Changes of traditional etiquette concepts in culture

Now, if you ask the hottest type of TV drama on the screen, what do I think? Costume drama? And especially in this costume drama? Qing palace drama? The hottest. Do you like watching it? Qing palace drama? Dear friends, you will often see such a scene: when the emperor goes to court, he sits high on the golden throne hall, and then a large group of civil and military officials kneel at the emperor's feet and kowtow three times and nine times, and then shout? Long live my emperor, long live, long live? Then the emperor said? Everyone loves Qing to stand up? Officials will stand up. After that, officials will say what they want to play first. Your majesty, I have a play? Then you can play with things.

Judging from this scene, many people will definitely think that Guan Bai is so humble in front of the emperor. Really? You are expensive and I am cheap? They are so passive in Nuo Nuo. Are they really like one? Slave? . But you know what? Not every courtier was as passive as Nuo Nuo in Qing Dynasty, and his position was not so humble. In fact, we often see civil and military officials kowtowing to the emperor in film and television dramas, but it actually only appeared in the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. Before the Yuan Dynasty, although the monarch was also above the throne and the courtiers were always courtiers, their status was far from that of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. At that time, the monarch always maintained a kind of respect for his officials.

As we all know, China has existed since ancient times? State of etiquette? Historian Mr. Qian Mu once said? What is the core idea of China's traditional culture? Gift. China started with Cang Xie's creation of characters and kept it? Etiquette? , you know? Etiquette? It has become something that China people must do in their daily life. "Disciples" once said? The crown must be straight, the buttons must be tied, and the socks and shoes matter? In other words, the first thing to do when going out is to dress properly and neatly, and scarves, clothes, shoes and socks should be packed properly and neatly. The reason for this is that the ancients thought that wearing clothes was also a kind of etiquette, self-respect and respect for others.

And "Zuo Zhuan" once said, what is the ceremony? The classics of heaven, the meaning of earth, the journey of man? Li is a politician? Crossing the country, the country and the people? "The foundation of Xunzi. Cultivation also says:? Rude people are not born, rude things are not successful, and rude countries are restless? We can see from these records? Etiquette? The importance of China is related to the stability of a country and society, and China people have been sticking to it for generations? A gift? .

So China has had it since ancient times? Li Shang? Tradition? Etiquette? Everywhere, from aristocrats to civilians, every class of them is following what they should follow? Etiquette system. Among these classes, the etiquette system to be followed by princes and nobles is the strictest, and the etiquette to be followed by this class embodies the hierarchy and inviolability of the distinction between honor and inferiority, among which? Etiquette of monarch and minister? Especially prominent.

Etiquette of monarch and minister? It is a kind of etiquette that should be followed between the monarch and the minister. As mentioned at the beginning, ancient times? Etiquette of monarch and minister? It's not like what we saw in the film and television drama, is it? Are you noble and humble? Yes, in fact, at the beginning, monarchs and ministers were equal in a sense. It was not until the Ming and Qing Dynasties that the feudal system in Yu Dacheng was centralized that the situation we are seeing now was formed? Respect the monarch and humble the minister? Situation.

Pre-Qin period? The gift of the monarch and the minister? It's mutual. I have to bow to you, and you have to reciprocate appropriately. In other words, the relationship between you and me in the pre-Qin period was equal in a sense, but they were not? Slave? Relationship, but a reciprocal relationship.

First of all, ancient times? The gift of the monarch and the minister? Mainly divided into behavior etiquette (attention ceremony and bow ceremony) and address etiquette.

Etiquette and etiquette in the pre-Qin period were not just courtesy of courtiers to the monarch in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, but that the monarch did not have to salute courtiers. At that time, the monarch also had to salute his officials.

