Introduction of swallow kite

In the13rd century, Kyle? After China returned to Europe, polo spread all over the world.

According to ancient records: "In the Five Dynasties, Li Zheng made a paper kite in the palace to attract kites to ride the wind as a play, and then used bamboo as the flute head to make the wind enter the bamboo, making it sound like A Zheng, hence the name kite." So those who can't make a sound are called "paper kites", and those who can make a sound are called "kites".

Ancient kites were used as military reconnaissance tools, and also recorded the history of ranging, crossing risks and carrying people.

Southern and Northern Dynasties-Kites were once used as a communication tool for asking for help. In Liang Wudi, Hou Jing surrounded Taicheng. Bamboo slips tasted like paper kites, but they flew out in a hurry. As a result, he was shot and defeated, Taicheng fell, and Liang Wudi starved to death, leaving the story of this kite calling for help.

In the Northern Qi Dynasty, in Levin, people tied people's wings and made them jump off a tall tower and die. This is the so-called "Sheng".

During the Han Dynasty, Chu and Han contended with each other. Han Xin once made a big kite, fitted it with bamboo whistle and bowstring, and floated out of Chu camp at night to make it make strange noises, so as to break the morale of Chu army.

Tang Dynasty-Kites, which will be used for military purposes, have gradually turned into entertainment purposes, flying kites in the palace.

In the Song Dynasty, flying kites was considered as a function of physical exercise. When people are in Tomb-Sweeping Day, they will fly kites high and far, then cut the strings and let them take away the bad luck accumulated over the past year.

Ming Dynasty-Kites were loaded with explosives, and the fuse on kites was detonated according to the principle of "kite collision", so as to kill the enemy.

Qingganlong-that is, there are two pieces of paper to control the detailed size and description of the kite.

During the Japanese occupation era, flying kites was forbidden for military reasons, because bright kites could send messages to the enemy and provide targets for aircraft bombing.

In World War II, the US military used stunt kites as moving targets for shooting training.

1980, kites became popular, except for the initial double line, which evolved into three-line and four-line technical kites or stunt kites.

Historical origin

The true origin of kites is now impossible to prove. Some folklorists believe that the ancients invented kites mainly to miss the sophisticated relatives and friends, so when the death gate of Tomb-Sweeping Day was briefly opened, they pinned their sympathy on kites and gave them to the dead relatives and friends.

Kites were called "kites" in ancient times and "kites" in the north. Most people think that kites originated in China and then spread all over the world. This is a traditional folk handicraft. In fact, the earliest kites in China were made of wood. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Mo Zhai (478-392 BC), a philosopher of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, flew into the sky with a wooden kite for three years. Mozi was in Lushan (now Weifang, Shandong). "It took three years to build a stork, and it failed in one day." . This means that Mozi has been researching and trial-producing for three years, and finally made a wooden bird out of wood, but it broke down after only one day's flight. This wooden kite made by Mozi is the earliest kite and the earliest kite in the world. (about 300 BC), 2400 years ago.

It was not until Cai Lun invented papermaking in the Eastern Han Dynasty that people began to make kites out of paper, which is called "paper kites". Therefore, it can be inferred that China kites have a history of more than 2,000 years.

Mozi passed on his kite-making career to his students' open class (also called Luban). Lu Wen said that Lu Ban made kites out of bamboo according to Mo Zhai's ideal and design. Lu Ban split the bamboo, cut it into smooth slices, roasted it with fire, made it look like a magpie, and flew in the air for three days. The book "Hongshu" says, "The public transport team made wooden kites to see Song Cheng".

At first, kites were usually used as military tools, as a means of triangulation signals, sky wind direction measurement and communication. Just like in the Spring and Autumn Period, Lu Ban made a wooden kite to see Song Cheng.

In BC 190, Chu and Han contended, and Han and Han Xin attacked Weiyang Palace to measure the distance under the tunnel with kites. In the Battle of Gaixia, Xiang Yu's army was besieged by Liu Bang's army. Han Xin sent people to make kites out of cowhide, install bamboo flutes, play against the wind (it is said that Sean played the flute with a kite), and sing Chu songs, which distracted the morale of the Chu army. This is the story of the idiom "Embattled".

