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Vaccine

It refers to vaccine-type preventive biological products used for human vaccination in order to prevent and control the occurrence and prevalence of infectious diseases. Biological products, refers to the use of microorganisms or their toxins, enzymes, human or animal serum, cells and other preparations prepared for prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Biological products for prophylactic vaccination include vaccines, bacteriophages and toxoids. Among them, made of germs for the bacteriophage; made of viruses, rickettsiae, spirochetes for the vaccine, sometimes collectively referred to as vaccines.

Categories

Vaccines (vaccinations) are divided into two categories. The first type of vaccine is the vaccine that the government provides free of charge to the citizens, and the citizens should be vaccinated in accordance with the government's regulations, including the vaccines determined by the National Immunization Plan, the vaccines added by the people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government in the implementation of the National Immunization Plan, as well as the vaccines used by the people's governments at or above the county level or the competent departments of health for the emergency inoculation or group preventive vaccination organized by the people's governments above the county level or the competent department of health. other vaccines that are voluntarily administered to citizens at their own expense.

Principle

Vaccines are automatic immune preparations for the prevention of infectious diseases made from pathogenic microorganisms (e.g. bacteria, rickettsiae, viruses, etc.) and their metabolites, which are artificially attenuated, inactivated or genetically modified. Vaccines retain the property of pathogenic bacteria to stimulate the immune system of the animal body. When the animal is exposed to the non-injurious pathogen, the immune system produces certain protective substances, such as immune hormones, active physiological substances, special antibodies, etc.; when the animal is exposed to the pathogen again, the animal's immune system will follow its original memory and produce more protective substances to prevent the pathogen from harming the animal.

Significance

The discovery of vaccines is a landmark event in the history of human development. Because in a sense the history of human reproduction is the history of mankind's constant struggle against diseases and natural disasters, the most important means of controlling infectious diseases is prevention, and vaccination is considered to be the most effective measure. Facts have proved to be so, smallpox virus, which has threatened mankind for hundreds of years, was completely eliminated after the appearance of cowpox vaccine, ushering in the first victory of mankind's use of vaccines against viruses, and also reinforcing the belief that vaccines play a role in the control and elimination of infectious diseases. In the past 200 years, the vaccine family has been expanding and developing, and there are more than 20 kinds of vaccines currently used for human disease control, which are divided into traditional vaccines and new vaccines according to their technical characteristics. Traditional vaccines mainly include live attenuated and inactivated vaccines, while new vaccines are mainly gene-based vaccines.

Types

Artificial active immunization

1. Inactivated vaccine

Selecting bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae, spirochetes, etc. with good immunogenicity, cultured artificially, and then killed by physical or chemical methods to make

vaccine

became. This type of vaccine loses the ability to reproduce, but retains immunogenicity. Dead vaccine into the human body can not grow and reproduce, the body stimulation time is short, to obtain lasting immunity need to be repeated several times inoculation. For example, the inactivated hepatitis A vaccine is a dead vaccine.

2. Live attenuated vaccine

Artificial directed mutation method, or from nature to screen out the virulence of live microorganisms reduced or basically non-toxic made of live or live attenuated vaccine. Commonly used live vaccines are BCG (BCG, tuberculosis), measles vaccine, polio vaccine (polio) and so on. After vaccination, they have the ability to grow and reproduce in the body, close to natural infection, and can stimulate the body's lasting immunity to the pathogen. Live vaccines are used in smaller quantities and the duration of immunization is longer. The immunization effect of live vaccines is better than that of dead vaccines. For example: chickenpox vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine, leprosy and mumps vaccines are all live vaccines.

3. Toxoid

The extracellular toxin loses its toxicity after formaldehyde treatment, and still retains its immunogenicity as toxoid. Which add the appropriate amount of aluminum phosphate and aluminum hydroxide into the adsorption of refined toxoid. Slow absorption in vivo; can stimulate the body for a long time to produce higher titers of antibodies and enhance the immune effect. Commonly used toxoids are diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid and so on.

Artificial passive immunity

1. Anti-toxin

2. Human immunoglobulin preparation

3. Cytokine preparation

4. Monoclonal antibody preparation

Artificial active immunity and artificial passive immunity can increase the body's ability to resist disease, but the latter is short-lived and is mainly used in treatment and emergency prevention.

