive graphite materials, conductivity 1.0 × 10-6Ωcm-1.

Color picture tube graphite emulsion focus on arranging the dosage of large amount of internal coating, external coating and black background graphite emulsion. According to the domestic production line on the demand for varieties, respectively, according to Hitachi, Panasonic, Toshiba, Philips and GE series and other brands.

The above products require high fixed carbon graphite raw materials, so the following technical problems must be solved first. ① Mechanical beneficiation and purification of high carbon graphite with fixed carbon content > 98% of the new technology to protect the large scale beneficiation technology to provide high quality graphite raw materials for further chemical processing. ② high purity scale graphite powder, C ≥ 99.9%, particle size +100 mesh; C ≥ 99.9%, particle size -200 +325 mesh. ③ high purity flake graphite ultrafine powder, C ≥ 99.9%, particle size -2μm, D50 ≤ 0.3μm; C ≥ 99.9%, particle size -0.8μm, D50 ≤ μm.

4. Provide non-metallic minerals for the construction industry

Construction is the main application of non-metallic minerals, the world's annual consumption of various types of non-metallic minerals for building The annual consumption of non-metallic mineral products accounted for more than 60% of the total consumption of non-metallic mineral products. By 2010, the added value of China's construction industry will reach 1 trillion yuan. With the high-speed growth in demand for building materials, the development of new building materials for the research and production has created a good opportunity. In addition to traditional building materials (cement, glass, ceramics), should carry out the development of decorative building materials, coatings and decorative materials, energy-saving materials and other aspects of the development and research.

(1) decorative building materials With the improvement of people's standard of living, decorative building materials demand continues to increase, China's current consumption of decorative building materials than 10 years ago increased by 20% to 30%, the consumption of decorative building materials accounted for about 40% of the cost of construction projects to 60%. Building decorative materials have 33 categories of products, including stone, ceramics, glass, ceiling curtain wall and other decorative materials are closely related to non-metallic minerals, some of which are directly used as decorative materials, such as marble, granite and other decorative stone; some processed into decorative materials, such as glazed tiles, wall and floor tiles, sanitary ceramics and other ceramic decorative materials. China is the world's largest producer of architectural ceramics, but the current ceramic decorative materials, the main problem is that the quality and grade of product quality does not meet the international advanced level, less varieties, rough workmanship. To make China's architectural ceramics grade to reach the international advanced level, first of all should do the raw materials (body raw materials and glaze) standardization and serialization, but also research and development of new types of ceramic raw materials, such as chlorite, wollastonite, lithium-containing clays, black clay, clay, sericite, basalt, pyroxene, shale and so on.

(2) paint trim Paint is a decorative material, is the Ministry of Chemical Industry, one of the 16 major products. China currently has about 2,500 paint manufacturers, annual output of more than 1 million tons, the world's fifth. However, the per capita consumption is low, 1kg/(year-people); while Germany is 20kg/(year-people). With the improvement of people's living standard, the demand of paint trim will increase, and the requirement of grade will be higher and higher. All kinds of body pigments in coating are made of non-metallic mineral processing, which play the role of filling in coating, increase the thickness of coating through filling, improve the performance of coating (such as suspension to prevent delamination), improve the wear resistance and durability of coating, and reduce the production cost. Commonly used body pigments are calcium carbonate, barite, white carbon black, talcum powder, kaolin, mica powder, wollastonite, bumpy bar clay, seafoam clay, bentonite and so on. The dosage of body pigment accounts for about 10% to 30% of the total dosage of raw materials used in paints, so non-metallic minerals are an important raw material for paint trimmings. The purification, fine crushing and ultrafine crushing, surface modification of non-metallic minerals used for body pigments are important factors to improve the quality of coatings.

5. Energy-saving non-metallic minerals

Non-metallic mineral processing energy-saving and consumption reduction and its research as energy-saving and consumption reduction products have been widely emphasized, and the results have been continuously popularized and applied. Non-metallic mineral materials processing industry is a high energy consumption industry, its development depends on the development of the energy industry, the energy situation will have an important impact on the non-metallic mineral materials processing industry. Therefore, energy-saving processing technology, equipment and techniques for the processing of non-metallic mineral materials is of great significance. For example, the energy consumption of crushing and grinding operations usually accounts for 50% to 70% of the product cost, and the firing of high-temperature refractories is also a high-energy operation. Has been put into industrialized application of energy-saving technologies and equipment have more crushing and less grinding, enhanced classification, stirring mill and cone mill and other new crushing and grinding equipment, flocculation and carrier sorting and other new sorting technology and equipment, a variety of new energy-saving kilns and so on. On the other hand, some non-metallic minerals can be used as energy-saving materials, such as wollastonite, tremolite, tremolite, nepheline anorthosite, vermiculite, perlite, diatomite, asbestos and other energy-saving raw materials in the field of ceramics, glass, pipelines, thermal insulation, low-temperature insulation and other areas of application. Such as wollastonite, tremolite, tremolite, etc. in the ceramic industry, can reduce the firing temperature, shorten the firing time, reduce the billet shrinkage and expansion. Another example is the use of expanded perlite, expanded vermiculite, microporous calcium silicate, aluminum silicate fiber, asbestos, etc. made of a variety of thermal insulation panels, tubes. High-speed development of the construction industry on the building materials put forward higher requirements, the need for a large number of high-strength, lightweight, good thermal and acoustic insulation properties, expanding the use of the area, improve the construction progress of the new building materials. For the current situation of energy-saving materials in China, the main development and research of new high-quality low-temperature firing raw materials and new thermal insulation materials.

