Information on the Dai, Jingpo, Achang and De'ang ethnic groups

The Dai, one of the ethnic minorities in China. The Dai people mainly live in Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Dehong Dai Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, Gengma Dai Wa Autonomous Prefecture, Menglian Dai Lahu (hù) Wa Autonomous Prefecture, and Lincang in Yunnan Province, and are scattered in most parts of Yunnan. The Dai usually prefer to live in large river basins, dam areas and tropical regions. According to the 2006 national census, there are 1.26 million Dai people in China, and the vast majority of the Dai believe in Southern Theravada Buddhism [1]. Domestic scientific data show that the Dai are related to the Baipu and the Dianyue of the Hundred Yue, and that the Dai ancestors came from the Dai settlement area in the southwest of China's Yunnan Province, from which the Dai of Southeast Asian countries originated. The Dai of China are the same as the Shan (Dai) of Burma, the Lao of Laos and the Thai of Thailand. The total population is over 60 million. Historically, the Dai people built a Dai state, Myohyang, centered on southern Yunnan, northern Thailand and eastern Myanmar. After the historical evolution, this country no longer exists, and the Dai are scattered in the southwestern part of China and various countries in the central and southern peninsulas. There is also a part of the Dai ethnic group in the northeastern state of Assam in India. The Jingpo mainly live in the mountainous areas of the counties of the Dehong Dai-Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan Province, with a few living in the Mangma and Gangfang of the Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture, as well as in the counties of Gengma and Lancang. The Jingpo people have two dialects, Jingpo and Zaiwa, which are difficult to communicate with each other. The Jingpo language belongs to the Jingpo branch of the Tibeto-Burman group of the Sino-Tibetan language family. It uses the Jingpo language, a phonetic script based on the Latin alphabet. The Jingpo people have a rich and beautiful oral literature, including long narrative poems reflecting the origin and migration history of the nation, as well as myths, stories, fables, proverbs, riddles and so on. The Jingpo people are mainly engaged in agriculture. The Jingpo region is rich in precious timber and various medicinal herbs. Cash crops include rubber, oil tree, tea, coffee and so on. The Jingpo people generally believe in primitive polytheism, and some of them believe in Christianity. Customs The Jingpo family still retains the system of inheritance of youngest son, the status of the youngest son is higher than the eldest son, the eldest son after marriage to set up another door, but the youngest son stays at home to support his parents, and the property is mainly inherited by the youngest son. The Jingpo people are frank and hospitable, and have always retained the custom of "eating white rice". That is to say, in their daily interactions, no matter where they go, they can sit down to eat without paying any compensation. For any person who does not know each other, the host must entertain the meal. Folk generally believe: let the guests go hungry, is the most undignified thing. Regardless of marriage, festivals and gatherings, visiting relatives, Jingpo people have to carry a basket, filled with water wine, cooked eggs, glutinous rice balls, folk said "gift basket", the host received the gift basket, to the attendant guests one by one to toast, and finally to drink, and count the gifts, and then return the basket to the guests to show that the gifts received as a number. Many areas of the usual meal is still inherited regardless of men and women, young and old are divided into meals, without tables, chairs, cutlery, meals are wrapped in banana leaves, eating a hand. Avoid wrapping the leaves inversely. Whether drinking wine and soup, are on the ground to cut a bamboo tube, tube mouth oblique cut a knife, with the use of go. Food custom Jingpo people idle three meals a day, busy two meals a day. Staple food rice, like to eat dry rice and bamboo tube rice. Most of the vegetables planted are melons, beans, green pickles, yams (potatoes) and so on, supplemented by bamboo shoots, watercress, wild garlic and so on. Meat is mostly pork and chicken, and in their spare time, they hunt and fish, such as wild boars, muntjacs, goats, bison, pheasants, birds and sparrows, and catch fish, crabs and snails. The Jingpo people drink mostly homemade low-grade wine, called water wine, and adult men and women are more fond of soju. Jingpo people drink very much attention to etiquette, acquaintances meet each other to toast, not to take over to drink, but first