There are also records about kites in the official history, which are earlier than the Five Dynasties. One is the Hou Jing Rebellion in the Southern Dynasties, when Liang Wudi was besieged by Hou Jing and the city walls were besieged. He used to fly kites for help. According to Hou Jing Biography, Volume 80 of Nan Shi, in the third year of Liang Wudi (AD 549), Hou Jing made an insurrection, and the rebels besieged Liang Wudi in Jianye, Du Liang (now Nanjing), and were cut off from inside and outside. Someone proposed to be a paper crow and tie the imperial edict to it. At that time, the prince's suicide note was left outside Taijitang, asking for help in the northwest wind, but it was discovered by the rebels. This is the story of Jane Wen's unfortunate failure to fly a kite for help.

According to legend, in the 5th century BC, the Greek Alkell Das invented the kite, but it was later lost. It was not until13rd century that the Italian Kyle Poirot returned to Europe from China that kites began to spread in the west.

According to other textual research, it spread to Korea in the tenth century, then to Japan, and to Europe in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.

There is also a story about flying kites in America. At that time, people thought that lightning and flash were the roar of religious gods and caused fear. Fran Green used kites to prove that lightning and flash are air discharges and invented the lightning rod. The Hometown of Kites-Weifang, Shandong Province

Chinese kite

Kites have a history of more than 2,000 years in China. From the traditional China kites, we can see the shadows of auspicious meanings and auspicious patterns everywhere. In the long years, our ancestors not only created exquisite calligraphy and painting that condensed the wisdom of the Chinese nation, but also created many patterns that reflected people's yearning and pursuit for a better life and implied good luck. It gives people the meaning of happiness, auspiciousness and blessing through the image of the pattern; It combines the appreciation habits of the masses, reflects people's kind and healthy thoughts and feelings, and permeates our national traditions and folk customs, so it is widely circulated among the people and deeply loved by people.

Kites with a history of more than 2,000 years have been integrated into and influenced by the traditional culture of China. In China's traditional kites, such auspicious meanings can be seen everywhere: "Longevity is better than Nanshan Mountain, Longevity is better than Nanshan Mountain", "Dragon and Phoenix are auspicious", "A hundred butterflies are in spring", "Carp yue longmen", "Ma Gu offers longevity", "Birds return to the phoenix", "Fish all the year round" and "Peace in the four seasons".

Auspicious patterns use figures, animals, flowers and birds, utensils and other images and some auspicious words, take folk proverbs, auspicious words and fairy stories as themes, and form an artistic form of "one auspicious word and one pattern" by means of metaphor, analogy, pun, symbol and homophonic expression, which endows people with the meaning of seeking good luck, avoiding disasters and taking refuge, and places their hopes on happiness, longevity and celebration. Because of its figurative meaning and auspicious patterns, it combines scenery with things, so its theme is distinct and prominent, its conception is ingenious, it is full of fun, its style is unique and its national color is strong. For example, the pattern of fly with me with a pair of phoenix birds facing the sun is called "Double Phoenix Rising Sun", which has rich meanings and changeable patterns, and embodies people's healthy enterprising spirit and pursuit of happiness.

The auspicious patterns in China are rich in content, including "seeking happiness", "longevity", "celebrating" and "auspicious", among which the patterns seeking happiness are the most.

