Consult the data of Ruhr-gebiet, Germany, and talk about its development experience for reference in Northeast China.

I. Natural Resources and Industrial Development in Ruhr District

Ruhr is one of the largest industrial areas in the world. Ruhr is located in the middle of North Rhine-westfalen, the most developed German economy. It is one of the five districts in North Rhine-Westphalia, including 1 1 counties and cities, including Dortmund, Essen, Duisburg and other famous industrial cities. Ruhr has the largest inland port in the world, busy inland waterways and the densest railway network in Europe, and expressway extends in all directions.

After World War II, the coal output in Ruhr area accounts for about 90% of the total coal output in West Germany, and the steel output accounts for 70% of the total output in West Germany. Ruhr district is concentrated in steel-making, steel rolling, ironmaking, oil refining, automobile, shipbuilding, machinery and electrical equipment manufacturing plants. From the late 1950s to the early 1960s, the cost of coal mining in Ruhr was much higher than that in the United States, China and Australia. In addition, the application of oil and nuclear energy has reduced the demand for coal. 1957, there were 14 1 coal mines in Ruhr district, with more than 500,000 miners. Since the 1960s, the amount of coal mining in Ruhr has been decreasing year by year. Due to the development of technology, fewer and fewer people are needed in the steel, automobile and shipbuilding industries, and steel production has shifted to subsidiaries outside Europe, and steel production has also begun to shrink. Therefore, from the 1960s, the traditional coal industry and steel industry in Ruhr began to decline. Coal mines and steel mills were closed one after another. At the end of 1970s, Ruhr entered a period of economic contraction.

Second, the successful experience of the transformation of the old industrial base in Ruhr District

(1) Enrich and adjust the regional industrial structure on the basis of traditional industries. Ruhr is the headquarters of many large German enterprises, and the characteristics and development of regional industrial structure are greatly influenced by the nature and changes of industrial structure of large enterprises. As we all know, for a long time, coal and steel have been the two pillars of the development of Ruhr area, so the crisis of these two sectors directly led to the aging of the economic structure of Ruhr area, and the economic development speed of Ruhr area was obviously lower than the national average. Starting from the 1960s, with the support of the state, Ruhr first adopted the process of enterprise centralization and rationalization. Coal production is concentrated in seven large coal mines. At the same time, the iron and steel industry has also carried out equipment renewal and technical transformation. Close and merge old factories, expand new factories, make internal and external adjustments, and strengthen specialization and cooperation within and between enterprises. The federal government, the state government and the Ruhr Coal Management Association are all trying their best to improve the investment environment in Ruhr and encourage new industries to move into Ruhr. Such enterprises have spread all over the region, mostly small and medium-sized enterprises with excellent technology. Now, Ruhr District is developing into a multi-sector comprehensive industrial zone based on strong traditional industries and growing emerging industries.

(2) the rational distribution of productive forces in the whole region. The earlier industrial layout in Ruhr was based on the principle of being close to raw materials. In 1960s, the regional master plan put forward the idea of dividing into three different regions and balancing the distribution of productivity in the whole region, and stipulated that when laying out new enterprises, we should first consider arranging them in marginal development areas, and at the same time control the development of big cities such as Duisburg and Essen, and move factories from the core area to the outer edge in a planned way. At the same time, traditional industries should be closed, stopped, merged and transferred according to different situations.

The change of the regional structure of Ruhr district is also reflected in the functional evolution of its city. Ruhr district is a densely populated city, and the development of the city has experienced a single development path of coal mine city, steel city, chemical city and comprehensive city. Urban planning has also developed from an early chaotic and unplanned state to a fully planned modern city. In the process of regional renewal, many cities have evolved from single function to multi-functional comprehensive cities, among which Essen, Dortmund and Duisburg have a population of more than 500,000, forming a multi-center Rhine-Ruhr urban agglomeration with a population of more than 6.5438+million, which is one of the major metropolitan groups in the world.

(C) the combination of scientific research and practice, scientific and technological advantages into productive forces. In the history of world science and technology, Germany's industrial technology occupies an important position. Ruhr area is the birthplace of many technological inventions in Germany, so the scientific research foundation is very strong. Facing the new situation, Ruhr District has taken the following measures: First, reform and innovation, strengthen cooperation between scientific research and economic circles, link economic centers and scientific research centers in the region, and speed up the application of scientific research results. Secondly, the state government tried to build Ruhr into a "European College District" by reforming traditional education, establishing new disciplines, and combining the education of institutions of higher learning with the economic development of the region. While developing new technologies, the comprehensive transformation of traditional industries, such as the establishment of scientific and technological innovation information centers, government assistance to enterprises, and optimization of technology transfer to small and medium-sized enterprises, has greatly accelerated the pace of transforming scientific research achievements into productive forces.

(4) Develop traditional industrial resources and expand new functions of regional industries. In the process of anti-industrialization, Ruhr began to think about the development and utilization of its accumulated regional resources, especially the development of industrial heritage tourism resources. Drawing on the experience of Britain, Sweden and other countries, Ruhr District put forward the "IBA" plan from 1989. After 10 years of exploration, it has gone through the mode of independent development of sporadic scenic spots to regional unified development, and industrial tourism has become a new fashion in Ruhr District. Judging from the development mode of scenic spots, there are four specific modes: (1) museum development mode. (2) Development mode of leisure and landscape park. (3) The development mode of combining shopping and tourism. (4) The traditional industrial zone has been transformed into a modern science park, an industrial and commercial development park and a service industry park. From 65438 to 0998, the regional planning agency worked out a regional tourism route connecting the tourist attractions in the whole region, which was called the "industrial heritage road" and covered almost the whole Ruhr area.

