How does Chinese medicine develop?

Chinese medicine has a long history. As early as in the ancient times, our ancestors in the struggle with nature created the original medicine. People in the process of searching for food, found that some food can alleviate or eliminate certain diseases, which is the origin of the discovery and application of traditional Chinese medicine; in the baking fire to warm the basis, found that the animal skin, bark wrapped in hot stones or sand for local heating can eliminate some of the pain, through repeated practice and improvement, and gradually produced hot ironing and moxibustion; in the process of using stone as a tool of production, found that a part of the human body can relieve another part after being stabbed In the process of using stone tools as production tools, it was found that one part of the human body can be relieved of another part of the pain after being stabbed, thus creating the use of stone, bone needle treatment method, and on this basis, gradually developed into acupuncture therapy, and then formed the meridian theory. The theories of Chinese medicine mainly come from the summarization of practice, and are constantly enriched and developed in practice. As early as two thousand years ago, China's earliest existing Chinese medical theory monograph "Huang Di Nei Jing" came out. The book systematically summarized the therapeutic experiences and medical theories before that time, combined with other natural science achievements at that time, and used the simple materialistic and dialectical ideas to make a comprehensive exposition of human anatomy, physiology, pathology, and the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases, initially laying down the theoretical foundation of Chinese medicine. Nangjing is a classical medical text comparable to Huangdi Neijing, which was written before the Han Dynasty and is rumored to have been authored by a Qin-Yueyang man. Its contents include physiology, pathology, diagnosis, treatment and other aspects, supplementing the shortcomings of Huangdi Neijing. Since the Qin and Han dynasties, internal and external transportation became more and more developed, and rhinoceros horn, amber, antelope horn and musk from minority areas, as well as longan and lychee kernel from the South China Sea, were gradually adopted by mainland medical practitioners. Southeast Asia and other places of medicinal herbs also continue to enter China, thus enriching people's knowledge of medicinal herbs. The Shennong Ben Cao Jing is the earliest existing pharmacological monograph in China, which was handed down at that time. It summarizes people's knowledge of medicines before Han Dynasty, contains 365 kinds of medicines, and describes the theories of medicines such as the king, the minister, the adjuvant, the envoy, the seven emotions and the harmony, the four qi and the five flavors, etc. The book is the earliest existing monograph on medicines in China. Long-term clinical practice and modern scientific research has proved that: the book contains most of the medicinal effects are correct, such as ephedra for asthma, Huanglian for dysentery, seaweed for galls and so on. In the third century A.D., Zhang Zhongjing, a famous medical doctor in the Eastern Han Dynasty, studied "Suwen", "Needle scripture", "Difficult scripture" and other classical medical books on the basis of extensive collection of effective prescriptions for all people, and combined with his own clinical experience, he wrote the "Treatise on Typhoid and Cold Miscellaneous Diseases". The book identifies typhoid with six meridians and miscellaneous diseases with internal organs, establishing the theoretical system and treatment principles of Chinese medicine and laying the foundation for the development of clinical medicine. The book was later divided into the Treatise on Typhoid Fever and the Essentials of the Golden Chamber. Among them, "Treatise on Typhoid Fever" contains 113 prescriptions (actually 112 prescriptions, because the Yu Yu Liang Pills have prescriptions but no medicines), and "The Essentials of the Golden Chamber" contains 262 prescriptions, excluding duplicates, and the two books contain 269 prescriptions, which basically summarize common prescriptions in various clinical disciplines, and are regarded as the "Ancestor of the Prescription Book". The Western Jin Dynasty physician Huang Fu Qui (215-282 AD) reclassified and rearranged the basic contents of the three books, Su Man, Needle Meridian and Ming Tang Acupuncture and Moxibustion, and wrote Acupuncture and Moxibustion A and B Meridian, which consists of 12 volumes and 128 articles. The book for China's earliest surviving book on acupuncture and moxibustion, the contents of which include internal organs, meridians, acupuncture points, disease mechanism, diagnosis, acupuncture techniques, stabbing prohibited, acupuncture points, such as the main treatment. The book was examined to determine the total number of acupoints and 349 points (including 49 single points, 300 double points), discussed the indications and contraindications of the various points, summarized the operation of the practice, etc., which had a great impact