poured back into the other side of the barrel a little before drinking. We *** drink a cup of wine, everyone drink a mouthful of hand wipe their own drink over the place, and then turn to others, such as the presence of the elderly, the first to let the elderly drink. Typical foods mainly include: grilled fish in bamboo tubes, sapi, pounded eel, and stewed bamboo rats in casseroles. Festivals "Meinao Zongsong" is a mass singing and dancing activity of the Jingpo ethnic group in Dehong, Yunnan Province, and a traditional festival for the Jingpo people to wish for good luck and happiness and to celebrate a good harvest. "Meimin" is the phonetic translation of Jingpo language, meaning "dancing in a big group", and it is usually held after the 15th day of the first month of the lunar calendar, lasting for 2-3 days. Every time when the festival of "Meibao Zongge" is held, the ceremony is often held from early morning to night, and even all-night revelry. Each time, a cow is killed and sacrificed, and then the beef is shared by everyone, accompanied by songs and dances, with thousands of participants. In addition, also want to sacrifice "can Shang" Chen Temple, sacrifice "can Shang" twice a year. Once in the spring sowing, the offerings are more grand, then to kill cattle, pigs, chickens, etc., to celebrate the harvest. Jingpo also had a "eat new grain" festival, "eat new grain" are selected in the eighth month of the lunar calendar, a dragon day, when the new grain fried dry, pounded into rice, and the old rice together to make rice, a metaphor for the old rice, new rice continues. When eating the new rice, the rice and wine should be sprinkled to part of the ground and dedicated to the ghost of the earth, and then the whole family **** meal. Achang hospitality, respect for the elderly and love for children, there are many good traditional etiquette. Guests come home for a nap, the host should be good wine and tea hospitality, meal courtesy on the seat, such as the guests are young, small generation can be excused to sit on the edge of the seat or sit underneath; meet the toast pouring tea, avoid not to be courteous on the acceptance. The Achang people have the custom of advising the guests to have rice, no matter whether they will drink wine and tea or not, it is taboo for the guests not to accept; when advised to have rice, no matter whether they are full or not, they should extend their hands to hold the bowl and receive it; hands to receive the delivery or get up to salute, as a sign of respect. Usually persuade the rice is symbolic, through persuade the rice to say love, and even sing persuade the rice song lyric, said welcome guests is the real reason. When the Achang people dissolve their marriage vows, they must return the photos and hair of the vows. It is forbidden to burn the photos and hair, otherwise it is believed that after the photos and hair are burned, people will become very sick or even crazy. The Achang people are not allowed to marry with the same surname. There is a custom of recruiting a son-in-law, and the man who comes to the door must change his name to follow the woman's surname. Weddings are held for three days. In the wedding, the bride and the groom go table by table to honor the sugar tea, and the guests put a few coins in the cup after drinking. Achang young men and women get married at the wedding banquet, first of all, we should invite the bride's uncle to sit on the top, and set up a plate of gazpacho mixed with pig's brain, and after the banquet, the uncle should send the bride a treaty of 4.5 kilograms of pig's tail with the hind leg, known as the foreign meat, which means that the bride should never forget the mother's family's kindness of upbringing. In the history of the Achang people, there were the custom of bride kidnapping and fleeing from marriage. Marriage is generally caused by the following two reasons: a man and a woman y in love, but the woman's parents do not agree, the two had to agree on the man to rob the marriage, resulting in a fait accompli, forcing the woman's parents to agree; the second is to bet on the marriage contract after the girl repented, the man was not willing to, had to be forced to rob, forcing the girl to give in. Escape generally occurs in the case of both parents do not agree, the lovers have to double escape, so as to fight for the freedom of marriage. The above custom has basically disappeared due to the change of time and concept. The Achang people marry according to the order of the eldest and youngest, such as the eldest son is unmarried, the second son and the second daughter can't get married, the elder sister is not married, the younger sister and the younger brother can't get married before the elder sister. If younger siblings