What does camera mean

A camera, or camera for short, is a device that utilizes the principle of optical imaging to form an image and uses a negative to record the image. Many devices that can record images have the characteristics of a camera. Medical imaging equipment, astronomical observation equipment and so on. Camera is an optical instrument used for photography.

The light reflected from the scene to be photographed through the camera lens (camera lens) and control the exposure of the shutter focus, the scene to be photographed in the dark box on the formation of a latent image of the photographic material, after processing (i.e., development, fixation) constitute a permanent image, this technology is called photography.

Divided into general photography and professional camera.

History of Camera Development

The earliest camera structure is very simple, including only the dark box, lens and light-sensitive materials. Modern cameras are more complex, with lenses, aperture, shutter, rangefinder, framing, metering, film loss, counting, self-timer, focus, zoom and other systems, is a combination of optics, precision machinery, electronics and chemistry and other technologies, complex products.

In 400 BC, Mozi's "Mojing" has been recorded in the pinhole imaging;

In the 13th century, in Europe, the use of pinhole imaging principle of reflection made of dark boxes, people into the dark box to view the reflection or depiction of the scene;

In 1550, Italy's Caldano will be biconvex lenses placed in the original position of the pinhole, the reflection of the effect of the box than the more bright and clear;

It is a complex product combining optics, precision machinery, electronics and chemical technology. brighter and clearer;

In 1558, Italy's Barbaro and Caldano's device with an aperture, so that the imaging clarity greatly improved;

In 1665, the German monks John chapter designed and produced a small portable single-lens reflective reflective dark box, because at that time there was no light-sensitive materials, this dark box can only be used for painting.

In 1822, France's Niepce made the world's first photograph on light-sensitive material, but the image was not very clear and required an eight-hour exposure.

In 1826, he took another photograph through a dark box on a tin-based plate coated with light-sensitive bitumen.

In 1839, Daguerre of France made the first practical silver-plate camera, which consisted of two wooden boxes, one of which was inserted into the other for focusing, and the lens cap was used as a shutter to control the thirty-minute-long exposure time, which was able to produce a clear image.

In 1841 the photographer Vogtland invented the first camera with an all-metal body. The camera was fitted with the world's first mathematically designed photographic lens with a maximum aperture of 1:3.4.

In 1845 German von Martens invented the world's first rotary camera that could pan 150°.

In 1849 David Brust invented the stereoscopic camera and the two-lens stereoscopic viewer.

In 1861 physicist Maxwell invented the world's first color photograph.

In 1860, Sutton of England designed the original single-lens reflex camera with a rotatable reflector viewfinder; in 1862, Detry of France stacked two cameras together, one to take a view and one to take a picture, which constituted the original form of a two-lens camera;

In 1880, Baker of England made a two-lens reflex camera.

In 1866, the German chemist Schott and optician A Gou invented the barium corona optical glass in Zeiss, resulting in a positive light photographic lenses, so that the design and manufacture of photographic lenses, rapid development.

With the development of light-sensitive materials, in 1871, appeared with silver bromide light-sensitive materials coated with dry plate, in 1884, and the emergence of nitrate fiber (celluloid) to do the substrate film.

In 1888, Kodak produced a new type of photographic material - soft, rollable "film". This was a leap forward for photographic materials. In the same year, Kodak invented the world's first portable square-box camera with film mounted.

In 1906 American George Sillars made the first use of the flash.

In 1913 German Oskar Barnack developed the world's first 135 camera.

From 1839 to 1924 this first stage of camera development, at the same time, there are some novel button-shaped, pistol-shaped camera.

From 1925 to 1938, the second stage of camera development. During this time, Germany's Leitz (predecessor of Leica), Lokai, Zeiss and other companies developed and produced a small size, aluminum alloy body and other double-lens and single-lens reflex cameras.

With the advent of magnification technology and particulate film, the quality of lenses improved accordingly.

In 1902, Germany's Rudolf used Saidel in 1855 to establish the theory of three-dimensional aberration, and in 1881 Abbey research success of the high refractive index of low dispersion optical glass, made the famous "days of the Sai" lens, due to a variety of aberration reduction, so that the quality of the image is greatly improved.

Based on this, in 1913, Germany's Barnack designed and produced the use of the negative punched holes in the film, 35mm film small Leica camera - Leica single-lens pivot camera.

However, the 35mm cameras of this period used a see-through optical pivot viewfinder without a rangefinder.

