What are the characteristics of Gelao residential architecture? The more detailed the better.

Gelao folk architecture. The house is usually divided into three rooms, with a hall in the center, where no one lives. There are also two rooms, one for the bedroom and one for the kitchen. In the past, there were earth-built houses, gabion houses, stone-built houses, fence houses made of small trees, thatched houses and four-legged huts with branches as frames. There is a small wall under the eaves of the collapsed house, and the four-legged hut is generally triangular in shape, with the eaves touching the ground. There is also a kind of "through the bucket room" (also called "elevated room"), which is built with large wooden pillars and thick wooden boards, and is covered with tiles or thin slate roofs.

Gelao dwellings are built on trees, mountains and the ground, and are characterized by moisture-proofing, sufficient light and good ventilation. In the various historical stages of the development of the Muchuan Gelao, with the improvement of economic conditions, the form of their dwellings has evolved.

One, dry bar

Dry bar shed is the Gelao's early construction of residential buildings. The book of "Wei" contains: the bureaucrats "according to the tree wood, to live on it, called 'dry bar', dry bar size with the number of its family". Later, the dry bar from the tree moved to the flat land, on the ground piling, piles and then with a huge wood pavement, the roof for the herringbone bracket structure, with thatch or bark cover. Its original dry fence hut according to the tree wood, is no longer used for residential, mostly for the temporary residence when guarding crops, because the main is to prevent wild boar, this simple dry fence hut, also known as the "wild boar hut".

Second, a thousand pillars to land

Tree for the column or pile for the column, four pillars two high and two short, nailed to the beam paving planks or bamboo to form a water roof, cover thatched grass or cedar bark, surrounded by round bamboo or wood or bracteate stalks plus plywood for the wall. Because of the fine wood, round bamboo, bracteate culms hundreds of thousands, like a thousand pillars to land, this kind of residential, but also in the four pillars on the other constructed herringbone roof, the appearance, and the building is similar.

Three, triangular homes

Triangular homes are generally backed by the earth or stone walls, but also reliable large trees, overhanging a few trees can also be. This residence only two columns and a beam, two columns cross into a triangle, beams in the two columns cross the point backward diagonally dragged to the back of the ground, therefore, this residence is also known as drag the tail thatched roof. The main building on the ground of this triangular house consists of three triangles, beams, columns, the ground formed by the two triangles diagonally linked together, constituting the roof and walls, the two columns formed by the triangle for the door, but also ventilation and lighting of the window, this house is now not used to live in people, mostly used for piling up miscellaneous goods or as a simple toilet. Because the pile of debris is often used for agricultural production of grass ash, this triangular building, also known as the "ash factory shed".

Four, arch-shaped house

Easy to move, is based on the triangular house, the use of the principle of the bow to create. The main building of the arch-shaped homes, the base of the six square wood structure into a rectangular, shaped like a bed, the upper building only four tough materials (such as bamboo) processed into a sheet, with two made of inner arch, supporting the wall and roof building materials, with two made of outer arch, fixed wall and roof building materials, wall and roof building materials locally, to light and thin as the standard, can be palm leaves, leaves, can also be made of thin mats woven from gabions. The single person gabled residence is low in height and small in area, which cannot satisfy the needs of the family, and has been gradually improved to form a two-pin gabled roof and wall, folded and assembled. This home is no longer used for home, exclusively mobile duck people use, and therefore named "duck canopy".

Five, wood-frame dwellings

Wood-frame dwellings are divided into five-frame house, seven-frame house, there are nine or thirteen frame, thirteen-frame house is generally three-story building. Wooden houses have the stability of triangular houses and arch buildings have the characteristics of the floor beams, the roof more herringbone two-sided drainage, the bottom of the river rows connected to the floor about two to three feet off the ground to set up bedrooms, but also outside the bedrooms about one foot off the ground to pave the ground floor.

The main structure of the five-frame house for the three columns to the ground, with three Chuan rows connected to the three columns and two Guatong, plus the front and back of each connected to a wood peach, composed of an arrangement. A column is not a house, two columns of land drop eaves, floor burden beams, collars (purlins) connected to a room, the number of columns depending on the number of needs.