Seeking happiness:

People have the same pursuit of happiness. Bat is homophonic with "all happiness" and "all wealth" Although its image is not beautiful, it is fully beautified and regarded as an auspicious pattern symbolizing "happiness". Kites with bats as patterns abound. For example, in the traditional Jingshayan kite, the whole rigid arm can be painted with beautified bats, represented by "Yan Fu". Other kites with implications include "Blessed in Happiness", "Blessed with Eyes", "Five Blessingg's Birthday", "Five Blessingg's Birthday", "Five Blessingg's Monkey" and "Five Blessingg's Birthday". Hong Fan of Zhou Dynasty wrote "Five Blessingg": First, longevity, second, wealth, third, corning, and fourth, togetherness. "Being virtuous" means being virtuous, and "dying after the exam" means dying well. According to Five Blessingg's morality, happiness includes wealth and longevity. Other auspicious patterns used for praying include "Fish" and "Ruyi" (Ruyi was originally a bamboo stick, so it was named because it can scratch places that people can't reach). The auspicious patterns and kites related to this are: Fish every year, Many blessings, Carp yue longmen, All the best, All the best and Peace.

Life span:

Throughout the ages, people hope to live a long and healthy life. There are many patterns to express and celebrate longevity: evergreen pines and cypresses, cranes and colorful birds that are said to live for a thousand years, Ganoderma lucidum that is said to live for a hundred years, and Xiantao, the Queen Mother of the West, which can make people live forever. There are more than 300 glyphs that pursue and express longevity, and the changes are extremely rich. The word "Wan" originated from Buddhism, which means "Up to Wan". In Shayan kites, the waist pattern is mostly a rotating "ten thousand" pattern. The auspicious patterns and kites related to this are: "Celebrating the birthday of Xiangyun" and "Celebrating the birthday of the Eight Immortals".

Celebrations:

Express people's beautiful, happy and happy mood. There are many shapes of happy characters, and "Xi" is a common festive pattern. Magpie is a sign of happy events. Kites include the word "happy" and "happy" kites. Kites and auspicious patterns related to this are: jubilant, double happiness, multiple happiness, happy life and double happiness. Festive patterns are also very interesting, such as butterflies, birds, flowers, baiji, longevity, happiness, and happiness, such as "a hundred birds fly at the phoenix". Happy marriage, harmony between husband and wife, Yuanyang kite, etc.

Auspicious:

Dragons, phoenixes and unicorns are imaginary animals. Turtles were a symbol of longevity in ancient times, and were later replaced by turtle back patterns. It is particularly important to emphasize the topic of dragons. China is a country that worships dragons. In our country, dragon has a special meaning. Dragon is a magical creature with antlers, bull's head, python's body, fish scales and eagle's claws. It is regarded as a symbol of ancient civilization in China. Traditional auspicious patterns composed of birds, animals and other images include "Dragon and Phoenix are auspicious", "Dragon playing with pearls", "Cai Feng Qi Fei" and "A hundred birds are flying towards the phoenix". Chinese traditional kites-long-rope kites with centipede heads, especially large ones, are loved by people for their spectacular flying scenes.

other countries

Characteristics and customs of kites in various countries

Although there are different views on the origin of kites, most people still believe that kites originated in China and spread to all countries in the world around the 8th century.

Generally speaking, because the Asian region is rich in bamboo, it is suitable for all kinds of free-form curve structure design, and combined with myths and legends, so the kite shape is ever-changing and full of personal color; In western countries, due to the lack of bamboo, glass fiber or carbon fiber are mostly used as materials, and the shape and color of kites are bright and simple, and they are mostly expressed by simple color blocks.

However, due to the differences in materials, climate and folk customs, kites of various shapes have evolved. For example, after Shayan in the north spread to Southeast Asia, it was transformed into various moon kites in Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, India, Thailand and other places. However, hard rackets and rice-shaped structures spread to South Korea and developed into wind-hole kites. Spread to Japan, and spread to all parts of the world in the style of ukiyo-e painting. As for kites spread to Europe and America, bellows, wings and cross structures are the main designs, so geometric patterns such as three-dimensional modeling and delta wings are the mainstream.

Malaysia: The legend is beautiful.

Malaysians like flying kites, which can be traced back centuries. It is said to pay tribute to the god of rice. There is a legend that a long time ago, a poor farmer met a lost girl in the field. He took the girl home and raised her carefully. The longer the girl grows, the more beautiful she is, and the harvest of him and the villagers is getting better and better. But his wife was jealous and kicked the girl out of the house. Since then, the harvest performance of crops in the village has become worse and worse. It turns out that that beautiful girl is the rice god. Someone told him that he had to make a beautiful thing and put it in the place of MiShen in the air to express his regret to her. The farmer made a kite. With the introduction of kites, people's lives have become rich again.