New vaccines

1. subunit vaccine

2. conjugate vaccine

3. synthetic peptide vaccine

4. genetically engineered vaccine

(1) recombinant antigen vaccine (2) recombinant vector vaccine (3) DNA/RNA vaccine (4) transgenic plant vaccine

Childhood vaccines

According to China's planned immunization program, babies must complete five types of vaccination within one year of age, including the following:

Hepatitis B vaccine

Generally, it is injected once in two days of birth, once in one month, and once in six months, and booster injections are given once in every three to five years. Most of the vaccines used today are genetically engineered hepatitis B vaccines, which can be used to prevent infection with all known subtypes of the hepatitis B virus.

Babies who cannot receive this vaccine are: 1. fever, acute infectious diseases, otitis media, active tuberculosis, heart, liver, kidney and other diseases; 2. weak system, a history of allergies or epilepsy; 3. recent immunosuppressant treatment.

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)

Tuberculosis can be prevented by BCG vaccination. BCG vaccination is given to the average infant after birth, or within 2 months if not given at birth. Re-vaccination should be done at 3, 7 and 12 years of age if the TB test is negative.

The BCG vaccination cannot be done if the baby has these diseases, specifically tuberculosis, acute infectious diseases, nephritis, heart disease, immunodeficiency, eczema or other skin conditions.

Polio pills

Polio pills are taken orally to prevent infantile paralysis, the medical term for polio. The current dose is a white trivalent vaccine, which is given at the beginning of the first 2 months after birth, then twice every 1 month for 2 consecutive doses, and then a booster dose at 4 years of age.

Babies who cannot receive this vaccine are those who have a serious illness, fever, or a history of allergies (especially a history of egg allergy) should not be vaccinated.

Pertussis preparations

Injections of the pertussis mixture protect against whooping cough, diphtheria, and tetanus. These three diseases can be a serious threat to a child's health and life. Vaccination is usually carried out when the baby is 3 months old, the initial vaccination must be injected 3 times, each time at an interval of 4 to 6 weeks, the child is 1 year old to 2 years old and then re-vaccinated once.

The contraindications of Pepsin: 1. It is forbidden for those who have epilepsy, neurological disorders and history of tics; 2. Acute infectious diseases (including recovery) and fever are suspended for injection.

Measles vaccine

Injection of measles vaccine can prevent measles. The first vaccination should be given when the infant reaches 8 months of age and repeated at 2, 7 and 12 years of age.

Children with these diseases cannot be vaccinated with the trivalent measles, rubella and mumps vaccine: 1. those who are allergic to neomycin and eggs or those with class allergic reactions; 2. respiratory diseases accompanied by fever, active tuberculosis, hematological diseases, malignant diseases, etc.; 3. patients with primary and secondary immune deficiencies or those who are undergoing immunosuppressive treatments; and 4. individuals or families with a history of convulsions and a history of traumatic brain injury.

Tips: baby fever, there are acute infectious diseases when vaccination, may induce, aggravate the original condition, can not be vaccinated. Parents take the child to vaccination, should take the initiative to say the child's physical condition, so that the doctor correctly grasp the contraindications, which can reduce the side effects of vaccination, but also to achieve the purpose of disease prevention. In particular, the BCG vaccine belongs to the live bacterial vaccine, polio sugar pill, measles vaccine belongs to the live attenuated vaccine, for those children who are particularly weak in the injection, we must closely observe the child's reaction, the child's adverse reaction with other diseases to distinguish.

Prescribed strong immunization vaccine

The state stipulates that the strong immunization (mandatory immunization) vaccine is mandatory, i.e., mandatory immunization, but also free of charge, the child's future nursery school, school enrollment, and even abroad will have to rely on the vaccination certificate for the process.

