The development of international container transportation through the five stages please everyone thank you!

I, the development process of container transport Container transport refers to the container as a large container as a carrier, the collection of goods assembled into a container unit, in order to use large-scale loading and unloading machinery in the modern circulation area and large-scale vehicles for loading and unloading, handling operations and complete the task of transportation, so as to better achieve the goods "door-to-door" transport a new type of new high-efficiency and high efficiency of the mode of transport. Although container transport is a modern mode of transport, its development has gone through a long process. The development of container transportation can be divided into the following stages: (a) the initial stage of the development of container transportation (the beginning of the 19th century ~ 1966) Container transportation originated in Britain. As early as in 1801, Britain's Dr. James Anderson has put forward the goods loaded with containers for transportation concept. 1845 British Railways have used the way of mutual exchange of cargo carriages, depending on the carriages for the container, so that the concept of container transportation has been initially applied. the mid-19th century, in the United Kingdom's Lancashire has appeared in the transport of cotton yarn, cotton cloth, a kind of carrier with a movable frame, which is the prototype of the container. The prototype of the container. Formal use of containers to transport goods is in the early 20th century. 1900, the first trial of container transportation on the British railroad, and later spread to the United States (1917), Germany (1920), France (1928) and other European and American countries. Before 1966, although the container transport has achieved some development, but at this stage of container transport in Europe and the United States in some advanced countries, mainly engaged in railroads, road transport and domestic coastal transportation; ship type to modified semi-container ship is the main, and the loading capacity of its typical ship is only 500 TEU (20 ft container conversion unit, referred to as the "conversion box") or so, and slower; the box mainly The box type is mainly 8ft×8ft, the length of 24ft, 27ft, 35ft non-standard containers, part of the use of the length of 20ft and 40ft standard containers; box material began to steel-based, to the later stage of the aluminum box began to appear; ship loading and unloading ship loading and unloading bridges are mainly, only a very small number of special terminals on the shore loading and unloading bridges; terminal loading and unloading process is mainly used by the sea-land Intermodal Corporation pioneered the chassis car mode, trans-carrier has just appeared; container transportation business is to provide only port-to-port services. These characteristics show that before 1966, container transportation was still in the initial stage, but its superiority has been shown, which has laid a good foundation for the large-scale development of container transportation in the future. (ii) the development stage of container transport (1967 ~ 1983) Since 1966 to 1983, the superiority of container transport is more and more recognized by the people, the sea transport as the leading international container transport development is rapid, is the world transport into the containerization of the era of the key period. In 1970, there were about 230,000 TEUs, and in 1983, it reached 2.08 million TEUs. the tracks of container ships have spread all over the world. With the development of sea container transportation, each port has to build special container berths, the world container berths to 1983 has increased to 983. The world's major ports container throughput in the 1970s annual growth rate of 15%. Special berths are equipped with loading and unloading bridges at the forefront, and in the Port of Rotterdam container terminal on the second generation of container loading and unloading bridges, can be loaded and unloaded 50TEU per hour. terminal yard on the tire-type gantry cranes, transporters and other machinery has been widely used, the chassis car process is gradually tending to decline. In this period, the traditional management of general cargo transportation has been a comprehensive reform of the management system to adapt to advanced modes of transportation gradually formed, electronic computers have been more widely used, especially in May 1980 in Geneva, held 84 UNCTAD member states to participate in the International Conference on Multimodal Transportation, adopted the "United Nations Convention on International Multimodal Transportation of Goods". The Convention provides for the definition of international multimodal transportation of goods, the content of multimodal transport documents, the liability of multimodal transport operators and other issues. Although the Convention has not yet entered into force, its main elements have been invoked and applied by many countries. Although in the mid-1970s, due to the impact of the oil crisis, the development of container transport slowed down, but this stage of the development of a longer period, in particular, many of the new technology, new machinery, new boxes, new ship types and modern management, are emerging in this stage, the world's containers to the direction of multimodal transport is also bred in this stage, so it can be called the development of the container transport stage. (C) the maturity of container transportation stage (after 1984) After 1984, the world shipping market to get rid of the oil crisis brought about by the impact of the start out of the trough, container transportation has re-emerged on the road of stable development. At present, the degree of containerization of general cargo transportation in developed countries has exceeded 80%. According to statistics, by 1998 the world has about all kinds of container ships more than 6800, the total container capacity of 5.79 million TEU. container transportation has been all over the world's maritime transport countries, with the container transportation into a mature stage. Containerization of the world's maritime cargo has become an unstoppable development trend. Container transportation into the mature stage of the characteristics of the main performance in the following two aspects: (1) hardware and software sets of technology tends to improve. Dry full container ship to the full automation, large-scale development, the emergence of 2500 ~ 4000TEU of the third and fourth generation of container ships. Some big shipping companies have used large ships to organize global routes. In order to adapt to the needs of large ships berthing and loading and unloading operations, the port large, high-speed. Automated loading and unloading bridge has also been further developed. In order to make the container from the port to the inland extension, some advanced countries on the inland collection and evacuation of highways, railroads and transit stations, as well as vehicles, ships for a large number of supporting the construction. In terms of transport management, with the increasingly perfect international regulations and international management of the gradual formation of the scientific management methods, management means of modernization. Some advanced countries have developed from the original management limited to the port area for the development of integrated information management with the port related departments networking, some large companies have been able to implement the tracking management of containers through the communication satellite in the world. Advanced countries of container transportation technology for the development of multimodal transportation has laid a good foundation. (2) Entering the stage of multimodal transportation and "door-to-door" transportation. The realization of a variety of modes of transport joint transport is the direction of development of modern transportation, container transport in this regard has a unique advantage. Advanced countries due to the establishment and improvement of the container integrated transport system, so that container transport breaks through the traditional mode of transport "port to port" concept, the comprehensive use of the advantages of various modes of transport, to provide owners with "door-to-door" quality transport services, so that the advantages of container transport to give full play to.". Door to door" transportation is a complex international comprehensive transportation system engineering, advanced countries in order to develop container transport, this as a specialized discipline, training a large number of container transport senior managers, business personnel and operators, so that container transport in the theory and practice have been gradually improved. Although the world container transportation has entered a mature stage, but should also see the world's container transportation development is not balanced. Container transportation is capital-intensive, management technology requirements of the industry, developing countries due to a shortage of funds and talent, the start is also late, generally still in the development stage of container transportation, a few are still in the initial stage. But container transportation has been widely used in international trade, developing countries must absorb the advanced technology and management experience of advanced countries in order to keep up with the requirements of the times, to adapt to the needs of international trade development.