The length of Malaysian kites is generally between one and two meters, and the width and length are similar. Kites are carefully made. First, choose bamboo that grows in the east. It is said that this can ensure that the sun god will always be attached to the kite to accompany you through your life.

Malaysian kites are shaped like fish, eagles, cats and parrots. However, people like the moon kite best. The moon kite is named after its crescent shape. Some kites are like birds, others like fish, but they all have crescent-shaped features. On official occasions, Malay girls often greet guests with exquisite and beautiful moon kites.

The Malaysian government often organizes kite competitions. Malaysia Airlines also uses kites as its logo.

Japan: Ukiyo-e painting has a unique style.

When kites were introduced to Japan, it was generally believed that China sent envoys to the Tang Dynasty and brought them to Japan from China.

After kites were introduced to Japan, they were originally used to convey information to colleagues, and it was not until the Edo era that they spread among the people. Most of the early kites were rectangular and golden semicircles without any decoration. In the Meiji era, the ukiyo-e style formed the unique style of Japanese kites, which enhanced the artistic and appreciation value of kites.

Korea: Snowstorm kites are unique.

South Korea has developed its own representative kite-snow kite, which is transformed from a herringbone kite.

Generally, herringbone kites are combined with cross and diagonal skeletons to strengthen the structure and increase the wind force. South Korea's wind cave kite, on the other hand, further digs a wind cave on the plane, skillfully uses the position of wind and exhaust, turns the leeward into buoyancy, and makes the action of the kite more flexible. It is a kind of combat kite.

Thailand: Kites are different for men and women.

There are two kinds of kites in Thailand: male kites are called bird kites and female kites are called fish kites. Bird Zheng is generally 2 meters high, also known as "Guess Langkang"; The fish kite is shaped like a diamond, also known as "Bai Bao", and it must be controlled by seven women when flying. February to April is the traditional kite-flying season, and many kite competitions are often held.

Holland: It used to be the largest in the world.

Nowadays, most Dutch kites have no skeletons, and the materials are mostly nylon cloth and plastic paper. 1984, the Netherlands showed the world's largest kite, which has no skeleton and is made of nylon cloth. Before flying, it must be inflated and towed by an 8-ton car.

Britain: Kite Reconnaissance Submarine

Kites were originally used as one of aviation equipment in Britain. In the 1920s, advertising with kites was a common propaganda technique. During World War II, Britain manned German submarines with kites. In the 1940s, the British Navy also deployed kites on destroyers as a defense against air strikes.

United States: stunt kites come from drones.

Flying kites is regarded as a sport in Xian Yi, and it is suitable for all ages in the United States. Most popular kites are made of nylon cloth, so they are not afraid of wind and rain.

After the invention of the soft kite in 1956, it can not only be supported by nylon cloth or plastic material when flying, but also be folded up, which is quite convenient to carry. The stunt kite, which is quite popular now, is said to be designed according to the target machine of missile shooting test.