Are you online? Attention ceremony? What is the ceremony performed by the monarch to the prince? A gift? . According to Zhou Li, when I met princes in Nanxiang, there were local surnames, foreign surnames and common surnames. , that is, when the king of Zhou summoned the princes, he asked the princes with different surnames to force them? Earth? (When saluting, stand up, put your hands together, put your left hand on it, palm inward, tilt about 30 degrees, push your hand down slightly, and then get up slowly to regain your standing posture), which should be given to the prince who is related by marriage? Time? (When saluting, stand still, clench your fists with both hands, put your left hand on top, palm down, push out from your chest, bend over about 30 degrees, get up, and naturally drop your hands or hands). Do you want to give it to the princes with the same surname? Scorpio? When saluting, stand up straight, put your hands together, put your left hand on the floor, and put your palms inward; When bending over to push the hand, slowly raise your hands at the same level (slightly higher than your eyebrows), bend over about 60 degrees, and recover your standing ability when you get up).

As for his courtiers, according to Li Zhouxia's view, what did Zhou Wang want when he met his courtiers? Lonely and clear, the doctor paid special attention to his journey, and the doctor visited the cottage. Wang Huan, the door is on the left and the door is on the right. ? , is in the court, officials do not reach the designated position, Zhou Wang to minister? A gift? Book a flight, be lonely, Qing? Special? Bow; Yes, doctor? Travel? (bow according to grade); Yes, yes, sir? Next to three? Take three pictures of all taxis.

Later, he completed the works such as Lonely Man, Qing Man and Scholar. A gift? Later, Zhou Wang also needed to pay attention to the attendants, samurai, and servants of the left and right doors on both sides behind him. A gift? Is this the only way to accomplish this? A gift? After this, will the courtiers go to Zhou together? A gift? , and then you can start court proceedings.

That is to say, at that time, Zhou Wang went to court for the last time, and he had to do it to all courtiers? A gift? What do you need to do, whether you are lonely, austere, a doctor or a scholar, or the lowest old scholar, tiger or servant? A gift? . It can be said that the king in the pre-Qin period was definitely the busiest person in the imperial court. He will never be able to sit on a high dragon chair like the Ming and Qing emperors and then be worshipped by hundreds of officials.

Again? Bowing ceremony? . As we all know, in the pre-Qin period, people sat on the floor and there was no chair to sit on, so many ceremonies were formed at that time, including kowtowing, nodding, and short positions. Did the monarch do anything to his subjects in the pre-Qin period? Bowing ceremony? Etiquette, The Book of Rites. Qu Lixia contains:? The doctor sees you, and you worship him. When a scholar sees a doctor, the doctor worships him. When you first meet in the same country, the host worships it. History, no answer; If it's not his minister, then answer it. That is to say, you mainly do it for doctors in other countries? Bowing ceremony? As a sign of respect, but also for those who have just been worshipped as doctors in our country? Bowing ceremony? To express his gratitude and gratitude to him for being an official in his own country.

For example, during the reign of Zhao Haoqi, the State of Qin, King Qin Zhao asked Fan Sui to be an official in the State of Qin, and he did so? Bowing ceremony? To show sincerity, Fan Sui agreed to Wang Zhao's request, and Wang Zhao thanked him and made another one? Bowing ceremony? ("Warring States Policy". "Qin Ce III" contains: "The King of Qin said:? Unfortunately, Mr. Wang taught me ... Fan Sui surrendered again, and the king of Qin surrendered again? )。

At the same time, in courtiers versus monarchs? Bowing ceremony? When does the monarch want to? Empty head? Return the gift. "Zhou Li" contains: empty-minded admirers, do you answer the liegeman? That is, after the courtiers bow down to themselves, will the monarch take it? Empty head? Return the gift. So-called? Empty head? It's an empty-handed gift, Zhou Li said? Head is not empty-handed? Salute, the monarch knelt down and put his hands on his chest, quiet inside, then raised his hand to the ground, and then bowed his head to his hand, indicating that he only needs to kneel down. At first, I saw the monarch holding wisdom, and then I went to the next level, which was embarrassing. Shu Ren saw you, so he refused to let him go. Scholar-officials worship the kotow; Do you answer and worship? )。