The following vaccines are mandatory (as of March 1, 2006):

At birth: Hepatitis B vaccine (first), BCG vaccine

At 1 month of age: Hepatitis B vaccine (second)

At 2 months of age: Polio vaccine (first)

At 3 months of age: Polio vaccine (second), Tetanus (first)

4 months of age: Polio vaccine (3rd), DPT (2nd)

5 months of age: DPT (3rd)

6 months of age: Hepatitis B vaccine (3rd), Group A Rheumatoid Vaccine (1st)

8 months of age: Measles Vaccine (1st), Encephalitis B Vaccine (inactivated 1st and 2nd), (reduced 1st)

< p>9 months of age: Group A Rheumatic Vaccine (second)

18 months of age: DPT (fourth), Measles Vaccine (second)

2 years of age: Encephalitis B Vaccine (inactivated third), (attenuated second)

3 years of age: Group A Rheumatic Vaccine (third)

4 years of age: Polio Vaccine (fourth)

6 years of age: Encephalitis B Vaccine (non-live 4th), (reduced live 3rd), Group A Stream Vaccine (4th), Essence of Disease (1st)

16 years old: Essence of Disease (2nd)

There are also vaccines that do not belong to the scope of the mandatory exemption, such as MMR, Rubella, Mumps, Pneumonia, Chickenpox, and so on, all of which are chargeable, and you may voluntarily choose to take them or not to take them. Remember, any vaccine that charges a fee requires a parent's signature before the vaccine can be administered.

Unscheduled vaccines

Unscheduled vaccines (Class II vaccines) are self-funded. It depends on the baby's condition, the situation in each region and the parents' financial situation. If you choose to get the second type of vaccine, you should do it selectively without affecting the first type of vaccine. It is important to note that live vaccines (measles vaccine, hepatitis B vaccine, polio vaccine) should be given at an interval of 4 weeks before dead vaccines (DPT, hepatitis B, RBC, and all Type II vaccines) are given.

Vaccines for weak babies to consider:

Influenza vaccine: for babies over 7 months old, suffering from asthma, congenital heart disease, chronic nephritis, diabetes and other poor resistance to disease, once the influenza epidemic, easy to get sick and trigger the onset of an old disease or aggravation, parents should consider vaccination.

Pneumonia vaccine: Pneumonia is caused by a variety of bacteria, viruses and other microorganisms, relying solely on a vaccine to prevent the effect is limited, the general health of the baby does not advocate the choice. However, babies who are weak and sick should be considered for the vaccine.

Prevalent areas should be vaccinated:

Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine (HIB vaccine): more than 20 countries around the world have included the HIB vaccine in the routine program of immunization. babies under the age of 5 years are susceptible to infection with haemophilus influenzae type b. It not only causes pediatric pneumonia, but also causes the development of a new strain of pneumonia, which is the most common cause of pneumonia in children. It not only causes pediatric pneumonia, but also pediatric meningitis, sepsis, myelitis, otitis media, pericarditis, and other serious diseases, and is the main causative agent of serious bacterial infections in babies.

Rotavirus vaccine: Rotavirus is the most common cause of viral diarrhea in infants and children aged 3 months to 2 years. Vaccination against rotavirus can prevent severe diarrhea in babies.

Rabies vaccine: the mortality rate after the onset of the disease is almost 100%, there has not yet been an effective treatment for rabies, all by the sick animal or poisonous animal bites or scratches, should be immediately injected with rabies vaccine. If a serious bite, such as wounds in the head and face, the whole body multiple parts of the bite, deep bite, etc., should be combined with anti-rabies virus serum.

The baby is about to go to kindergarten to consider the vaccine:

Chickenpox vaccine: if the baby's resistance is poor should be used; for the good health of the baby can be used without the reason is that chickenpox is a benign self-limiting "infectious disease", included in the scope of management of infectious diseases. Even if a baby has chickenpox, complications are rare.

Vaccination precautions

1,Usually, you should not eat anything hot for 40 minutes after taking the polio pill.

2,It is strictly forbidden to take a bath on the same day after the injection of DPT vaccine, and the injection site must be warmed up with redness, swelling and hard scabs 24 hours later, 3-5 times a day, and insist on it until the swelling subsides.

3,You can't take a bath on the day of hepatitis B vaccination, and you should pay attention to all the vaccines when you suffer from acute diseases.

4,After a certain vaccination, if there are serious adverse reactions, such as collapse, shock, cramps, encephalitis or encephalopathy, severe allergic reactions, should not be given the next injection or booster immunization.

