The sculpture of stone animals that the emperor never liked was actually placed in front of the tomb.

The sculpture of stone animals that the emperor never liked was actually placed in front of the tomb. In the last issue, we mentioned something popular in the tomb. In this issue, let's take a look at the emerging buildings on the tomb. The rise of stone temples, stone tombs, animals and tombstones is the product of the development of funeral culture in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Ancestral Hall Ancestral Hall, also known as Ancestral Hall, Enjoy Hall and Ancestral Hall, is a building used by the ancients to worship ancestors and gods. Judging from the current archaeological data, it appeared as early as the Shang Dynasty. In the Qin and Han Dynasties, ancestral temples became popular. Some scholars speculate that the common tiles with the words "tomb", "seal" and "edge" in the tombs around Xi 'an are the remains of the tombs of the Western Han Dynasty. During the period of Nanping Ancient Ancestral Temple, architectural remains such as Xiangtang were found in some tombs near the tomb of Liu Sheng, the king of Zhongshan Jing, the tomb of Guangling in the Western Han Dynasty and the tomb of the Western Han Dynasty in the Tianshan Mountains of Gaoyou. There are many documents, such as "On Salt and Iron"? Insufficient dispersion ":"Today's rich people accumulate mountains, trees become forests, pavilions, and buildings are added; In the ancestral hall, the screen pavilion and the wall are embarrassing. " According to historical records, after the death of Minister Zhang Anshi, Emperor Gaozu Xuan Di "gave Du Dong a gift, which will be used as a graveyard and ancestral temple"; After Huo Guang's death, Xuan Di, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, sent three soldiers to wear complex soil and built an ancestral temple for him. Some of the deceased even built temples for their graves before their death, such as the "Tomb and Ancestral Temple of the Dominion Old Man" in yu zhang. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, ancestral halls were built in front of tombs, which became an excellent place for bureaucrats to show off their identity, show filial piety, unite clans, guests and win over local officials. There are still ancestral temples built in this period in Henan, Shandong and other places, among which Guo Ju Temple in Xiaotangshan, Licheng County, Shandong Province and Wushi Temple in Jiaxiang County are the most famous. Tang Xiao Shanshi Temple is the earliest ancestral temple discovered in China. It was built before the 4th year of Yongjian in the Eastern Han Dynasty (Shun Di, AD 129). The walls of the temple are all made of stone, the roof is paved with slate, weighing more than 20 thousand Jin, and the back, tile roof, ditch head and eaves are carved. There are 36 portraits on the stone walls and triangular beams in the temple. Especially the travel map of horses and chariots, which is very spectacular. The ancestral temple Jiaxiang Warrior Temple was built around the first year of the founding of Emperor Huan (AD 147). It is worth noting that in Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, underground small stone niches were also found, such as the small stone niches of the Eastern Han Dynasty stone tomb in Qingshan Spring and Bletilla striata, which were buried underground as a symbol of the ancestral temple on the ground. This is extremely rare in previous archaeological excavations. The wind of the tomb in front of the tomb prevailed in the Han Dynasty, and the documents handed down in ancient times were full of the figure of the tomb owner. About salt and iron? Not scattered enough "cloud:" The person in the middle is the ancestral hall, and the wall is awkward. "Han Shu? "biography of dong xian": "it is very prosperous to bury the sage next to Yiling" Zhu? Wenshui: On the side of Qigou Water, there is the tomb of Dongping Wang Xiancang, and the monument is missing. The number of tombs varies, generally two or three. Hanshu? Huo Guang legend: The naked wife "obviously changed what she did in broad daylight, but it was too big and made three mistakes." Mr. Yang Shuda holds that "three appearances are one front, one left and one right" in the Examination of Wedding and Funeral Customs in Han Dynasty. What is "Han Tomb Que"? The biography of Hou Lan said, "Look at the prefabricated tomb of Shou, there are two stone pagodas, which are 100 feet high." This is a record, and the number of graves is two. Most graves are built of stone and beautifully carved. "Zhu? There is Cao Song's tomb in the south, a monument in the north and a temple in the north. The tomb is still there, and the plinth is still there. There are two stone pavilions with double views in the north of the temple, which are one foot six feet high and carved with bamboo columns. " "Water by note? Zhen Shui: There is a tomb of Huang Zhong in the south of the county seat, and there is a double stone que in front of the tomb, which is very well carved and commonly known as Huang Gongque. Huang Gong is still famous, Han Situ. " Sometimes, the characters on the que are marked with the official surname, or the official surname, or the official surname, or the surname alone, or the calendar official in detail, or the date when the que was built. At present, many tombs of the Han Dynasty have been found, among which the famous ones are Wu Tomb in Jiaxiang County, Shandong Province, Wang Tomb in Xindu County, Sichuan Province, Gaoyi Tomb in Ya 'an County, etc. These tombs appear in pairs, standing on both sides of the road in front of the door or on both sides of Shinto. The bucket arch tomb on the tomb consists of three parts: the tomb body, the base and the roof. The top is divided into single eaves and double eaves. There are carvings on the tomb. Besides decorative patterns, exotic animals and stories of people, the shapes of various components of the wooden frame structure are also carved. Due to the various characteristics of the tomb, its discovery is very helpful for us to understand the cultural corners and structural characteristics of buildings in the Han Dynasty. The height of a tomb depends on the status of its owner. For example, during the fourteenth year of Jian 'an (AD 209) and Yan Guangnian (AD 122- 125), Shen Fujun's tombs were all beautifully carved and magnificent buildings with a height of 4.8 meters. Stone