6. Strengthen the development and utilization of filler non-metallic minerals

Plastics, rubber, coatings, binders, cosmetics, paper and other industrial products require a large number of non-metallic minerals to do filler, filler not only improves the physical properties of the product, but also reduces the cost. In these industrial products, the amount of non-metallic minerals added ranges from 20% to 60%. Industrial filler is a large amount of non-metallic mineral materials with a wide range of applications, foreign countries have formed an independent filler industry. Plastic products, for example, according to the Light Industry Council of the "plastic products industry," the Ninth Five-Year "plan and long-term planning to 2010," China's output of plastic products is planned to reach 8 million tons in 2000, 2010 planning to reach 16 million tons. Non-metallic mineral filler average filler according to 20%, the need for a variety of non-metallic mineral filler 1.6 million to 3.2 million t. Used as industrial filler non-metallic minerals are many types, such as calcium carbonate, talc, wollastonite, sericite, barite, powdered quartz, ilmenite, hydromagnesite, perlite, kaolin, etc., after crushing, ultrafine crushing and surface modification, can be made into a variety of properties and a variety of brand name of the industrial powder Fillers.

In the development of filler non-metallic minerals to solve the purification, whitening, particle size and particle size distribution of micropowder, surface modifiers and modification technology.

7. Provide non-metallic minerals for agriculture and environmental protection industry

Agriculture and environmental protection industry is the basis of the national economy. Agriculture is an important application field of non-metallic minerals, China is a large agricultural country, the modernization of agricultural production and the natural protection of cultivated land has always been the country's attention. Agricultural non-metallic minerals in addition to sulfur, phosphorus, potassium and other resources, for fertilizer and water retention, soil improvement, feed, pesticide carriers and other non-metallic minerals development and utilization has been highly valued by countries. These non-traditional agricultural non-metallic minerals are zeolite, bentonite, bumpy stone clay, seafoam clay, vermiculite, perlite, diatomaceous earth, peat and so on.

(1) fertilizers and pesticides carrier non-metallic minerals abroad commonly used non-metallic minerals as granular fertilizer binder, can improve the quality of granulation, improve compressive strength, prevent the loss of nitrogen volatilization, reduce the loss of fertilizer, not moisture, not caking, improve soil structure, maintain soil moisture, improve soil conductivity and permeability. At present, China's annual output of fertilizer 110 million t, ranking second in the world, but the structure is unreasonable. In 110 million tons of fertilizer in the compound fertilizer for 4 million tons, accounting for only 4% of the total output of fertilizer, high-concentration compound fertilizer is less, only 700,000 t. Developed countries in the world to use a larger proportion of composite fertilizers, compound fertilizers of European **** body countries account for the products of the total output of fertilizers, fertilizers accounted for 60%. China's relevant ministries and commissions proposed a gradual increase in compound fertilizer production to 30%, while the development of high-concentration compound fertilizer. Used as compound fertilizer binder is mainly clay minerals, adding 5% to 15%, so that the annual need for clay products 2 million to 3 million tons, the market capacity. For compound fertilizer binder, especially the preparation of high-concentration compound fertilizer binder there are still some technical problems need to be solved.

Mineral fertilizer is based on crop needs and soil composition, the use of non-metallic minerals, physical and chemical properties and chemical composition and microelements, processing of special mineral fertilizers for different crops. China has a certain foundation in the development and production of compound fertilizer and mineral fertilizer research and production, should further strengthen the development of technology, multi-species development and popularization and application, and gradually form a distinctive industry.

Some layers, chain layers, pore-like structure of non-metallic minerals (bentonite, zeolite, bumpy stone clay, sea foam clay, etc.) is the ideal carrier for pesticides, there is a greater prospect of application.

(2) non-metallic minerals for environmental protection Many non-metallic minerals, such as montmorillonite, regolith, zeolite, diatomite, hydromagnesite, etc., with excellent adsorption and filtration, decoloration and bleaching properties, for the disposal of exhaust gas, wastewater, and solid wastes, as well as radioactive wastes have a strong advantage. The development of new non-metallic mineral materials for environmental protection has not only huge social benefits, but also significant economic benefits. Such as bentonite or zeolite as nuclear waste geological disposal buffer / backfill material, the application of zeolite, Aubergine, seafoam, diatomite, magnesite, etc. treatment of metallurgical wastewater, papermaking wastewater, printing and dyeing wastewater, tannery wastewater and so on.

In addition to the above should focus on the development and research of the seven aspects, there are nanomaterials, synthetic materials and other high-tech fields of non-metallic minerals development and application should also be paid attention to, such as molecular sieve series products, engineering ceramic materials (oxides, nitrides, borides, carbides), synthetic silicone and series of products, super-hard materials and thin film materials, whisker material synthesis technology, etc..

Main References

[1] Editorial Committee of Nonmetallic Mining Industry Manual, Nonmetallic Mining Industry Manual (Upper and Lower Volume), Metallurgical Industry Press, 1992.

[2] Song Ruixiang, Editor-in-Chief, Report on China's mineral resources, Geological Publishing House, 1997.3.

[3] Li Zhaolong, et al, From the number of patents applied for China's non-metallic mineral development and utilization and the world gap, building materials geology, 1997.90.