Folk embroidery

Shanxi province is the place where folk embroidery works grow. Shanxi folk embroidery not only has a long history, but also has a wide range of themes and rich content, which has the characteristics of reflecting Shanxi customs.

Shanxi folk embroidery has its own unique artistic style, with simple patterns, bright colors, simple composition, exaggerated modeling, diverse stitches and exquisite embroidery. Most of these folk embroidery works come from rural working women.

Xinzhou and Jinnan have the greatest influence on embroidery in Shanxi.

Xinzhou embroidery

Xinzhou folk, embroidery is quite common among the masses. In Daixian area, embroidery has the characteristics of preciseness, magnificence and elegance. Wutai county and nearby urban and rural areas have beautiful and dignified embroidery style; Xinzhou, Dingxiang, Yuanping and other places, the embroidery style is relatively simple and beautiful.

Xinzhou embroidery can be roughly divided into three categories: clothing, daily necessities and sacrificial supplies.

Folk costumes, traditional folk embroidery is mainly used as a kind of decoration. Most of these decorations are on women and children. In women's embroidery, different parts have different patterns. "Wrist sleeves" (coat cuffs) are usually decorated with two continuous patterns containing peace, auspiciousness and wishful thinking. The "neckline" is like clouds in embroidery, decorated with floral patterns. "Skirt" is a common dress for women in ancient and modern times. It is the front piece and the back piece, often embroidered, and the colors are mostly black, blue and red. The "coat" is embroidered on the chest, and the commonly used patterns are fish playing lotus and peony flowers. "T" is often embroidered with butterflies, lotus flowers and other patterns. On the "shoes" belt, there are recent patterns such as love flowers and laurel trees embroidered. "Liangguan" is used by women to tie their hair in summer. It is often embroidered on a black background, which is very delicate. Most of the "belly hugging" of rural children are embroidered with red edges, which are generally decorated with patterns symbolizing auspiciousness and reproduction, such as the birth of your son and the building full of buildings in Changchun. There are also five poisonous insects embroidered, which means taking poison if it is not close. The bib on the boy's body is often embroidered with Shuang Hu's head, the second lion's head and Five Blessingg's longevity. The girl's "bib" is embroidered with five butterflies holding flowers, five lotus seats and five fish beating lotus flowers. Earmuffs for ear protection in winter are mostly peach-shaped and often embroidered with auspicious animals, flowers and birds. "Children's shoes" are mostly tiger-headed shoes, with the tiger's head in front, the tiger's feet at the side, and the tiger's tail at the back, tilting upwards. Embroidered in front is a green toad shoe, named toad, which contains the meaning of "laurel on the moon, money on the ground". Xinzhou village has pig shoes, puppy shoes and so on, all related to local customs. Girls' shoes are the same as boys', but the embroidered patterns in front of them are auspicious and cheerful, decorated with flowers and birds with meanings.

Daily necessities: There are pillow flowers and tiger pillows in Xinzhou area. There are two-headed tigers, one-faced tigers, tiger-headed fish tails and toad pillows in the tiger pillow. These pillows are beautifully sewn and have unique patterns and shapes. It is not only a pillow for children, but also a toy for children.

"Louhua" is a variety of daily necessities made by women in Xinzhou area with rags of various colors. Such as cushions, schoolbags, saddles, etc.

"Insole" is often used as a gift for unmarried young women to give their fiance, and is often embroidered with patterns such as boundless happiness, all the best, and lotus boy.

Wallets have different uses, such as holding money and cigarettes. Under normal circumstances, the "purse" embroidery worker is more delicate, mostly as a token of men and women, but it is often a token given by women to men.

Also, during the traditional festivals, many places in the border of Xinzhou will embroider some holiday supplies for children.

On the Dragon Boat Festival, mothers embroider grain "sachets" for their children.

Usually, people will embroider "pillows" for the elderly to sit on; Seat accessories "cushions" made of embroidery, flower arrangement and flower arrangement; As well as the sedan chair for the couple to get married, the embroidered "sedan curtain" and "car clothes" decorated on the car, and so on.

Sacrificial articles: This kind of embroidery is often decorated with exquisite embroidery such as dragon, phoenix, crane, Fulu, Xi Shou, Eight Immortals of Light and Shadow, etc. , used to clean the ceremonial mourning hall, altar skirt, shrine curtain, etc. In addition, materials and embroidery workers are very particular about the embroidery on the coffin cover for funeral and the "Shouzai" and "Shouku" of the deceased.

Jinnan embroidery

In the rural areas of southern Shanxi, people's daily necessities, clothes and hats are mostly decorated with embroidery, such as neckline, cuffs, skirts, shawls, hats, shoes and quilt covers, pillows, wedding tents, birthday tents, table surrounds, chair cushions and so on. There are different embroidery patterns.