In addition, in the pre-Qin period, sometimes, the monarch paid more attention to his courtiers? Kowtow? Return the gift? Kowtow? Is it the most grand among the nine worshippers? Bowing ceremony? It is often used by courtiers to visit your father. It requires worshippers to kneel, hands to the ground, and head to the ground, so it is extremely grand. What was the most important thing when you were in Shang Dynasty? Kowtow? Bow down to Yi Yin; Zhou, into Ji Wang chanting with? Kowtow? Bow down to the Duke of Zhou ("Shangshu" contains:? Tai Jia kowtowed in the shade .. A king kowtowed to Duke Zhou? )。

Then there is the gift of title. ? The name of your former minister? It is the most important principle in the address ceremony of monarch and minister in the pre-Qin period, that is, courtiers must use their real names in front of the emperor, and they must also use their real names when mentioning other courtiers in front of the emperor.

Of course, the above are just courtiers. What is it to a monarch? Is the monarch not famous and old? Etiquette, in the pre-Qin period, senior officials like Qing and Doctor did not call each other by their first names, but used some honorifics. For example, during Zhou Wuwang's time, Zhou Wuwang did not call Jiang Shang by his first name, but by his first name? Fu Shang? .

Besides, in the pre-Qin period, there were other manners besides bowing, standing and addressing. Like what? Reduced order? That is, the monarch walks down the steps or salutes his courtiers. Dr. Qing is a beginner, standing on the right, standing on the north, and lowering the rank. ; ? Leave? That is, the monarch leaves his seat and then bows or worships to the courtiers; ? Where's fu? That is, the monarch caressed the mat, and then invited the courtiers to sit down.

It can be said that in the pre-Qin period, the monarch and his subjects were equal, and the monarch should also salute the subjects, and the subjects should reciprocate and the monarch should reciprocate.

It is precisely because in the pre-Qin period, the monarch had a lot of courtesy to his courtiers, so the courtiers of later generations admired the behavior of the king in the pre-Qin period and envied the courtiers at that time. For example, Kang Youwei in the late Qing Dynasty showed a jealous mood in the imperial edict to avoid bowing his head. The son of heaven is under the three fairs, holding a seat for Qing, celebrating a seat for literati, and caressing a seat for scholars. Dr. Yu Gongqing worshipped and answered? .

Of course, in the Qin dynasty, with the establishment of the first emperor? The emperor? Titles, and established a centralized system for the emperor, the status of the monarch began to surpass that of the courtiers. Are you noble and humble? The situation is beginning to appear. At this time, due to the suspicion that the monarch respected his ministers in the pre-Qin period, which was not tolerated by the first emperor, the etiquette of the emperor respecting his ministers became less and less, and because of this, there were more and more etiquette of the monarch and his ministers to highlight the imperial power and improve the emperor's dignity.

In the Qin and Han dynasties, the emperor no longer had to worship the princes, doctors and scholars at all levels like the kings in the pre-Qin period. A gift? 、? Bowing ceremony? And other etiquette, but only for the three public, the emperor and? Three old five more? These ministers rarely salute. Take the Han Dynasty as an example. When celebrating New Year's Day, the emperor should stand up and salute him after the completion of the Three Fair Ceremony. For example, when conferring the titles of king and prince, the emperor must also stand up and reciprocate.

In addition, Qin and Han dynasties continued the tradition of respecting ministers in the pre-Qin period, namely? Sit and talk? The ceremony is that when the emperor and officials discuss government affairs in the court, they sit together and discuss it until the Tang and Five Dynasties. When the minister saw you, he sat in the temple. .

At the same time, before the Song Dynasty, would the emperor still give it to some courtiers who had made outstanding contributions? Do not enter the DPRK? In the imperial court, you don't have to go to the temple in a hurry like ordinary courtiers, but you can walk. Sword to the temple? In court, you don't need to wear a sword and take off your shoes like ordinary courtiers, but you can wear shoes and bring a sword to the temple.