Seven-frame house structure is similar to the five-frame house, four columns and three melons, mostly two-story building.

The walls and floors of wood-frame houses are boarded up, and the roofs are covered with green tiles. Wooden houses are generally four columns of three rooms, the middle of the hall, than the two sides of the room to be recessed into about 1.5 meters, outside the formation of the hall, the center of the two large doors to open, and installed two half of the wooden fence door to open. The hall is used for worshiping ancestors, gods and spirits, offering sacrifices and receiving honored guests, and the two rooms on the left and right are used as bedrooms and kitchens.

The foundation of the house is generally higher than one foot above the surrounding ground, and the eaves of the floor are surrounded by a two-foot-wide eaves, and there are differences in height between the inside and outside of the house, so that it is waterproof and moisture-proof, and is ventilated to keep the house warm.

The Gelao people are very particular about the construction of the house, first of all, please Feng Shui Mr. choose a home base, and then look for Mr. Taoist selected inauguration of the auspicious date, and then, please come to the stone and wood two craftsmen began to build. Stone and wood two craftsmen to start the day also have to see whether it violates the industry taboos, stonemasons taboo soil day not into the field, carpenters commit Luban brake day not.

Six, stone wall

Stone wall is an indispensable part of the residential, both defense against foreign invasion, to prevent the spread of fire, but also reflects the development of the family, the prestige of the local community and its economic strength of the symbol. Daping Town Longtan Village (formerly known as Fo Tan Ya) still retains the Ming and Qing Dynasties stone walls and residential complex.

Anciently, the construction of stone walls, especially the orientation of the facing door, in the opinion of the Feng Shui master, whether it is eight-fold facing door, ear door, straight door, etc., no matter whether it is a single family, or three or five families, or even the direction of the facing door of a cottage, completely related to the fate of the people. Even the nailing of the facing door, the number of opening the facing door, and even the opening of the facing door and the time have certain sayings. The boundary of the stone fence, the location of the facing gate and the place where the feng shui trees are cultivated are all related to the future life of the family. Today, it seems that the Feng Shui master's point is to plan a reasonable living environment, is a kind of "aesthetic principle".

With the popularization of science and culture, the Gelao people's housing concepts and forms have also changed, and wooden houses are kept in use, with few new ones built. Convenient transportation places, some will be converted into a wooden house brick structure, some new cement brick bungalows, the economic affluent to build a floor a bottom or more than a floor a bottom of the brick building, paste tiles, aluminum alloy glass windows, security doors and so on.

Characteristics of Gelao residence

Gelao is one of the oldest ethnic groups on the Guizhou Plateau, originating from one of the ancient Bureaucratic people, historically known as "Hat Bureaucratic", "Gelao Bureaucratic", "Ge Bureaucratic", "Ge Bureaucratic", "Ge Bureaucratic", "Ge Bureaucratic" and "Ge Bureaucratic". Gelang", "Gelang", "Gelang", "Gelang", "Gelang", "Gelang", "Gelang". Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there have been "Wood Gelao", "Water Gelao", "Flower Gelao", "Red Gelao" and "Phi Huo Gelao". "Pihuogelao" and so on. The Gelao language belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language family. Gelao can be divided into four dialects: draft, ao, hao and doro. The Gelao do not have a written language and used the Chinese language very early. There are many branches of Gelao and their settlements are scattered, now the Gelao population is 559,041,000, spreading all over the province. Due to the influence of geography and other ethnic groups, Gelao dwellings vary greatly from place to place. Most of the Gelao live in mountainous areas. In the past, there was a folk proverb: "Miao in the mountains, Dong family in the water, Gelao lives in the rocky nooks and crannies." Gelao compatriots adapt to the local conditions and build their houses with stones, laying stone foundations and building stone slabs to cover the roofs. But the interior is a wooden structure hammock.

The Gelao living in Pingba, Anshun, Puding and Liuzhi area, their housing is similar to the nearby Buyi and Han "Tunbao people". "Tunbao people" like to build stone towers, this easy to defend with good defense function of the building of the local Gelao people live very influential.