Folk embroidery in southern Shanxi is mostly found in Linyi County, Wanrong County, Xiangfen County, Hongtong County, Jixian County, Linfen City and Yuncheng City. The embroidery patterns in these places are mainly popular, such as smug, Deng Mei Magpie, Song He Yannian, Erlong Play Pearl, Phoenix Peony and so on. This is the general theme of folk embroidery in southern Shanxi. Fruits and vegetables, birds and animals, mountains and rivers, pavilions, etc. They are all kinds of embroidery schools in life.

Folk embroidery in southern Shanxi is mostly made by ordinary peasant women, and this traditional embroidery skill is often passed down from family to family and exchanged with each other. The girls here, influenced by their families when they were young, began to learn embroidery. With the growth of age, embroidery naturally becomes an important artistic activity in their growth. They accumulated experience and skills in practice, and under the influence of their elders, they independently created new patterns from imitation, forming a unique folk embroidery style in southern Shanxi.

The author of folk embroidery in southern Shanxi is very good at using various techniques to express his imaginary theme. Some are realistic, some are romantic, and some are exaggerated, creating countless embroidery crafts that are both decorative and full of local flavor.

Lingbao folk embroidery

Lingbao folk embroidery has been passed down from generation to generation, continuously developed and innovated, and gradually formed its own unique local style, which can be summarized as follows:

Rich and diverse, meaning auspicious.

Lingbao's folk embroidery is mostly practical. All daily necessities and clothes (mainly women and children) are decorated with embroidery. Such as cuffs, collars, skirts, aprons, curtains, quilts, curtains, children's hats, handkerchiefs, socks soles, etc. These items are decorated with auspicious patterns with different meanings, which show women's blessings to their loved ones and their yearning for a better life.

The patterns of Lingbao folk embroidery are usually symbols of happiness and good luck. Or through "homophones" with the same pronunciation. Express good wishes for life. It combines the appreciation habits of the masses and permeates the folk customs of western Henan. Such as "the precious son of the lotus nut", "the magpie climbs the plum tree", "Kirin sends the son", "Yuanyang plays in the water", "ice flute Hua Lian", "Phoenix plays peony", "Carp wears lotus flowers", "A hundred birds fly towards the phoenix", "Lion rolls hydrangea" and "Phoenix plays peony" and so on.

Spread love and show maternal love.

Lingbao is also the hometown of traditional operas in China, and various folk operas such as "Daoqing", "Henan Bangzi" and "Shadow Play" are deeply loved by local people. Therefore, the stories, costumes, colors and figures in folk opera and shadow play art are directly or indirectly transplanted into folk embroidery. The most prominent content is love stories, such as Picking up Jade Bracelets, Closet Side and Butterfly Lovers, all of which are carefully embroidered by girls on purses, pillowcases, door curtains, curtain sides, quilt covers and bed edges. Embroidered figures of men and women, with simple and pure images and bright colors, have entrusted the girls with their good feelings about love life and marriage happiness. Children's hats, bellies, cloth tigers and sachets embroidered by women for their children have all devoted their maternal love.

It is closely related to folk culture and inseparable.

In Lingbao County, according to different festivals and fashions, women embroider embroidery and toys with different connotations and contents according to marriage, love and children's health. The girl's wedding is a big happy event, so we must "wear blue satin shoes and embroider red flowers". After passing the door, she will take care of it. " The bride and groom's new house must be decorated with prosperity and celebration. What is it like? "Yuanyang Pillow, Dragon and Phoenix Curtain, Embroidered Phoenix and Red Silk Curtain." The bride's wedding table is a beautiful work of art, as the folk song proves: Wang Xiaojiao is a bride, and she is busy embroidering and getting married. After the second watch was embroidered in four corners, colorful clouds floated everywhere; After midnight, magpies will be sent to the plum blossom for good luck. After the four-watch embroidery, the husband and wife are happy; Wu Geng embroidered the dragon, played the phoenix, and flew with me as a mandarin duck. It is also very grand for a woman to have a "full moon". Grandma will send tiger boots, tiger hats, embroidered pockets and xianggong hats (all of which can't be separated from embroidery). The "Duanyang Festival" in May is an important festival of the Han nationality. The folk song says, "The sun is red at the end of May, so make a sachet to drive away poisonous insects." The eldest girls, kannika nimtragol and clever mother-in-law of every household in rural Lingbao began to embroider all kinds of fragrant cloth bags, such as Eight Immortals, Zodiac, the Monkey King, Moving Baby, Holding Peach Baby, Chicken Heart, Shoutao Peach, Bergamot and Butterfly. The sachet is filled with aromatic herbs such as Atractylodes lancea and Angelica dahurica, which can not only drive away mosquitoes and flies, but also smell very fragrant. The girls carefully embroidered it and gave it to their lovers as a symbol of love. Mothers embroider carefully to protect the safety and health of their children.

