High-pitched structure

Mianyang Gaoqiang is one of the four major vocal tunes of Mianyang ancient painting drama, which originated from the field mowing songs in Jianghan Plain. Farmers often express their feelings with high-pitched tones and melodious melodies to alleviate the fatigue of continuous heavy work. When Mianyang ancient painting drama absorbed it as the main cavity, it retained this high-pitched and loud feature. Because of its beautiful melody and strong lyricism, men, women and children can hum, so people call it Hu Ya. Such as "skull cavity", which means high and open; "withered six tones" means that the tone of meaning is very high, and the tone of singing "six" is generally good; "Tied for Six Tunes", because the singing is slow, the lyrics fall once every six sentences; "Stacking skeletons" means beautiful and pleasant. In addition, there are other names, such as "Skull Flower Drum" and "Skull Team", which is one of the most representative vocals of Huagu Opera. Gao Qiang is good at expressing various feelings; Such as joy, anger, thinking, sadness, fear, shock, etc. When it is soothing, it is like running water, and when it is passionate, it is tense and intense! Therefore, there are many differences such as "hi Gao Qiang", "sad Gao Qiang", "fast Gao Qiang" and "slow Gao Qiang".

This aria is bold and unconstrained, with a soft female voice. It is also flexible and malleable in sentence arrangement and line processing. Actors can arrange flexibly according to their own voice conditions and the needs of characters' thoughts and feelings. Therefore, it is one of the most representative vocals in Mianyang ancient painting drama, which is generally used for the singing vocals of this drama. Because Gao Qiang is good at expressing deep grief and indignation, it is used as a key aria in many plays. Sichuan Opera is a multi-cavity opera, with singing styles including Kunqu Opera, High-pitched Opera, Huqin Opera (Pihuang Opera), Tanxi Opera (Bangzi Opera) and Dengxi Opera. Various vocals were classified in the early stage and gradually converged after the Revolution of 1911 (19 1). Among them, the high-pitched tunes are rich, the singing is moving and the local style is rich, which is the top priority of Sichuan opera singing.

There are many Sichuan operas, among which the high-pitched part is the most abundant and the artistic features are the most obvious. Traditional plays include "Five Robes" (Green Robes, Yellow Robes, White Robes, Red Robes and Green Robes) and "Four Columns" (Touching Tianzhu, Crystal Columns, Burning Columns, etc.). After 1949, after sorting out, a number of outstanding Sichuan opera plays appeared, such as The Story of Liu Yin, The Tale of the Jade Hairpin, The Story of the Colorful Building, etc.

Representative drama: Qiu Jiang.

Representative actor: Chen Shufang, a Sichuan Opera actor. Born into a Beijing opera family. At the age of seven, she studied Sichuan Opera and became a professional girl. At the age of thirteen, she attended the Third Celebration of Chengdu. After the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), he served as director of Sichuan Opera Theatre, director of Sichuan Opera Art Institute and principal of Sichuan Opera School, and won the first prize of the first national opera performer in 1952. Chen Shufang has a sweet voice, euphemistic singing and delicate performance, and is good at expressing characters' thoughts and feelings. Representative plays include Liu Yin Ji and Yu Pin Ji. "Farewell to Uncle Shan" and "Qiu Jiang" have been put on the screen. Xiang opera has four kinds of vocals: treble, low-pitched, Kunqu opera and Tan Qiang, which are sung in Zhongzhou rhyme and Changsha dialect. Xiang opera Gao Qiang's "Dalian Four" and "Six Stories" are the representative repertoires with the earliest performance time and the longest retention time. The "Four Pagodas" are Biography of Gods, Biography of Mulian, Biography of The Journey to the West and Zhongjing, and the "Six Stories" are Golden Seal, Throwing Pots, Pipa, White Rabbit, Yue Bai and Chai Jing.