(5) Improve environmental management and suggestions, and reshape urban and rural features. It has been a long time. Enterprises in Ruhr District are scattered, causing serious public hazards, and the environmental pollution is greater than anywhere else in China. In order to eradicate public hazards and control environmental pollution, the state government invested in the establishment of environmental protection institutions, promulgated environmental protection laws and regulations, and made unified planning. The first action is to transform the river. Established a perfect water supply system and microbial water purification station. In addition, an automatic alarm system for chimneys in the whole region was established, which effectively controlled the air pollution. In the regional master plan, a plan to create a "green space" was made, and large-scale afforestation was carried out. Now, North Rhine-westfalen, where Ruhr District is located, has more than 65,438+0,600 environmental protection enterprises, making it a leading environmental protection technology center in Europe.

In a word, after the above adjustment and transformation, Ruhr District is far from a declining industrial area, on the contrary, it has maintained the momentum of continuous development. The GDP of the whole region accounts for about 7% of the GDP of the former Federal Republic of Germany, which is equivalent to the GDP of Portugal or Denmark. The experience of regional transformation in Ruhr District shows that the transformation and construction of traditional industrial areas can only be full of vitality and embark on the road of revitalization if they keep innovating, keep pace with the times and conform to the development trend of the times.

Thirdly, how to learn from the successful experience of Ruhr area to transform the old industrial base in Northeast China?

Ruhr-gebiet and the northeast old industrial base are similar and comparable in natural resources, industrial development, position in the national economy, and the driving force of industrial structure adjustment and transformation. The reformed industrial base in Ruhr area plays an important role in the industrial structure and economic development of Germany and even the whole Europe. The successful experience of regional innovation and sustainable development in Ruhr provides a vivid model for revitalizing the old industrial base in Northeast China. The author believes that in order to fundamentally revitalize the Northeast economy, we should learn from the successful experience of Ruhr District in the following aspects.

(a) Establishment of a steering committee for adjustment and transformation. Since the adjustment and transformation of the old industrial base has always been a comprehensive governance project, involving the interests of many departments and regions, in order to coordinate the interests of all parties, we should learn from the governance experience of Ruhr, Germany. The National Development and Reform Commission, the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission, the Ministry of Land and Resources, the Ministry of Labor and Social Security and other relevant departments will jointly set up a national steering committee for the adjustment and transformation of the old industrial base, which will be responsible for the formulation and implementation of the adjustment and transformation plan of the old industrial base, inter-departmental coordination, fund management and effect evaluation. (Original author: Fu) (2) Highlight the adjustment and transformation of the anti-gravity thought. From the experience of Ruhr district, the key to the adjustment and transformation of the old industrial base is to revitalize the regional economy, not to solve the difficulties of enterprises. Because only by revitalizing the regional economy and constantly improving industrial competitiveness can more employment opportunities be created. In the future, the adjustment and transformation of old industrial bases should take system innovation, mechanism innovation and technological innovation as the breakthrough, take the overall revitalization of regional economy as the goal, and focus on expanding employment, adjusting structure and enhancing industrial competitiveness.

(three) the implementation of the policy of giving assistance to the withdrawal of declining enterprises. The same is true for some developed countries to implement aid policies for the withdrawal of declining enterprises. In the 1960s, the Federal Republic of Germany adopted a series of industrial professional transfer assistance policies in response to the declining trend of Ruhr area, which made it embark on the road of diversified industrial structure. At present, the town should consider implementing two kinds of assistance policies: one is to withdraw from the declining industries such as coal, forest industry and non-ferrous metals, with the focus on the mine closure caused by resource exhaustion and the assistance of related industries. The second is to withdraw from the aid policy for those state-owned enterprises that lack competitive advantage, suffer long-term losses and are insolvent.

(4) Implementing the employment transfer policy supported by the state. It is suggested that the country should gradually expand the scope of pilot cities for economic transformation of resource-based cities on the basis of summing up the experience of Fuxin, Liaoning Province. The state should encourage these cities to cultivate and promote the gradual transfer of employment from resource-exhausted or declining industries to emerging industries. In this regard, the central government should consider giving some financial subsidies and providing policy support such as tax reduction or exemption, low interest rate or credit discount, and accelerated depreciation. Stimulate the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, private enterprises and foreign-funded enterprises. Establish a re-employment training system for laid-off workers to create conditions for employment transfer.

(5) Support the development of equipment manufacturing industry in old industrial bases. Northeast China has great advantages in machine tools, aviation, automobiles, shipbuilding, power generation equipment and other major equipment manufacturing industries and parts industries, and has the conditions to build an important base of equipment manufacturing in China. The state gives the old industrial base more opportunities in government procurement, buyer's credit, seller's credit and bidding. In terms of major equipment localization projects and high-tech industrialization projects, according to the principle of "equal priority and appropriate relaxation", technological innovation and professional division of labor gradually develop in the direction of industrial clusters, forming a sound industrial supporting conditions and industrial chain system.

The decline of Ruhr area in Germany has sounded the alarm for the long-term stagnant northeast economy, and the industrial adjustment and struggling rise after Ruhr area have also brought many inspirations to the revitalization and transformation of the old industrial base in Northeast China. It is believed that under the guidance of effective policy support and correct thinking, through the combination of large-scale development strategy, mobilizing external forces and tapping the potential of Northeast China, it is entirely possible for Northeast China to initially establish and form a relatively perfect market economic system in the next 5- 10, and complete industrial development with industrial upgrading and transformation, industrial structure adjustment and cultivation of emerging industries as the main body, thus basically solving the problems such as the transformation of old industrial bases in Northeast China, the restructuring of state-owned enterprises and the adjustment of agricultural industrial structure.