Completely retains and inherits the traditional embroidery skills.

The representative stitches of Lingbao folk embroidery are "zipper", "braid embroidery" and "punching embroidery". In addition, the commonly used needling methods include traditional techniques such as "wrapping needle", "small needle", "flat needle", "plate needle" and "mending needle". Among them, the techniques of "drawing flowers" and "mending embroidery" are particularly eye-catching. Drawing flowers is to embroider vivid flowers with needles and single yarn, and Liao Liao counts the needles radially. Although it is an auxiliary technique, it plays an important role in embroidery. This stitch is usually used on cloth toys, such as stretching a small flower on the forehead and ribs of a majestic tiger, which makes the fierce liger look a little naive and cute. "Supplementary embroidery" is more widely used in embroidery. Its characteristic is that it can make embroidery produce relief effect. "Supplementary embroidery" is subdivided into the following categories: "Filling embroidery", similar to "overlapping embroidery". It uses cloth, silk or other materials to cut out the required pattern, fills cotton in the bottom material, and then embroiders the lace around the pattern with a needle to make the pattern convex and have a three-dimensional effect. In the black pattern, colorful patterns are set off, and the contrast is strong, bright and ingrained. This embroidery method is mostly used to embroider daily necessities such as insoles and socks soles. "Overlapping embroidery" is a complicated embroidery process. Its technique is to stick the cut original piece with cloth piece by piece, then stick it on the bottom material (the color of the bottom material is still mainly black and blue), and then embroider lines of various colors from the center of the pattern with a flat needle. When embroidery, a thin line is evenly left on the edge of the pattern, and the white outline is very chic against the colorful pattern base.

Xibe embroidery

Folk treasures: Xibe embroidery captures the beauty of life

Xibe folk embroidery has a long history and rich connotations, and Xibe women are more ingenious and good at capturing beautiful scenery in life. Xibe women have lived in the western part of the motherland for more than 200 years, and their embroidery works have won the appreciation and recognition of people of all ethnic groups. Xibe embroidery appears in every corner of life: clothing, headscarves, pillowcases, shoes, curtains and so on. I came to Sheri Town, Ai Xin, Zabul County, Yili, and Nadaqi Lu Niu Township, and I was fortunate to see the embroidery technology of Xibe women.

Embroidering everywhere is a traditional handicraft widely used by Xibo people. In the long-term practice, Xibo people have embroidered beautiful things endowed by nature into their works with dexterous hands. Embroidery patterns include figures, mountains and rivers, trees, flowers, birds and animals, etc. Among them, butterflies and chrysanthemums have become the mascots of Xibe nationality, symbolizing freedom, tranquility, peace and beauty, and also giving Xibe nationality a spiritual strength to encourage them to thrive in a difficult environment. Xibo women's embroidery works appear in every corner of life, including clothing, headscarves, pillowcases, shoes, curtains and so on. And some small items, such as tablecloths, decorations and sachets.

Qinghai folk embroidery

The history of embroidery in Qinghai can be traced back to ancient times. With the opening of the Southern Silk Road, Princess Wencheng and Princess Jincheng successively entered Tibet and passed through Qinghai. Princess Honghua married King Tuguhun of Qinghai. With the influx of silk from the Central Plains, people began to decorate themselves with embroidery, beautify their lives, convey friendship and place their feelings, making this folk art an indispensable part of people's lives, which has been passed down from generation to generation and developed continuously.

Qinghai embroidery is widely used, with rich varieties and various patterns. Generally speaking, all kinds of embroidery can be divided into four types: one is practical, mainly shoes, socks, belts, braids and pillows, which are the entities of embroidery; Second, the ornamental category, mainly money, collars, sleeves, wallets, pocket pieces and so on. ; Third, etiquette, mainly wallets, pencil cases, belts, life accounts, couplets, calligraphy and painting. Fourth, religious supplies, using embroidery to shape Buddha statues and decorate temples. This is just a big difference. In fact, many things are both practical and ceremonial, so it is difficult to distinguish them strictly.

Distinctive national characteristics

Nationalism is a prominent feature of folk embroidery in Qinghai. Qinghai embroidery has formed its own unique style in the long development process. Because of the consistency in content and form of language, religious belief, festival etiquette, culture and entertainment, customs and habits of life, a nation will inevitably embody its unique spirit and consciousness in folk art, especially embroidery, which is closely related to people.