on the world of acupuncture and moxibustion medicine. In 701 A.D., the Japanese government stipulated that this book was a compulsory text for medical doctors when it was formulated as a medical ordinance. In 610 A.D., Chao Yuanfang and others collectively prepared the Treatise on the Origin and Condition of Various Diseases, which is the earliest surviving monograph on the etiology of disease in China. The whole book **** 50 volumes, divided into 67 doors, contains a list of symptoms 1, 700 articles, respectively, discussed the internal, external, gynecological, pediatric, five senses and other diseases of the etiology of the disease pathology and symptoms. The etiology and pathogenesis of some diseases are described in detail and scientifically. For example, the infection of certain parasites has been clearly pointed out that it is related to diet; it is believed that tapeworm disease is caused by eating undercooked meat. The book also recorded intestinal anastomosis, abortion, tooth extraction and other operations, indicating that the surgery had reached a high level. During the Sui and Tang dynasties, due to political unity, economic and cultural prosperity, developed internal and external transportation, the increasing number of foreign medicines, medication experience is constantly enriched, and further summarization of the achievements of pharmacology has become the objective needs of the time. In 657 A.D., the Tang government organized Su Jing and other twenty people to collectively compile the materia medica, completed in 659 A.D., called "Tang - new revision of the materia medica" (also known as "Tang Materia Medica"). This was the first pharmacopoeia issued by the government in ancient China and the earliest national pharmacopoeia in the world. It was 883 years earlier than the Nuremberg Pharmacopoeia issued by the Nuremberg government of Europe in 1542 AD. The book **** 54 volumes, including materia medica, medicinal charts, chart of the three parts, containing 850 kinds of drugs, in foreign influence. In 713 A.D., the Japanese officials stipulated that a copy of this book was mandatory reading for the study of medicine. Sun Simiao (581-682 A.D.), a physician of the Tang Dynasty, devoted his life's work to the preparation of "The Essential Recipes of Thousand Golds" and "The Wings of Thousand Golds". Among them, Qianjin Yaofang is divided into 30 volumes with 5,300 prescriptions; Qianjin Yifang is also 30 volumes with 2,571 prescriptions. The two books also discuss various clinical disciplines, acupuncture and moxibustion, food therapy, prevention, and health maintenance. Especially in the prevention and treatment of nutritional deficiency diseases, the achievements are outstanding. For example, it is believed that gall disease (refers to goiter type of disease) is caused by people living in mountainous areas for a long time and drinking a kind of bad water for a long time, and people are advised not to live in these places for a long time; for patients with night blindness, animal liver is used to treat them, and so on. In 752 A.D., Wang To authored the "Secret Essentials of Wai Tai", the whole book **** 40 volumes, 1, 104 doors (according to today's verification of 1, 048 doors), containing more than 6,000 square, can be described as a collection of pre-Tang dynasty square book of the great success. The Song Dynasty paid more attention to the education of traditional Chinese medicine. The Song government set up the "Bureau of Imperial Medicine" as the highest institution for training Chinese medicine personnel. The curriculum for the students included Suwen, Nanking, Typhoid Fever and the Origin and Candidates of All Diseases, etc. The teaching methods were also greatly improved. Teaching methods were also greatly improved, such as acupuncture and moxibustion medical officer Wang Weiyi had designed and cast two bronze (1026 AD), finely engraved twelve meridians and 354 acupuncture points, as acupuncture and moxibustion teaching and examination of physicians. During the examination, the examiner injected water into the acupuncture points and sealed them with wax. If the examinee takes the correct acupuncture point, the needle can be in the water out. It was a pioneering step in medical education in China. A.D. 1057, the Song government set up a special "correction medical books Bureau", systematically on the important medical books of the past generations of collection, organization, verification and collation, which lasted more than ten years, about 1068 ~ 1077 years in succession. At present, we can read the "Suwen", "Typhoid Fever", "The Essentials of the Golden Chamber", "Acupuncture and Moxibustion A Yi Jing", "The Origin and Candidates of Various Diseases", "Thousand Golden Essentials", "Thousand Golden Wings", and "Secrets of the Wai Tai", etc., all of them were passed down after this proofreading and publication. During the Jin-Yuan era from the twelfth to fourteenth centuries A.D., many distinctive schools of Chinese medicine emerged. Among them, there were four major ones, namely: Liu Wansu (1120-1200 AD), who believed that the symptoms of typhoid fever (which refers to febrile illnesses in