Monetary information

The development history of China's currency

At the turn of the century and the beginning of the Millennium, the origin and development of money are accompanied by the evolution of human social history. It not only records human social and economic activities, but also becomes an important tool to study social history and explore human civilization. The Chinese nation has a long history and is hardworking and brave. While creating and gestating human civilization, it also gestates a dazzling and far-reaching oriental monetary culture, which has become an important part of studying the evolution of world currencies. According to relevant historical data and archaeological research, the origin and development of China currency are basically synchronized with the origin and development of the world currency. Generally, it originated after the first social division of labor, developed in the slave society in the Yin and Shang Dynasties, formed in the late Zhou Dynasty and unified in the Qin Dynasty. As far as its currency development history is concerned, it has gone through four different stages: physical currency period, metal currency period, paper currency period and modern electronic currency period. Among them, the casting of metallic silver and the use of paper money in China were far earlier than those in other countries and regions in the world.

The physical currency period is the primary stage of currency development, which came into being after the first social division of labor and the separation of agriculture and animal husbandry in the late primitive society. According to the Book of Changes, "Shennong's contribution ... Japan is the city, the world is the people, the wealth of the world is collected, and the business advances, and each has its place." This passage describes the early commodity exchange process of physical currency in China, and the exchange form is barter. This is the so-called "barter". With the development of exchange, the form of "barter exchange" can't adapt gradually. Therefore, people choose a product that everyone is willing to accept as an equivalent. This product has obtained the function of money, which is called "physical money". Its object is livestock first, followed by cuckoo, and finally currency.

In the era of metal currency, China used barter trade. This is the so-called "barter". With the development of exchange, the form of "barter exchange" can't adapt gradually. So people choose a product that everyone is willing to accept as an equivalent. This product has acquired the function of money and is called "physical money". Its object is livestock first, followed by cuckoo, and finally coins.

China used metal currency after the second social division of labor, that is, the separation of handicrafts. Metal currency has been dominant in China's currency use for a long time, and it has been used for thousands of years, showing complex and diverse forms of monetary system and occupying an important position in China's monetary system. Metal coins mainly go through three different stages:

First, copy the currency stage. Money in this period was made of metal. Compared with the physical currency period, although there are several fixed coins, there is no standard weight, only different sizes. From the Shang Dynasty to the end of the Warring States Period, there were imitation shells, imitation farm tools and imitation tool "cut" coins in China, mainly including Western Zhou cloth coins, Qi Yan knife coins, Chu ant nose coins and imitation spinning wheel coins. Preliminary achievements have been made in the study of monetary theory, among which the theory of "mother and son are in power" has a great influence on the study of monetary theory in later generations.

Second, remember the currency stage. It is a period when the development of metal currency gradually moves towards standardization. In 22 1 year BC, after the unification of the six countries, Qin Shihuang unified the complex reproduction currency into gold and semi-square hole round currency. At this stage, silver began to be minted and gained great popularity, making China the first country in the world to make coins with silver. Among them, the five-baht currency in Han Dynasty is the longest and most successful currency in China's history, and the research of monetary theory has also entered the nominal theory and metal theory from the light and heavy theory of copying currency stage.

Third, remember the monetary stage of the annual treasure money. The use of Kaiyuan Bao Tong in the Tang Dynasty marked the beginning of the monetary stage of remembering money, that is, casting next year's figures on money. From the archaeological findings, it is not from the Tang Dynasty that money was cast on next year's figures, nor is it the first time that the Tang Dynasty cast money on next year's figures. However, most of the coins after the Tang Dynasty were cast on the next year's figures. Therefore, China used to call the coins after Tang Kaiyuan and Bao Tong the monetary stage of keeping money. The emergence of "year-old treasure money" is not only the need of economic development in Tang Dynasty, but also the summary of monetary practice in past dynasties. The Tang Dynasty was the heyday of the feudal dynasty in China. With the increase of foreign exchanges, the currency in this period had an important impact on the currency changes in China and even the development of the world currency. The economic prosperity in the Tang Dynasty is manifested in the following aspects: First, economic prosperity promoted the development of monetary and credit institutions. At that time, Chang 'an had a credit institution specializing in remittance and exchange, and there were "flying money" similar to bills of exchange; Second, in addition to the popular copper coins, there were gold and silver coins in the Tang Dynasty, which developed the metal physical form of money. The most influential currency in this period was "Kaiyuan Bao Tong" in the Tang Dynasty.