Color film was made in 1930.

In 1931, the German Contax camera was equipped with a double-image coincidence rangefinder using the principle of triangulation, which improved focusing accuracy, and was the first to adopt a die-cast aluminum body and a metal curtain shutter.

In 1935, Germany saw the emergence of the Exxacto single-lens reflex camera, which made it easier to focus and change lenses. For accurate camera exposure, Kodak cameras began to be fitted with selenium photocell exposure meters in 1938.

In 1947, Germany began production of the Contax S-type roof pentaprism single-lens reflex camera, so that the viewfinder image is no longer reversed left and right, and will be looking down into the flat focusing and framing, so that photography is more convenient.

In 1956, the Federal Republic of Germany was the first to make an electric eye camera with automatic exposure control;

After 1960, cameras began to use electronic technology, with a variety of automatic forms of exposure and electronic program shutter;

After 1975, the operation of cameras began to be automated.

Before the 1950s, camera production in Japan was mainly based on the introduction of German technology and imitation, such as in 1936, Canon copied the L39 interface of the 35mm side camera according to the Leica camera, and Nikon was only in 1948 to copy the Contax to make a side camera.

PENTAX's predecessor Asahi Optical Industries began producing lenses in 1923, with the expansion of Japan's invasion of the war on the road, the Japanese army's demand for optical instruments increased dramatically, Nikon, Pentax and Canon and other Japanese optical instrument factories received a large number of military orders for the invasion of the Japanese army to produce binoculars, latitude and longitude, aircraft optical sights, scopes, optical rangefinders and other military Optical Instruments. With the end of the war, these army orders are no longer available, post-war military enterprises for survival had to turn to the production of civilian goods, optical instrument manufacturers Nikon, Canon, Pentax have begun camera production.

In 1952, Pentax introduced German technology and introduced the German brand "PENTAX" and produced the first camera of "Asahi Optics".

In 1954, Japan's first single-lens reflex camera was manufactured by Asahi Optical-Pentax.

In 1957, as a newcomer to the Japanese camera industry, the first Japanese SLR camera with a five-lens optical viewfinder was manufactured. Since then, Minolta, Nikon, Mamiya, Canon, Ricoh and other companies competed to copy and improve the SLR camera and lens technology, thus promoting the development of civilian camera technology in Japan, the world center of gravity of the SLR camera technology gradually shifted from Germany to Japan.

In 1960, Pentax introduced the PENTAX SP camera, which pioneered the TTL auto metering technology.

In 1971, Pentax applied for a patent for its SMC coating technology, and applied SMC technology to develop and produce SMC lenses, which led to great improvements in color reproduction and brightness as well as the elimination of flare and ghosting, thus significantly improving the quality of the lenses Camera pictures. Thanks to the SMC technology, the optical quality of Pentax lenses has since been greatly improved, and a number of Pentax lenses have been highly respected by professional photographers, even surpassing the German top lens Zeiss lens, which achieved a moment of glory for Pentax cameras. (SMC is the abbreviation of English Super-Multi Coating, meaning Super Multi-Layer Coating technology, the application of this technology, so that the lens in the lens between the light of a single reflection rate can be reduced from 5% to 0.96-0.98%, the whole lens light transmission rate of up to 96% or more.) Although almost all camera lenses produced by manufacturers currently claim to utilize SMC technology, empirical tests have proved that it is the Pentax lenses that have done the best job in this regard.

In 1969, the CCD chip as a camera photographic material in the United States of America's Apollo moon landing spacecraft on board the camera was applied, for the photographic photographic photographic material electronically, laying the technical foundation.

In 1981, Sony Corporation, after years of research, produced the world's first CCD electronic sensor to do light-sensitive materials for the camera, for electronic sensors to replace film to lay the foundation. Immediately following, Panasonic, Copal, Fuji, as well as the United States, Europe, a number of electronic chip manufacturers have invested in CCD chip technology research and development, for the development of digital cameras to lay the technical foundation.

In 1987, the camera using CMOS chips as the light-sensitive material was born in Casio.

After 30 years of development, the sensor size of digital cameras has reached 53X44mm, and the number of pixels has reached 80 million. The resolution, resolution, and image quality of photos taken with this digital camera have surpassed those taken with a 6x9-inch film camera.

It is foreseeable that as technology advances, better digital cameras will continue to be developed.