5,Children with neurologic disorders such as epilepsy or encephalopathy should not be given whole-cell-containing pertussis, rheumatic brain, or encephalitis B vaccines.

6,Live vaccines should not be given to people with immunodeficiency diseases or who use immunosuppressive drugs.

7,Children should not be vaccinated during the period of infectious diseases or even during the period of recovery from infectious diseases.

8,The vaccine should not be given to children with serious organic diseases, such as active tuberculosis and serious diseases of the liver, lungs and kidneys.

9, delay vaccination during fever.

Vaccine reaction

The vaccine, although inactivated or attenuated, is after all a kind of protein or other substances with antigenicity, which still has a certain stimulating effect on the human body. In fact, this is a kind of self-protection of the human body, just like a cold or a fever, which is the body's defense against bacteria or viruses.

Vaccine

Normal reactions

Local reactions such as mild swelling and pain. A hard knot on the buttocks after DPT vaccination is a common phenomenon after adsorbent vaccination.

Systemic reactions after vaccination include fever and malaise, generally fever below 38.5 ℃, lasting 1 to 2 days are normal reactions. Both local and systemic normal reaction generally do not need special treatment, feed more water, and pay attention to rest. If the fever is high, you can take antipyretics, do physical cooling, eat nutritious and digestible food, feed more water, and pay attention to observe changes in the condition.

Abnormal reactions

Local infections, aseptic abscesses; needle fainting, hysteria; rashes, angioneurotic edema, anaphylactic shock.

When encountered with needle fainting, anaphylactic shock should immediately lie down, head down, oral warm water or sugar water; at the same time, immediately ask the doctor for emergency symptomatic treatment.

The skin rash can be desensitized under the guidance of a doctor.

Anaphylactic shock is generally characterized by a white color, cold limbs, cold sweat, difficulty in breathing, and even confusion and seizure within a short period of time after vaccination. At this time, the general doctor will immediately subcutaneous injection of epinephrine, while giving hormones and desensitizing drugs observation and treatment. [1]

Adult vaccines

Hepatitis B vaccine, hepatitis A vaccine, pneumonia vaccine, chickenpox vaccine, leprosy mumps vaccine, influenza vaccine, rabies vaccine, bronchitis vaccine, rheumatoid encephalitis vaccine, encephalitis B vaccine, typhoid fever vaccine, dysentery vaccine, cervical cancer vaccine, cholera vaccine, and many others

There are also AIDS vaccines, and the H1N1 vaccine has been developed.

Biological products

refers to the microorganisms or their toxins, enzymes, human or animal serum, cells and other preparations prepared for prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Biological products for prophylaxis include vaccines, bacteriophages and toxoids. Among them, those made from bacteria are bacteriophages; those made from viruses, rickettsiae and spirochetes

vaccines

are vaccines, and are sometimes collectively called vaccines.

China Vaccine Industry In-depth Research and Investment Strategic Planning Forward Market Overview

In recent years, the global vaccine market is attracting the interest of a number of pharmaceutical companies, especially under the fear of a possible pandemic influenza outbreak, China's vaccine industry in-depth research and investment strategic planning forward influenza vaccine market is becoming increasingly favored. The market has been growing at a double-digit annual rate for several years, resulting in a significant expansion of the global influenza vaccine market, which reached an estimated $1.6 billion in 2005.　The market is expected to continue its growth trend. A recent report published by market researcher Datamonitor Inc. predicts that the influenza vaccine market is likely to exceed $3 billion by 2010 in seven major global markets alone.

Vaccine Differences

The U.S. military developed an anti-influenza vaccine in 1940 after the success of culturing viral strains in egg embryos. anti-influenza vaccines were first introduced to the market in 1945. 1957 saw the large-scale application of a whole-virus influenza vaccine, which consisted of inactivated whole-virus particles. 1968 saw the large-scale application of a cracked influenza vaccine, which, in addition to containing the surface antigen In 1968, large-scale use was made of a lysed influenza vaccine that contained surface antigen, hemagglutinin, and neuraminidase in addition to viral capsid and matrix proteins. 1976 saw the introduction of a subunit influenza vaccine, which contained purer surface antigen, hemagglutinin, and neuraminidase. The influenza vaccine has been used globally for more than 60 years, and is currently used in the hundreds of millions each year, making it the most heavily used vaccine in the world. The process of vaccine production is very mature and stable, and its safety and efficacy have been fully verified.