Living in Qianxi, Dafang, Bijie, Zijin and other places of the Gelao, houses for the wooden structure, but not the hammock, in the past, more thatched roofs, sand rammed walls, which is related to the economic conditions and the alpine mountains to keep warm and hail related to the needs of the thatched apples of the house cover is particularly thick, neat, the ridge and the eave is quite sophisticated, the eaves under the end of the careful weaving of different shapes and shapes of banded knots, such as the cover of tile roofing like a sealing plate, has a good artistic and decorative effect! The roofs and eaves are quite elaborate, and the knots at the end of the eaves are carefully woven with different shapes and forms, just like the sealing eaves boards on the roofs of the tiles. In this area, there is less wood, usually only two bays of wood frame in the bright room, and two bays of earth wall in the second room.

The Gelao compatriots living in Zunyi, Renhuai, Daozhen and Wuchuan have slightly better natural conditions. Behind the houses, bamboo and trees are lush, the roofs are covered with small table tiles, and the four walls are firmly installed with wooden plank walls. If the walls are made of adobe, rammed earth or gabion or fence walls, they are painted with white ash, which is refreshing and bright.

The Gelao who live in the area of Shiqian, Sinan, Cengong and Shi Bing are fond of constructing dry-rail style corner buildings. Shiqian Huaqiao rural areas, small buildings flying eaves and corners, bamboo and wood cover, beautiful and charming. These Gelao houses are not too big, but the eaves are very deep, and the space under the eaves has become an open warehouse, and during the fall harvest season, every house is full of golden grains and red chili peppers under the eaves, which is a scene of abundant harvest. The residential plan is in the shape of a zigzag, and the main house is four bays and three rooms, with an opening in the bright room. The main house has four bays and three rooms, and the bright room has an opening. On one side of the main house, there are additional rooms, which are small and exquisite with flying eaves and warping corners. All the rooms are two-roomed, and most of them have hanging feet. The ground floor is used for keeping livestock, stacking firewood, and storing farm tools. The upstairs is surrounded by a straight latticework railing, and clothes are dried under the eaves. The eaves and corners are not only beautiful, but also play an important role in increasing indoor lighting and outdoor space. This kind of eaves and corners of the building is painted with lime, which is very eye-catching. During Chinese New Year festivals, the doors, windows and pillars are plastered with couplets, making the atmosphere even more enthusiastic.

The Gelao are one of the oldest ethnic groups on the Guizhou Plateau, and some people believe that they are the descendants of the "ancient Yelang". It has many branches and is extremely decentralized, spreading all over the province. Influenced by the geographical environment and other ethnic groups, Gelao dwellings vary greatly from place to place. Most of the Gelao live in mountainous areas. As the folk proverb says, "Miao in the high mountains, Shuizhong family, Gelao live in the rocky nooks and crannies." The Gelao compatriots build their houses with stones according to the local conditions, laying the foundation with stones, building the walls with stones and covering the roof with stone slabs. But the interior is a wooden structure hammock.

The Gelao villagers living in Pingba, Anshun, Puting and Liuzizhong Qianzhong have houses similar to those of the nearby Buyi and Han "Tunbao people"." Tunbao people" like to build stone towers, this easily defensible with good defense function of the building, the local Gelao people live in a great influence.

Living in Qianxi, Dazhong, Bijie, Zijin Gelao compatriots in northwest Guizhou, although the house is a wooden structure, but not the foot of the building, more thatched roof, sand rammed walls, which is related to the economic conditions and the alpine mountain areas in search of warmth, hail, the special needs of the relevant. Thatched roof, thatched cover is particularly thick, neat, ridge and eaves are quite elaborate, eaves under the end of the carefully woven different shapes of the band knot, as the cover tile roof sealing eaves board, has a very good artistic decorative effect, is known as "poor girl clever combing head".