general) were mostly related to "fire-heat", and therefore used cold medicines in treatment, which was called the "Cold School" by the later generations. Zhang Congzheng (about 1156-1228 AD), who believed that illnesses were born from the invasion of external evils into the human body, and that once illnesses were caused, the evils should be dispelled, and therefore the treatment mostly used sweat, vomiting, and lowering in order to attack the evils, which was called the "Attacking the Lower School" by the later generations; and Li Dongyuan (1180-1251 AD), who put forward the idea of "internal injury to the spleen and stomach, and all illnesses are born from it". Li Dongyuan (1180-1251 A.D.), who suggested that "internal injuries to the spleen and stomach are the cause of all diseases" and emphasized on warming and tonifying the spleen and stomach in treatment, was later called the "earth tonic school" because the spleen belongs to "earth" in the Five Elements doctrine. "Zhu Zhenheng (1281-1358 A.D.), who believed that the human body often has excess yang and insufficient yin (i.e., the human body often has excess yang and insufficient yin) and that the treatment of diseases should focus on nourishing yin and lowering the fire, was later called the "yin nourishing school". Li Shizhen (1518-1593 AD), a medicine expert of the Ming Dynasty, personally went to the mountains to collect medicines, extensively investigated all over the world, clarified the growth forms of many medicinal plants, dissected or tracked and observed certain animal medicines, compared and refined medicinal minerals, and referred to more than 800 kinds of literature for 27 years to write "Compendium of Materia Medica", which contained 1,892 kinds of medicines and 10,000 kinds of prescription, which was very important to Chinese and world pharmacology. The book contains 1,892 kinds of medicines and 10,000 prescriptions, which has made outstanding contributions to the development of pharmacology in China and the world. Around the eleventh century AD, Chinese medicine practitioners began to apply the "human pox inoculation method" to prevent smallpox, which became the forerunner of medical immunology in the world. From the 17th to 19th centuries AD, due to the continuous epidemic of infectious diseases, people formed and developed the warm disease school in the process of fighting with infectious diseases. For example, Wu Youxian of the Ming Dynasty believed that the occurrence of infectious diseases, "non-wind, non-cold, non-heat, non-dampness, there is a different kind of gas in heaven and earth," which he called "hostile gas". He pointed out that the infectious pathway of "hostility" is from the mouth and nose, no matter how strong or weak the body, touching the disease. This breaks through the traditional theory of Chinese medicine has always believed that the disease is from the surface of the body into the human body, in the bacteriology has not yet appeared in the middle of the seventeenth century, this is undoubtedly a great innovation. To the Qing Dynasty, Chinese medicine in the treatment of warm diseases (including infectious and non-infectious febrile diseases) on behalf of the achievements of the writings of Ye Gui's "temperature and heat", Xue Xue's "dampness and heat", Wu Zi's "temperature and heat" and Wang Shixiong's "temperature and heat" and so on. Qing Dynasty physician Wang Qingren (1968-1831) based on autopsy and clinical experience wrote "Correction of Errors in the Medical Forest", which corrected some errors in ancient medical books on human anatomy, emphasized the importance of anatomical knowledge for doctors, and developed the theory of stasis and blood stasis in causing diseases and treatment methods. In the past hundred years, with the widespread spread of Western medicine in China, the situation of the coexistence of Chinese medicine, Western medicine and the combination of Chinese and Western medicine has been formed. Some medical doctors gradually realized that Chinese and Western medicine had their own strengths, so they tried to converge the two academic disciplines, and gradually formed the school of Chinese and Western medicine. Its representatives and their works are: Tang Zonghai (1862-1918) of the "Chinese and Western medical books five"; Zhu Peiwen about the middle of the 19th century) of the "Chinese and foreign viscera image compilation"; Zhang Xichun (1860-1933) of the "Medical Zhongzhong Gansai Lu" and so on. Chinese medicine is an important part of the splendid culture of the Chinese nation. Thousands of years for the prosperity of the Chinese nation has made outstanding contributions, and with remarkable therapeutic effects, rich national characteristics, unique diagnosis and treatment methods, systematic theoretical system, a vast body of literature and history, standing in the world of medicine, and has become a treasure trove of human medicine **** with the wealth. Chinese medicine education for thousands of years and not decline, showing its own strong vitality, it and modern medicine *** with the composition of China's health care, is China's medicine and health care has the characteristics and advantages.