General situation of kite art

China kite has a long history and superb skills, which has long been recognized by the world. However, if we want to study it carefully, there are not many detailed information about kites in China, let alone the specific skills of kites in China. China legend Cao Xueqin's Kite Flying in the South and Kite Flying in the North are the monographs of China's kite flying skills. But so far, not only have I not seen the full text of this book, but even whether this statement is true or not, and whether Cao Shi does have a manuscript collection, there is still a lack of sufficient circumstantial materials. The academic circles are still arguing and there is no conclusion. Subjectively, we hope that Cao Shi or other ancestors can leave a valuable book about China's kite skills for future generations to inherit and develop. But hope can't replace the fact. We can only wait for new discoveries in this respect. In addition, there are some popular spectral formulas. For example, it is said that Song Huizong's "Xuan He Kite Spectrum" is an earlier book, but it has not been seen so far. There are also forms collected by various kite families or kite players, some of which can still be found today. Although China's music forms have their limitations, they are valuable materials. It is worth mentioning that the book Kite Spectrum written by Jin Tiean in the 1930 s is more valuable, but there are no drawings, which may be limited by the printing and publishing conditions and funds at that time. In addition to "spectrum", China also has a precious material-"strips", that is, the standard bamboo strips used to make a kite skeleton, which are generally passed down from generation to generation in families that produce kites in large quantities. For example, there is a bundle of "strips" handed down from generation to generation in the Kite Ha family in Beijing. This makes up for the shortage that there is only a picture on the spectrum without a skeleton or only a skeleton without specific changes in the size and thickness of bamboo strips, which makes the spread of kite skills more complete. Besides words, pictures and objects, the skills of China folk arts and crafts are mainly taught by word of mouth, which is the "formula" used by folk artists. This is a "Song formula" or "cut" for teaching, memorizing and keeping secret. Due to the limitation of the artist's cultural level, these songs or cuts often have no sound or words, or the words are invisible, and they are lost, modified and mistaken in circulation. The discussion of kite skills in China is mainly based on the above-mentioned limited cultural heritage, based on the existing Chinese traditional kites, combined with the principles of science and technology and flight mechanics, hoping to provide some reference for the promotion and development of kite skills in China in the future. Due to my limited level, I hope that all experts, scholars, seniors, people of insight and young friends will put forward valuable opinions, criticize and correct me.

China's traditional kite flying skills can be summarized in four words: tying, pasting, painting and flying. Referred to as "four arts". Simply understand these "four arts", that is, kidnapping children, pasting paper, painting colorful flowers and flying kites. But in fact, the connotation of these four words is much broader, which contains almost all the technical contents of traditional Chinese kites. For example, "binding" includes: selecting, splitting, bending, cutting and connecting. "Paste" includes: selection, cutting, pasting, trimming and proofreading. "Painting" includes: color, background, description, dyeing and trimming. "Release" includes: wind, line, release, adjustment and collection. The comprehensive application of these "four arts" will reach the level of kite design innovation.

China attaches great importance to the protection of intangible cultural heritage. On May 20th, 2006, kite-making skills were approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list.

Relevant famous artists

Chen Shanting, Zhang, Mou, Guo Yixin, Hu, Yang, Yang Wanshan, Han Lianxi, Kang Wanxiang, and Zhang Xiaodong [2]

Short exercise

Kite making tools:

Paper cutter

Materials for making kites:

Bamboo strips, yarn strips, horse drawing paper

Characteristics of square kites:

(1) This kind of square kite is the most widely used and common one at present.

(2) The skeleton of a kite is very simple, with only two pieces.

(3) Although the method is simple, there are many changes in appearance, and a lot of things can be made with a little effort.

Exercise:

1. First soak the bamboo stick in water to soften it, then break it with a knife, about one third thick, and then trim it into a half shape, because later, the bamboo stick will stick to the horse drawing paper, and if it is too thick, it will tear the paper, and the bamboo stick will be too thick. Cut the repaired bamboo stick into two pieces with appropriate length, about 16 inch and 23 inch. Next, cut the horse drawing paper into a square, about 24 inches long. Horse drawing paper is a kind of rough paper, which is most suitable for making kites.

2. At this time, you can stick the bamboo stick on the paper, but remember to stick the long bamboo stick on the short third with gauze paper, and then bend it slowly until the two ends of the long bamboo stick touch the diagonal of the paper.

3. In the last step, stick the kite's tail under the kite, and after the angle between the line and the kite is better, you can hang it.

The kite's tail is the main tool to keep the kite balanced. When the kite flies against the wind, if one side is heavy, the kite will tilt to this side, preferably with a long tail, because the longer the tail, the greater the weight of the kite's head will rise, which will make the whole body suffer from the wind and balance the tilted side.

5. The silk thread of the kite can be tied to the kite with coils such as cowhide thread, cotton thread and glass thread, and the coils can be divided into circular coils and diagonal coils.