How did Engels explain the origin and essence of consciousness when criticizing Turin's naturalism transcendentalism?

① Consciousness is the result of the long-term development of the material world;

② Consciousness is the function and attribute of human brain;

③ Consciousness is the reflection of matter.

The origin of consciousness:

The emergence of consciousness is not only a natural and historical process, but also a social and historical process.

Consciousness is the product of the development of the material world to a certain stage. It takes a long historical process for matter to develop from itself to produce thinking creatures. In this process, there are three decisive links: 1 From the reaction characteristics of all substances to the stimulation sensitivity of lower organisms; 2. From the form of stimulus-induced reflex to the feeling and psychology of advanced animals; 3. From the feeling and psychology of general animals to the generation of human consciousness.

Pure animal psychology does not spontaneously produce consciousness. Consciousness is produced together with human society. Consciousness is the inevitable product of social labor, language and human brain. In this sense, we say that consciousness is the product of society. 1. Labor provides objective needs and possibilities for the generation and development of consciousness; 2. As the shell of thinking, language is also produced and developed in the process of labor; 3. Driven by labor and language, the ape brain has become a human brain, which provides a material basis for the generation and development of consciousness.

It can be seen that human consciousness is not only the product of the long-term development of nature, but also the direct product of society.

The essence of consciousness:

Consciousness is the product of matter, but not consciousness itself; Consciousness is inseparable from matter, but it is different from matter and has the characteristics of spiritual phenomenon.

Consciousness is a special substance-the mechanism of the human brain?

The human brain is the material organ of consciousness.

As a function of human brain, consciousness is a psychological activity of human brain based on the first signal system and the second signal system.

The human brain is only an organ of thinking, not a source of thinking. Consciousness is a subjective image of objective existence, a process in which the human brain reflects the objective world, and a process in which information input from the outside world is continuously processed.

The unity of subjectivity and objectivity in conscious activities can be analyzed from the following aspects:

1. From the subjective form and objective content of consciousness;

2. From the subjective differences and objective sources of consciousness;

3. From the subjective characteristics and objective basis of consciousness (distorted and false subjective images are still the reflection of objective objects).