Tibetans, Mongolians and Tu people believe in Tibetan Buddhism, and their embroidery mostly embodies religious contents such as auspicious eight treasures and lion statues, and a considerable part of embroidery directly serves religion.

Puyang embroidery

Embroidery is a traditional folk craft in Puyang, and the stitches used in Puyang embroidery are all traditional crafts of Song embroidery. Puyang folk embroidery is widely spread, especially on both sides of the old Yellow River. Some girls are not familiar with paper-cutting, and embroiderers think it is ignorance. Embroidery can be seen everywhere, such as children's shoes, children's hats, children's bellies and children's shields. Among them, Sun's costumes, with exquisite craftsmanship, gorgeous patterns and excellent embroidery, enjoy a high reputation in northern Henan.

Tibetan embroidery

Tibetan embroidery absorbed the composition techniques of Thangka and also learned the techniques of Han embroidery. Embroidery pays attention to ornamental value and pursues bas-relief and magnificent artistic effect. Tibetan embroidery is very decorative, and many patterns are skillfully combined into a harmonious layout that is intertwined and intertwined, which embodies the national character of unity, friendship and mutual separation.

Tuxiu

Soil embroidery works fine, the needle shows the basic skills and the line shows the effect. Embroidery pays attention to the overall relationship, with coil embroidery as the main body, fine embroidery as the keynote and large embroidery as the feature. Pieces of embroidery set off the atmosphere and make people see things in a blur. Embroidery is durable because of time-consuming meticulous work. Local embroidery is widely used, and folk embroidery is very active. Today, Turkish women are all dressed up with embroidery from head to toe, and they are beautifully dressed.

Hui and Salar Embroidery

The embroidery of Hui and Salar ethnic groups is elegant and beautiful, with exquisite and elegant stitches and exquisite and elegant embroidery. Influenced by Islam, animals are rarely used, and most of them are plants and flowers.

Qinghai Han embroidery

Qinghai Han embroidery talents are abundant. There are not only Central Plains embroidery, but also the composition colors of ethnic minorities. I also accepted the skills of court embroidery. From the aspects of composition, theme, color, embroidery, etc., we deliberately pursue and develop in an all-round way, and the embroidery is simple and gorgeous.

Regional characteristics

Regional environment plays a great role in the formation and development of embroidery. China's famous embroidery includes Su embroidery, Xiang embroidery, Shu embroidery, Guang embroidery, Jing embroidery, Gu embroidery, etc. All of them were born in special geographical environment and formed unique embroidery varieties.

Although the folk embroidery in Qinghai can't be completely compared with the professional embroidery in other regions, the combination of plateau culture and Central Plains culture has formed the beauty with the same effect. The biggest feature of blue embroidery is simplicity, and every embroidery seems to embody the ancient imprint.

As far as this province is concerned, due to its vast territory, regional differences are reflected in embroidery. Pastoral herdsmen's embroidery shows rough grassland temperament with exaggerated modeling, solemn colors, provocative brushstrokes, strong contrast, concise composition and rough lines. All ethnic groups engaged in agriculture in eastern Qinghai not only have a wide variety of embroidery products and are widely used, but also pay attention to full composition, vivid image, simplicity, pure color, diverse techniques and are famous for their fine craftsmanship.

Miao Embroidery

Embroidery, like batik, is one of the most important decorative means of Miao costumes. The concept of embroidery is to use silk thread, wool or colored cloth to form patterns on various garments and cloth embryos through needling and sewing.

Miao rust is mainly used for the decoration of headscarves, collars, sleeves, cuffs, shoulders, backs, pendulums, belts, waists, skirts, leggings, shoes and scarves.

There are roughly 12 kinds of embroidery techniques: Ping Xiu, Peach Blossom, Lock Embroidery, Pile Flower, Sticking Cloth, Seed Embroidery, Broken Thread Embroidery, Needle Embroidery, Tin Embroidery, Ponytail Embroidery, etc.

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Folk embroidery permeates the wisdom and good wishes of countless women, and the spring breeze is full of fiery vitality and beautiful emotions. A skilled embroiderer, whose needle and thread are like a painter's pen and ink, can embroider bright and beautiful pictures, show her personality, and show the cultural features and artistic achievements of different times.

Early embroidery paid attention to practicality. Until the appearance of textiles, the art of embroidery developed by leaps and bounds, and folk embroidery became more active. In order to meet the needs of the development of embroidery art, various embroidery stitches came into being. Under the persistent pursuit of embroidery women, embroidery stitch has been continuously improved and enriched, forming a brand-new situation in which embroidery works of art blossom.