Paper-making is one of the four great inventions in China, and China is also one of the first countries to use paper money. Its use can be traced back to the white deer skin coin in the Han Dynasty and the "flying money" in the Tang Dynasty. It was officially issued in the Northern Song Dynasty (about AD 1000) and gradually improved in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, becoming the main currency in economic exchanges. It continued to be used in Qing dynasty, but it was once abolished. The emergence and use of paper money is spontaneous in the process of social and economic exchange, and it is an unprecedented change in the development of money. 800 years ago, Kyle polo, a world-famous traveler who visited China in the middle of the Ming Dynasty, could not understand that cheap paper could be exchanged for expensive silk at the same price. Although paper money changed the way of commodity exchange, feudal society and modern rulers only used paper money as a tool to accumulate wealth, and excessive issuance led to increased inflation. 1935 The fiat money issued during the "fiat money reform" implemented by the Kuomintang government was even used as a tool to exploit and squeeze the people, expand armaments and persist in the civil war, which led to rising prices and depressed people's livelihood. It was not until February 1948 that the people's currency system was born that the issuance and use of paper money were truly standardized and unified, and the currency value remained stable, thus effectively promoting the prosperity of China's economy and the continuous improvement of people's living standards.

If the use of paper money in the last century is a new era in the history of currency development initiated by China, then the electronic currency created by Americans as a symbol of modern society in the early 20th century is also an epoch-making and significant change in the history of currency development. Its appearance not only changed the traditional payment method of human beings, but also realized the leap of money from tangible stage to intangible stage, and also changed the standard of measuring wealth for thousands of years, involving all aspects of human life. In recent ten years, electronic money has developed rapidly in China with its advantages of convenience, safety and high efficiency, and has been widely used in many fields such as people's production and life. With the continuous development of science and technology and the formation of electronic money internet, it is inevitable that electronic money will replace traditional money. We believe that in the 2 1 century, the era of electronic money represented by credit cards has arrived, and it is no longer a human dream to have a card in hand and travel all over the world.

Looking back on the past and looking forward to the new century, China is one of the earliest civilized countries in the world to manufacture and use money. In the long history of money, it has written down the glory of Chinese civilization countless times and recorded the most powerful page of the feudal dynasty in Han and Tang Dynasties. However, due to China's closed-door policy in the late feudal society and the backwardness of modern industry, we are far behind the western countries in terms of science and technology and economic development. This requires every coin lover not to be limited to the shape, size, weight, color, composition, writing, casting age and manufacturing technology of the coin itself, but to perfect it into the social and economic structure and study the emergence, development and change of the currency. We should put the study of money in its specific history, study its social and economic conditions, as well as politics, military affairs and culture, make the past serve the present, understand the laws of economic activities, master modern science and technology, and serve the socialist financial cause and financial system reform. Only in this way can we better carry forward China's long-standing monetary culture.

The essence of money

Money has five functions: value scale, circulation means, storage means, wealth means and world currency, right? They are equal to the essence of the universe, and there is such a problem.

At present, the stagnation of domestic gold consumption is related to the insufficient development of the domestic market to some extent. One of the important reasons is that foreign exchange has been very tight for a long time, and gold has long been used as an international payment method, and the state control is very eye-catching, and other aspects of gold consumption have been restricted. Nevertheless, please answer the following questions.

The essence of gold as an international means of payment is C.

A universal equivalent b exchange medium c settlement means d wealth representative

Why not a

One more question.

As a hard currency, gold is still an important part of national currency reserves, and the United States has the largest reserve, which has remained at around 8,000 tons in the past decade. Answer the questions according to the material.

Gold, the hardest currency, is essentially a kind of.

The value scale C of commodity A and commodity B is naturally the universal equivalent of currency D..

Why not d

My problem is that the essence of money is universally equivalent, and no matter what function it performs, it will not have any other essence. Unless it's not money. In an emergency.

According to the foreign exchange quotation published by the Bank of China, the most valuable currency at present is British pound (selling price 1458.59), and the least valuable currency is Japanese yen (selling price 7.3593).