get married before older siblings, they have to hold "cross ceremony" and give some money to older siblings to apologize and respect them. When the young man of the Achang tribe marries, he should ask the two nimble-footed and agile companions to help him hold the umbrella. Because when the groom is going into the girl's house, the young girls of the bride's cottage are going to splash him with water from both sides of the porch eaves, and if the groom is drenched, he will be looked down upon; if the groom is dripping with water, even the accompanying groom will be proud of himself. It is said that the umbrella is a tool to protect the groom from harm. In a long time ago, there is a small sister of the Achang tribe called Lami, in her six or seven years old when both parents died, rely on her brother to live. When she was sixteen years old, her two brothers separated and she lived with her elder brother. One day, a family named Rana from the outer village came to propose marriage to Lamy's brother. The young man who wanted to marry Lamy was spoiled and bad-tempered, and couldn't even count his expenses. In order to be able to marry Ramey, Rana family's financial gifts to a very generous, the brothers counted, in addition to do the dowry can be left with some of the use, but also readily agreed. Lamy can not see this young man, she likes a young man called Lashai. After a song, the two exchanged love objects, and agreed on the date of the next meeting. Lami's two brothers knew that Lasha had abducted his sister, and Lasha's family had sent all the gifts, and they were very reluctant to do so. The two sisters-in-law saw Lami found such a beautiful and capable young man is also very jealous, so they added fuel to the fire, so the two brothers want to kill Lasha. On the day of the marriage, when it was still very early in the morning, Lasha went to Lamy's cottage. But Lamei's two brothers did not allow him to enter the door, saying, "Lasha is the one who leads people away at night, and he can only be allowed to enter the house when it is dark." Easy to wait until dark, Lashai's partners set off firecrackers, blowing the suona, lively into the Lami home, Lashai happy to go up to the bumpy head, just want to bow in the arch, suddenly a few pots of cold water from the eaves of the porch on both sides of the splitting head down, only to see the eyes of the two flashed to the white light, Lashai a scream on the collapse. Rami strangled himself to death when he heard the news. Later, people in order to protect the personal safety of the groom, the groom arrived at the bride's door when the umbrella to cover the groom, called: umbrella protection groom to protect the whole body. Therefore, this special umbrella is actually an amulet for the Achang groom. De'ang nationality A minority group in China. (See color map.) They call themselves the D'ang. The De'ang are divided into the Ruo Bao, Liang, and Bui branches, and are collectively known as the Benglong in Chinese. In September 1985, with the approval of the State Council, they were renamed the De'ang. They live in five counties and one town in Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan Province, as well as in Baoshan, Lincang and Simao counties. Sanhe Mountain in Luxi County and Junlang in Zhenkang County are areas where the De'ang live. The population is 12,295 (1982). They speak the Deang language, which belongs to the Wa Deang branch of the Mon-Khmer language family of the South Asian language family, and they speak three dialects, namely Bure, Ruomai and Nayang. There is no written language. Origin of the ethnic group The name "Bánlong" was first mentioned in the Qing Dynasty in Wang Chang's "Records of the expedition to Burma". The Pu people of the Han and Jin dynasties, the Mang barbarians of the Sui and Tang dynasties, the Puzi barbarians and the Wang Tho barbarians were the ancestors of the present-day De'ang, Wa and Brown tribes. They have submitted to the Han and Jin dynasties and the Tang and Song dynasties of Nanzhao and Dali. After the Yuan Dynasty, their ancestors became the subjects of the Dai Tusi. Anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggle At the beginning of the 19th century, the De'ang people revolted against the oppression and domination of the Dai Tusi in Mangshi, put forward the slogan of "the official is unfair, kill the official to solve the inequality", and united with the Dai people to break out into a large-scale armed uprising that lasted for several years, which was finally suppressed due to the fact that the Tusi in Mangshi had the support of the Qing government and the Han landlords. In the end, the uprising was suppressed because the Mangshi Tusi was supported by the Qing government and Han