In terms of appellation, although before the Song Dynasty, it did not completely follow the pre-Qin style? Is the monarch not famous and old? But for some important officials, the monarch still doesn't call them by their first names, but mostly uses words to address them. As the saying goes? Because the son of heaven often calls himself the son of a minister, why? For example, Liu said, Sean said? Ovary? , JingDi said Dou Ying said? Wang Sun? Emperor Taizong said, Gao Shilian said? Gao Jian? .

Therefore, it can be said that five generations ago, it was impolite for the monarch to call some senior officials by their first names, and the officials would be very unhappy. For example, during the Liang Wudi period, Prime Minister Cai Zun said unhappily that Liang Wudi was called by his first name? I'm the right-hand man. I'm in charge. Shouldn't your majesty call me by my first name? ("The Biography of Nan Shi Cai Kuo"), and at this time, Emperor Wu was not angry, but? Is the emperor ashamed? . As can be seen from this record, at that time, there was indeed a custom that emperors could not call senior officials by their real names, but for officials at the level of prime minister, they could even call the emperor by his first name and express their dissatisfaction to the emperor.

Therefore, it can be seen that the position of officials before the Song Dynasty was still very high, and the monarch was still polite to officials.

In addition, in terms of appellation, the emperor also gave some courtiers before the Song Dynasty? Do you like it? Power is that when courtiers worship the emperor, courtiers do not address him by his name, but only by his official position. For example, from the Three Kingdoms to Cao Cao? Do you like it? The power of? The son of heaven ordered the public to praise the nameless, not to go to the DPRK, but to go to the temple with the sword? ("Reflection? Wei Zhi? "Wu Di Ji").

Generally speaking, although the etiquette of monarch and minister from the Qin Dynasty to the Five Dynasties has existed for a long time? Are you noble and humble? The difference is not as serious as that in Ming and Qing Dynasties. At this time, for some senior officials, the monarch will still be respectful, and he still maintains the title. Is the monarch not famous and old? Etiquette, don't call him by his first name, but by his official position or word.

In addition, for some particularly important courtiers, the monarchs before the Five Dynasties also gave them? Do not enter the DPRK? 、? Sword to the temple? 、? Do you like it? Privilege, to show special respect.

However, after the Song Dynasty, the etiquette of the monarch and the minister began to have obvious distinctions of respect and inferiority, just as Kang Youwei once said: Han system, the emperor is the prime minister (Li); In the Jin, Six Dynasties and Tang Dynasties, both the monarch and the minister sat down; Only the Song Dynasty (minister) stood, Yuan knelt, and later generations followed? ("Free from Bowing to the Imperial Decree"), at this time, officials in the Song Dynasty no longer sat with emperors and courtiers to discuss politics as they did five dynasties ago, but became a form in which the monarch sat high on the throne and courtiers stood under * * *. It can be said that at this time, there has been a clear distinction between the monarch and the courtiers.

At the same time, in dealing with courtiers, Song was no longer as respectful as Qin and Han Dynasties. One of the most obvious is treatment? Three old five more? Let's go

In the Han Dynasty, was the emperor right? Three old five more? When showing respect, you should not only bow down, but also personally cut the sacrifice, hold the sauce and hold the title. As Ban Gu said, did the emperor at that time need it? My father is a three-year-old man and my brother is a five-watch? To serve them is to respect them with the courtesy of their fathers and brothers. Think about how much respect this is.

But in the Song Dynasty, the Emperor of the Song Dynasty stopped doing so. First, the Emperor of the Song Dynasty no longer greeted Sanlao and Wugeng personally, but was greeted by the doctor of Taichang Temple. Then the emperor of the Song Dynasty stopped taking the initiative to salute the third young man, but went to the emperor first? A gift? Then yellow pine just needs to stand up. After that, Huang Song will no longer personally cut meat, hold sauce and hold titles for the three seniors. Instead, he will be responsible to the food official. When Sanlao and Wugeng finally left, Huang Song no longer got up to see him off.