The Gelao compatriots living in the northeast of Qianqian, Sinan, Cengong, Shi Bing, love to build the dry rail "warped corner building". Shiqian County, Huaqiao Town, a rural area, a small building, eaves and corners, bamboo and wood cover, beautiful and charming. The volume of these Gelao dwellings are not too large, but the eaves are very far, and the space under the eaves has become an open warehouse. The plan of the houses is in the shape of a zigzag. The main house has four bays and three rooms, and there is a "swallow mouth" in the bright room. On the side of the main house, there is an additional room, which is small and exquisite with flying eaves and warped corners. All the rooms are two-story, and most of them are hammock buildings. The ground floor is used to keep livestock, pile up firewood and grass, and put agricultural tools. The upstairs is surrounded by "straight lattice railings", and clothes are dried under the eaves. The eaves and corners are not only beautiful, but also play an important role in increasing indoor lighting and outdoor space.

The Gelao compatriots living in Zunyi, Renhuai, Daochen, and Wuchuan in the north of Guizhou have slightly better natural conditions. In front of the house, bamboo and trees are lush, the roof is covered with small green tiles, and the four walls are fitted with wooden plank walls. If it is an adobe wall, rammed earth wall or gabion wall, fence wall, whitewashed, fresh and bright. Long history, exquisite craftsmanship, "Longtan village ancient building complex", by the Provincial Bureau of Cultural Relics to the State Bureau of Cultural Relics recommended for the sixth batch of national key cultural relics protection units.

Located in the northeast of Qianchuan Gelao-Miao Autonomous County, has a very long history, as early as in the Northern Song Dynasty, the establishment of Muchuan County. Longtan Village is located in the northeast of the county town of Duzhu, belonging to the jurisdiction of the town of Daping, because there is a mouth in front of the village "Longtan" and named. The main features of Gelao folk houses in Longtan Village are highlighted in the architectural layout and stone and wood decoration. The overall layout, seems to be messy, seemingly no echo of each other, the lack of unified sitting direction, this is the terrain. Longtan area for karst karst landscape, that is, the local people called "rocky nooks and crannies". In the rocky nooks and crannies in the building, can only be adapted to the local conditions, "see the needle", it is difficult to unify the sitting direction. But as far as a family is concerned, it is still relatively organized. Generally is a positive two compartments, paving stone dam, outside the stone wall, forming a closed courtyard. Quadrangle stone wall, most of the piece of woolen stone masonry, or square whole stone masonry. The former has a variety of techniques such as flat masonry, diagonal masonry and random masonry. Slant masonry, there are two layers of reverse masonry, forming a strip "wheat grain", also known as the local "fish bone". Wheat ears and fish bones, both for good luck, has always been favored.

Built stone wall of the residence, will inevitably build a "door"." The "Chaomen" usually consists of a wooden door and a stone eight-character wall. Door hairpins or carved pumpkin, or engraved with fortune, meaning more children and more happiness. The carving of water ripples on the pillars is meant to prevent fire and calm the house, which is similar to the carving of "peach symbols" by other ethnic groups. The main room is mostly four bays and three rooms, the most striking thing is the colorful carvings of doors and windows. The windows and doors in the bright room are all six-paneled, called "hexagonal doors", meaning "complete" and "perfect". The second door and window, also six, but only four carved windows. Many people, open the door in the second room, the upper part of the door decorated with a round hanging down, called "moon door".

The wooden doors and windows of the Gelao houses in Longtan Village are decorated with different auspicious patterns, such as farming, reading, fishing and woodcutting, two dragons grabbing treasures, two phoenixes rising in the sun, wild deer with chi, etc. Especially interesting is the fact that many of the auspicious patterns are in the shape of the "moon door". Especially interesting is that many auspicious patterns, using a combination of techniques, resulting in special effects. Such as a single look like a swimming fish, the combination of bats; a single look is a pumpkin, the combination of lotus; a single look like two peaches, the combination of two fish; a single look is a word of joy, the combination of "two dragons robbing the treasure" and so on. There is also a unique feature, that is, not only in the open door to install the "waist door", the second room door is also a "waist door". All "waist door" are hollowed out, but the pattern is almost identical, fully reflecting their original spirit.

The upper part of the bright room, more fence wall, painted lime, writing auspicious words. Some people, and even in the beam carving, painting auspicious language and patterns, so-called "carved beams and paintings". This is not common in Guizhou.