What are the characteristics of the four major embroideries?

China's four famous embroideries refer to Su embroidery, Xiang embroidery, Yue embroidery and Shu embroidery. The main artistic features of Su embroidery From the perspective of appreciation, the main artistic features of Su embroidery works are: mountains and rivers can be divided into near and far interests; The pavilion has a deep body; Characters can have vivid feelings; Flowers and birds can show their elegance and intimacy. The realistic artistic effects of imitation embroidery and portrait embroidery of Suzhou embroidery are world-famous. In terms of embroidery techniques, Suzhou embroidery is mainly based on needle groups, and the embroidery thread covers the needles without revealing the stitches. Three or four different color lines of the same kind or adjacent colors are often used to match, so that the blooming color effect can be freely embroidered. At the same time, it is also good to leave a "waterway" when expressing the image, that is, to leave a line empty during the depth change of the image, so that there can be a sense of hierarchy and the outline of the pattern is relatively neat. Therefore, when people evaluate Su embroidery, they often sum it up in eight words: "Flat, neat, fine, dense, even, smooth, harmonious and bright". After long-term accumulation, Suzhou embroidery has developed into a complete art with complete varieties, rich pictures and diverse changes, involving decorative paintings (such as oil painting series, Chinese painting series, water town series, flower series, greeting card series, pigeon spectrum series, vase series, etc.). Practical products involve clothes, handkerchiefs, scarves, greeting cards, etc. The characteristics of Guangdong embroidery were formed in the middle and late Ming Dynasty. Its main features are as follows: First, it uses a variety of threads, including silk thread and wool thread, and also uses Kong Yu's twisted floor as thread, or uses ponytail wrapped with wool as thread. Second, bright colors, strong contrast, emphasizing gorgeous effects. The third is to use gold thread as the outline of embroidery pattern. Fourth, the ornamentation is full and lively. Common themes with local characteristics include birds flying at the phoenix, seafood, fish and shrimp, bergamot and melon. Fifth, embroidery workers are mostly male workers. There are many kinds of embroidery, such as quilt cover, pillowcase, bed lintel, shawl, headscarf, table curtain, embroidered clothes, shoes and hats, clothing and so on. There are also mirror screens, hanging curtains and banners. Shu Embroidery Shu Embroidery, also known as "Sichuan Embroidery", is the general name of Sichuan embroidery products centered on Chengdu. Shu embroidery has a long history. According to the records of Huayang Guozhi, a long canal in Jin Dynasty, embroidery in Shu was very famous at that time, and Shu embroidery and Shu brocade were regarded as famous products in Shu. There are relatively few pure ornamental objects in Shu embroidery, most of which are daily necessities, and most of them are materials such as flowers, birds, insects and fish, folk auspicious words and traditional decorative patterns, which are quite festive. They are embroidered on quilts, pillowcases, clothes, shoes and painted screens. In the middle and late Qing Dynasty, Shu embroidery absorbed the advantages of Gu embroidery and Su embroidery on the basis of local traditional embroidery techniques, and became one of the important commercial embroideries in China. Shu embroidery stitch is neat and even, the silk road is clear, there is no ghostwriting, the edge of the pattern is too neat as a knife, and the color is bright and beautiful. Shu embroidery takes soft satin and colored silk as the main raw materials, and its embroidery skills are very unique. There are at least 65,438+000 kinds of exquisite needle embroidery techniques, such as colorful embroidery, thread embroidery with embroidery and painting, exquisite Shuang Mianxiu, gauze needle, pointed needle and needle cover, which are all very unique and exquisite techniques. In today's embroidery, there are both huge screens and small pocket pieces; There are both high-precision appreciation of famous products and ordinary consumer goods. The state attaches great importance to the protection of intangible cultural heritage. On May 20th, 2006, Shu embroidery was approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list. On June 5, 2007, the Ministry of Culture confirmed that Hao Shuping, Chengdu, Sichuan, was the representative inheritor of Shu embroidery, and was included in the list of 226 representative inheritors of the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage projects. Xiang Embroidery Xiang Embroidery is the general name of embroidery products centered on Changsha, Hunan. Xiang embroidery won the best prize and the first prize at 19 12 and 1933 World Expo in Turin and Panama respectively, and was praised as super embroidery abroad. It turned out that in order to satisfy a group of nouveau riche who made a fortune by suppressing Taiping rebels, merchants in Changsha opened "Gu Embroidery Village", which soon overwhelmed Gu Embroidery in the name of Xiang Embroidery. Xiang embroidery is characterized by embroidery with wool (untwisted wool). In fact, the velvet thread is treated with solution to prevent pilling. This kind of embroidery is called "fine wool embroidery" locally. Xiang embroidery is also dominated by traditional Chinese painting, with vivid form and bold style. There used to be a reputation that "embroidered birds can smell, embroidered tigers can run and embroidered people can express their feelings". The color matching characteristics of Hunan embroidery humanistic painting are mainly dark gray, black and white, as elegant as ink painting; The daily necessities of Xiang embroidery are brightly colored and decorative. Xiang embroidery Xiang embroidery is mainly made of silk, hard satin, soft satin, transparent yarn and silk and wool of various colors. Its characteristics are: rigorous composition, bright colors and vivid needling. Through rich color lines and ever-changing stitches, the embroidered figures, animals, landscapes and flowers and birds have special artistic effects. In Hunan embroidery, whether it is Ping Xiu, weaving embroidery, net embroidery, knotting embroidery, beating embroidery, velvet cutting embroidery, three-dimensional embroidery, Shuang Mianxiu embroidery, random needle embroidery, etc. They all pay attention to depicting the appearance and inner quality of objects, even a scale, a paw and a leaf. From the embroidery unearthed in 1958 Changsha Chu Tomb, it can be seen that Hunan local embroidery had developed to a certain extent as early as the Spring and Autumn Period more than 2,500 years ago. 1972, 40 embroidered garments were unearthed from the Western Han Tomb in Mawangdui, Changsha, indicating that Hunan local embroidery had developed to a higher level in the Western Han Dynasty more than 2 100 years ago. Since then, in the long process of development, it has gradually developed a simple and beautiful artistic style. With the development of commercial production of Xiang embroidery, many fine traditions of Chinese painting have been transplanted into embroidery products through the hard work of embroidery artists and the participation of some excellent painters in the reform and improvement of Xiang embroidery techniques, and various Chinese paintings, embroidery, poetry, calligraphy and epigraphy have been skillfully integrated together, thus forming Xiang embroidery based on Chinese painting, which uses more than 70 stitches and 100 colors to give full play to the expressive force of stitches. The exquisite description of the appearance characteristics of objects, embroidery is vivid and vivid, with strong texture, both form and spirit, and bold style. There used to be a reputation of "embroidered students, embroidered birds can smell, embroidered tigers can run, and embroidered people can convey the spirit".