landlords. In modern times, the De'ang and Jingpo peoples have **** together to fight against the British imperialist invasion of China's western Yunnan Province. During the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, the Japanese invading army invaded the Dehong area of China from Burma, and the De'ang people in the fallen area at that time participated in a guerrilla force of more than two thousand people organized by the Han and Dai people, and fought with the Japanese invading army many times with copper cannon guns, long knives and crossbows. After the victory of Anti-Japanese War, De'ang people organized self-defense forces in each village to resist the rule of Kuomintang. After the People's Liberation Army (PLA) entered Yunnan, the De'ang people actively assisted the PLA in annihilating the fleeing Kuomintang troops, ushering in the liberation of the De'ang people. Socio-Economic Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, the De'ang belonged to the Dai Feudal Tusi rule, and the headmen were hereditary or appointed and dismissed by the Tusi. The headman was called Daji Gang (known as the Chief Gangmaster among the Han Chinese), equivalent to a village chief, and had jurisdiction over several villages. Each village set up a Dajigang (Han called the head of the gang), and set up Dapaolong, Dajig and other heads, to assist Dajigang to deal with all the affairs of the village, for the Toji apportionment of money and tribute. The Deang, who are under the direct jurisdiction of the Jingpo mountain officials (see Jingpo Mountain Officials), also pay a certain amount of head tax, official labor, official grain, etc., to the mountain officials, and at the same time, pay exorbitant taxes to the Kuomintang government. Deang families, at the beginning of the 20th century, also retained the characteristics of patriarchal extended family communes: each extended family consists of a number of small families with blood relations of three to four generations, *** living in a long house, living a collective labor, *** with the consumption of life. Subsequently, the gradual establishment of private land ownership, the development of the individual economy, the impact of foreign commodities and currencies, and the emergence of usury, hired labor, and land rent in kind contributed to the disintegration of the extended family and the establishment of individual small families. Culture and Customs The De'ang people practise monogamy and do not marry with the same surname. Men and women enjoy the freedom of love before marriage, and girls have some autonomy in choosing their partners, but they have to seek the consent of their parents at the end of the day. When getting married, the man's family has to give the woman a certain amount of bride price. If the husband and wife do not get along, the man filed for divorce, as long as a few pounds of rice, a few dollars, please the village village head of the sacrifice of God tree, you can notify the woman back to her mother's home. The woman filed for divorce, to compensate the man for the bride price. After the founding of New China has changed. Deang folk with colorful embroidery and carving art, there are exposing the evils of reactionary rulers, glorify the love of the working people and other content of myths, folklore. Such as reflecting the tragedy of love between men and women, "Lusheng Mourning Tune", "Helpers Tune", the flute sound mournful and sad, very touching. Musical instruments are influenced by the nearby Dai, Jingpo and Wa ethnic groups, and point gongs and elephant foot drums are also used. Orchestral instruments include the gourd sheng, flute, small three-stringed instrument and small four-stringed instrument. The wooden drum is a unique short drum with a wide head and narrow feet. Dances are accompanied by wooden drums, which are called wooden drum dances. Women of different clans have different costumes, identified by the color of the horizontal stripes of their tunic skirts. They wear short open-breasted shirts, head wraps, silverware and colored glass beads, waist bands and leg wraps. Men wear black cloth with round neck and big face lapel, wrapped with black or white head wrap. Youngsters like to wear big earrings and silver collars. Housing is divided into two kinds of bamboo buildings and earth houses. Bamboo building is also known as dry fence, upstairs people, downstairs off livestock. By the dam area villages, mostly living in the wooden structure of thatched huts, compartments off livestock, stacking firewood and placing foot pestle. Festivals are water festival, closed door festival, open door festival, do pendulum, burning white firewood, etc., mostly with religious colors.

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