Every year in February, WHO convenes a meeting of experts to determine the recommended strains of influenza vaccine for the Northern Hemisphere for the next influenza season. The identification of strains is extrapolated from the previous year's isolation of strains from the globally distributed influenza surveillance network. One, two or even three strains may be replaced compared to the previous year's recommended strains, and in rare cases no strains are replaced. It is because the strains need to be replaced every year that everyone needs to be re-vaccinated against influenza every year. After the manufacturers obtain the strains, they begin to rapidly put the vaccine into production, which usually ends in July or August, and then the vaccine can be marketed directly after it passes the approval and is used for the prevention of that year's influenza season without the need for re-doing clinical trials. At present, only a very few countries require a small-scale safety verification test.

Whether it's the seasonal flu vaccine or the current influenza A (H1N1) vaccine, the strains are distributed by the World Health Organization, and are evaluated for safety before distribution. There are three antigenic components in the seasonal flu vaccine, including H1N1 A, H3N2 A, and influenza B viruses, and the seasonal flu vaccine for adults contains 15 micrograms of each antigenic component per dose, which means that a single vaccine*** contains 45 micrograms of antigenic components. The new influenza A (H1N1) vaccine contains only one antigenic component, the new A (H1N1), and is approved for use in humans at 15 mcg/dose. Since the new influenza A (H1N1) vaccine has only 1/3 of the antigenic component of the seasonal influenza vaccine, it is theoretically inferred that the new influenza A (H1N1) vaccine should be safer than the seasonal influenza vaccine on the basis of the same production process and quality standards.

From the above introduction, we can see that the new influenza A (H1N1) vaccine is not really a new vaccine varieties, the domestic influenza A (H1N1) vaccine can be launched in less than 3 months is actually very normal. Because for each manufacturer, it is equivalent to the production of seasonal influenza vaccine in an antigenic component, in the production process is only reduced when the proportion of the 3 kinds of antigen mixing step. Seasonal influenza vaccine production is one antigen one antigen production, after the production of one antigen need to be all cleaned up, disinfection, before the next antigen production. So the seasonal influenza vaccine production cycle is longer than the H1N1 influenza A vaccine cycle.

Hypothetical: If this year's new influenza A (H1N1) had appeared and been isolated last year, it is likely that the WHO would have recommended this new influenza A virus as the corresponding strain in the seasonal influenza vaccine when it made its recommendation in February of this year, and thus included it in the seasonal influenza. The World Health Organization's panel of experts recently had two opinions to choose from regarding the 2010 seasonal influenza vaccine recommendation for the southern hemisphere, one of which was to include the new influenza A strain as the corresponding strain of A1 in the trivalent seasonal influenza vaccine, and the other was to include the new A(H1N1) as a separate type of pandemic influenza vaccine, and then the two antigenic components of the seasonal influenza vaccine, A3 and B, as the new bivalent seasonal influenza vaccine.

For the influenza A vaccine, the success rate is actually very high, in China, the failure rate of the influenza A vaccine is about 0.3 per 1,000, which is about the same or even lower than other types of vaccines. But any kind of vaccine can only play a preventive and protective role, it is impossible to completely resist, so that even if you injected the vaccine does not mean that you will not get A H1N1, so even if you injected the vaccine you must still maintain a preventive status.

The influenza A vaccine is generally useful after about 15 days, during this period if there are other medications used please ask your physician for clarification before making:

Competitive Landscape

Influenza Vaccine Landscape

Chinese **** there are 38 vaccine manufacturers, can produce 44 vaccines for the prevention of 26 kinds of infectious diseases. Compared with the international market, China's vaccine production enterprises are large in number and small in scale, international vaccine production is mainly supplied by developed countries in Europe and the United States, forming a Sanofi Pasteur (ASP), Pfizer (Wyeth), Merck, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Novartis, 5 strong contenders for supremacy of the pattern. Due to economic and other technical factors, China's vaccine manufacturers in addition to the comparative advantage in individual varieties, the overall situation is still relatively backward.