carving in front of the tomb There are stone carvings in front of the tomb with a long history. According to documents, there were stone camels before Muqing Duling and Yaoling in ancient Yao. In the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, a stone man was also erected in front of the tomb of the Duke of Zhou, which is "a hundred miles south of the city". There are stone drums, statues, scorpions, Shi Hu, Shiyang and Shima in front of Zhou Xuanwang's tomb. According to legend, there are also a pair of stone kylins on the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang, which are as high as one foot and three feet. Regrettably, the above-mentioned stone carvings have disappeared today and cannot be confirmed by literature. Archaeological data show that the stone carving in front of the tomb began in the middle of the Western Han Dynasty. For example, Huo Qubing's Tomb in the Western Han Dynasty is famous for its magnificent stone carvings in front of the tomb. Stone Carvings of Woniu in the Western Han Dynasty Before Huo Qubing's Tomb, there are round carvings, such as "Horse stepping on Xiongnu", prancing on a Woniu, Khufu, Lying Elephant, Savage, Shi Wa, Stone Fish, etc., which are listed as the first batch of key cultural relics in China. In addition to Huo Qubing's tomb, stone carvings appeared in front of the tombs of Zhang Qian and others, but not earlier than the mid-Western Han Dynasty. It is worth noting that not only did the Qin Dynasty and its previous tombs not find stone carvings, but also no stone carvings of the Western Han Dynasty were found in the tombs of the Western Han Dynasty 1 1. Therefore, some scholars speculate that the stone carvings on the tombs of dignitaries seem to be arranged earlier than the tombs. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, people, animals and pillars standing in front of tombs flourished. The Western Han Dynasty's stone carving "Custom Yi Tong" Volume 9 "Strange God? Shi Xian and the Seven Gods: "In the tomb of Pengjia in Ruyang, Runan, there is a stone man standing at the end of the road, behind the stone beast." Zhu? Shui Shu records the tomb of Zhang, the satrap of Han Hongnong: the second stone gate of Gengmen, surrounded by stones and beasts. There are two stone men on the side of the monument, as well as several stone pillars and beasts ... The beasts lined up in front of the temple, but the things were destroyed. "Zhu? Xiao Shui quoted Ye Fan's Hanshu: "Zhongshan, Wang Jingying and Yan Zhi (homonym for" Ping ",which means buried) are also thick, and they are used to build tombs, tunnels and monuments to get out of this mountain." Zhao Mingcheng, a Song Dynasty poet, recorded the Golden Stone (Volume 18). Liu Heng, a tablet of Han Zhao, said, "I personally went to the tomb to see this tablet. There are stone beasts in front of it, which is very exquisite." Stone pillars mainly serve as tombs. "Once"? Li Xian's "Bamboo Slips of Sun Yixian" notes: "Stone pillars are built in front of the tomb, which Taoism calls Shinto. The top of the stone pillar of Qin Jun's tomb unearthed in Shijingshan, Beijing, is engraved with the word "Shinto". Tombstones originated from monuments used to pull down coffins during burial. " Publish your name? Interpretation of "One Day at a Time": "Monument, also. This book was set up at the time of burial, and Shi Lulu put a rope on it and led it to the coffin below. The courtiers recalled the beauty of your father's merits in the book, which embarrassed future generations. Built at the head of the road for no reason, it is obvious that the name is monument. Since then, Sun Zongjian's miscellaneous records, his Old History and Zhao's Yu Yi Cong Kao all have the same records. As for the appearance of inscriptions, it began in the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, Ouyang Xiu said in Collection of Ancient Records: "There were inscriptions in the later Han Dynasty. If you want the inscription of the former Han Dynasty, you can't get it. " "Because of the Eastern Han Dynasty, powerful families attached importance to burial customs and built graves. Coupled with the progress of steelmaking technology at that time, sharp steel tools were convenient for digging and carving stone materials, so when building stone temples and columns, it was also popular to replace perishable wooden tombstones with solid stone tablets. ? Tombstones were very popular at that time. Not only dignitaries set up tombstones, but even ordinary people without official positions flocked to them. For example, "Nine Books on Lishi" has "Monument to the Old Man of Wu Zhongshan". Not only adults but also children have tombstones. For example, Cai Yong wrote "Traveling with Hu Genbei". Tombstones were erected by family members or clan members, disciples and masters, friends, old officials and local officials. In books such as Lishi and Jinshilu, a large number of tombstone inscriptions in the Eastern Han Dynasty were preserved. In addition, "be? Guo Zhuan also reflected this point, saying, "When buried, comrades erected a monument, and Cai Yong wrote it, saying,' I have many inscriptions, and Guo Youdao is shameless.'" Cai Yong, a famous scholar at that time, still wrote a large number of inscriptions, which shows the prosperity of his writing style. Judging from the inscriptions at that time, its style has been formally finalized and has its own style. There are words, inscriptions, and order. At that time, the inscriptions were also called ci, or department, or ode, mostly large-scale works, generally in more than a thousand words. Stylistically, it shows the influence of poetry and prose in the Han Dynasty, starting with the name and birthplace of the deceased, tracing the lineage, and then praising the merits and expressing condolences. Finally, it often ends with a four-character poem. For example, the first cloud in the Seven-year Confucius Monument says: "If you are afraid of Zhou, the word season will be the seventeenth grandson of Confucius. There is another saying: There are many talented people, and they are well-known ... "I won't give you many examples. Readers who want to see it can leave a message. In short, the purpose of setting up a tombstone at this time has completely become to mark the cemetery and celebrate the martyrs of the deceased. Thank you for reading. I am the author Liang Mu. 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