Song's, right? Three old five more? Attitude, it can be seen that the status of courtiers at this time is obviously far less than that before the Five Dynasties. Are you noble and humble? It's a foregone conclusion

In the Yuan Dynasty, the position of officials was even lower. At this time, the etiquette of the monarch and his subjects is complete? Are you noble and humble? .

Kneeling at the watch, reading it, lying down, resetting? (yuan dynasty history. Rites and music), this time, the courtiers are not even qualified to stand. At this time, the courtiers need to kneel down when playing, and bow down and salute after playing, and then they can get up and stand in their original positions. Obviously, the courtiers at this time are more and more like emperors? Slave? Instead of running the world together? Same robe? .

Ming dynasty, Ming dynasty also continued the yuan system. Every official who plays with things kneels. If there is an order, get up at once? ("Da Ming Hui Dian"), at this time, all the officials need to kneel before speaking to the emperor. After the performance, the emperor can get up, the emperor wrote that all officials should kneel down, and the emperor should also kneel down if he is rewarded, followed by a five-kowtow gift. In short, in the Ming Dynasty, no matter what officials do, they should kneel whenever they see imperial edicts or articles issued by the emperor or in his name.

From then on, in the Ming Dynasty, the emperor not only stopped saluting the courtiers, but also molested them. At this time, what was the most prominent thing in the Ming Dynasty? Abuse? What's the event? Zhang Ting? , "Ming history" once said? Punishment of court staff ... unprecedented humiliation of officials? Think about how shameful and aboveboard it is for a scholar to strip a detained person's pants in front of everyone and then spank him. Zhang Ting? Regardless of the object, regardless of the reason, as long as the emperor wants to fight, even if you are Zaifu, even if you are an old minister, you will lie prone and then be stripped naked and spanked, which shows that the status of the courtiers at this time is very low.

In the Qing dynasty? Are you noble and humble? It has evolved to the extreme. Different from the Ming dynasty, the Ming dynasty only allowed officials who did not perform their duties to kneel, and other officials who did not perform their duties did not need to kneel. However, in the Qing Dynasty, the imperial gate listened to politics. As long as there were officials of any class, all officials of this class had to kneel down together, even in the position of Zaifu. Another example is that all ministers should kneel at the emperor's feet and then listen to the emperor's orders.

It can be said that no matter what level of officials, no matter how old they are, they must kneel for no reason.

Another time? When the minister saw you, he sat in the temple. In the Qing dynasty, this was completely impossible. At this time, the emperor at most gave some old ministers a kneeling pad to make them kneel comfortably. It is this kind of reward that all officials regard as a great favor and are grateful for it. It can also be seen that the status of courtiers in the Qing dynasty was exactly the same? Slave? , have no position at all.

At the same time, great changes have taken place in the appellation of Qing Dynasty. In the Ming dynasty, for such an important official as Huiji, would the Ming emperor always use it? Sir? Yes, but in the Qing dynasty, no matter how high the rank and position, the emperor always called him by his first name or called him? Huh? , or? Hey? In short, it is a condescending gesture with no respect for courtiers.

In addition, in the Qing dynasty, courtiers claimed to the emperor that they no longer used their real names, but used themselves? Slave? Or? Chen Wei? .

It can be said that in terms of appellation, from monarch to subordinate? Fu Shang? Replace names with words, call them by their first names, and then use them? Huh? Or? Hey? To represent; From the courtiers' refusal to call the monarch by his first name to claiming to be a slave, these changes, without exception, no longer explain to the world the changes in the etiquette of monarch and courtiers and the decline in the status of courtiers. And that. Minister? Arrive? Slave? The change in the status of courtiers is obvious, that is, more and more humble.