What is the name of Xia, Shang and Zhou civilizations?

The Bronze Age (or Bronze Age or Bronze Civilization) is a stage of human cultural development marked by the use of bronzes in archaeology. Because metals are easy to corrode, bronze relics discovered four or five thousand years ago are often rare.

The Bronze Age has such a characteristic: bronzes occupy an important position in people's production and life, and the age of accidental manufacture and use of bronzes cannot be recognized as the Bronze Age.

The bronze age is a stage of human material and cultural development, marked by the use of bronzes. Bronze is an alloy of copper (pure copper) and tin or lead. Buried in the soil, the color turns blue-gray due to oxidation, hence the name bronze. Its melting point is between 700 and 900℃, which is lower than that of copper (1083℃). Bronze containing tin 10% has a hardness of 4.7 times that of copper and good performance.

Extended data

Shang dynasty to early western zhou dynasty. The first period of this period is the early Shang Dynasty, about 16 ~ 13 BC, represented by Erligang culture in Zhengzhou, Henan Province. During this period, the slave country developed further, and the number of bronzes increased greatly, often accompanied by complete sets of ritual vessels, and Bei coins appeared in large numbers, and human sacrifices and sacrifices became more common. The latter stage, from the late Shang Dynasty to the early Western Zhou Dynasty, is about 13 BC to 10 BC (before Mu Wang). At this time, China reached its peak in the Bronze Age, which was also a typical period for the development of slavery. The bronze casting process is quite mature, and a large number of exquisite bronze ritual vessels, weapons and tools have been unearthed.

The latter stage, from the late Shang Dynasty to the early Western Zhou Dynasty, is about 13 BC to 10 BC (before Mu Wang). At this time, China reached its peak in the Bronze Age, which was also a typical period for the development of slavery. The bronze casting process is quite mature, and a large number of exquisite bronze ritual vessels, weapons and tools have been unearthed.

At this time, the bronze culture was represented by Yin Ruins in Anyang, which was the political ruling center of Shang Dynasty and the center of bronze casting industry. At this time, large-scale palaces and tombs were built, developed bronze inscriptions and Oracle Bone Inscriptions appeared, and human sacrifice and human sacrifice became a very popular system, which reflected the prosperity of the slave society. The palaces, ancestral halls and tombs of the Zhou Dynasty were excavated in the ruins of Joo Won? and titles in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and a large number of bronze ritual vessels were found, which reflected the maturity of the ancient ritual system in China.

From the late Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period, the slave society in China gradually declined. During this period, the capitals of various countries formed prosperous political, economic and cultural centers, and a large number of metal currencies circulated. Outstanding progress has been made in bronze casting technology, and advanced technologies such as separate casting method and lost wax method have appeared. The ancient copper mine discovered in Tonglushan, Hubei Province proved that it had reached a high level in mining, ore blending, furnace building and smelting at that time (see Tonglushan ancient mining and smelting site). In the Warring States period, the bronze manufacturing industry gradually declined under the impetus of iron.