Representative repertoire: Ability Description and Farewell

Representative actors: Peng Linong, xiang opera actor, Gong, a native of Changsha, Hunan, the daughter of a famous pianist in xiang opera. He studied drama with his father since childhood, and went to Guilin from 65438 to 0942 to join the Zhongxing Xiang Troupe led by Tian Han, and began his artistic career. It enjoys a high reputation in Guilin and lakeside areas. He starred in new dramas such as Jianghan Fishing Song and Nine Clothes, which promoted xiang opera's artistic innovation.

Peng Linong is good at inheriting the tradition, absorbing the strengths of various schools and integrating them into singing and performance. She has a clear voice, is knowledgeable, pays attention to charm and affection, and is unique. She successfully created female images such as Zhao Dancer in Pipa and Wang Ruilan in Yue Bai. Reporting area or unit: Quzhou City, Zhejiang Province

Xi 'an Gao Qiang was formed in Quzhou, Zhejiang Province, and was named after the ancient name Xi 'an in Quzhou. It is a local opera form under the influence of Yiyang Opera. It was formed at the latest during the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, with Quzhou as the center, and spread to Wenzhou, Jinhua, southeastern Jiangxi, northwestern Fujian and other places.

Xi An Gao Qiang originated from the people and was deeply loved by the people. There are a number of traditional plays, such as Huaiyin Tree, The Story of He Zhu and Lu Trivia. Originally only accompanied by gongs and drums. After clearing Daoguang, he performed on the same stage with Kunqu Opera and Luantan Opera. Influenced by Kunshan and Luantan, it added orchestral instruments, Kundi, Banhu and Tihu, and also had a simple entrance on the premise of retaining the original musical features. The existing Xi 'an tenor vocals are shouting loudly, jumping up and down in performances, dancing in red and green, playing drums and tuba in musical instruments, with strong local flavor. It basically retains the original features of the ancient southern opera in terms of repertoire, costumes, singing methods, business system and performance procedures, which is of great significance and value to the study of southern opera.

Since modern times, due to the constant war, Xi 'an Gao Qiang has been scattered among the people. After liberation, the local government rescued Xi 'an Gao Qiang, saved a lot of relevant materials and staged some plays. However, with the acceleration of the modernization process, Xi 'an's high-pitched audience is seriously lost and talents are scarce, which leads to a disjointed situation and faces a new survival crisis again. Reporting area or unit: Songyang County, Zhejiang Province

Songyang gaoqiang is one of the oldest operas in Zhejiang province, an independent branch of the eight gaoqiang systems in Zhejiang province, and it belongs to a monosyllabic opera. Because the performance of Baishagang Gaoqiang class in Yuyan Town, Songyang County has never stopped, it occupies a prominent position in the inheritance of this tune, so Songyang Gaoqiang is also called Baishagang local tune, while locals call it Gaoqiang. It began in the Ming Dynasty, mainly with Songyang local zaju, and finally formed by absorbing the artistic factors of foreign tunes such as Kunqu opera, reaching its peak in the Qianlong and Guangxu years of the Qing Dynasty. Songyang Gaoqiang is mainly popular in rural areas in southwest Zhejiang, with Songyang as the center and as far away as Fujian, Jiangxi and Anhui.

Songyang's high-pitched performance retains the original state of the opera, with beautiful tunes and simple style. Its aria belongs to Qupai couplet, but the sentence pattern and word case can be changed as needed. The interlinings such as Yi, Ya, Ah and Ha are often used in vocal cavity, which helps to form a unique singing style with the voices of senior eight students. Songyang high cavity with orchestral music is a special high cavity system. Musical instruments include board, drum, flute, suona, erhu, small gong, big gong and cymbal. There are more than 0/00 kinds of original qupai/kloc, and more than 70 kinds have been preserved. Since the establishment of Banshe, Songyang tenor artists have been handed down from generation to generation for 23 generations, and their performances have distinctive folk art characteristics and exude a strong local flavor.

In the early days, Songyang's high-pitched voice was divided into eight businesses: raw, Dan, clean, ugly, small, paste, foreign language and husband. Since the end of the Qing Dynasty, there have been some businesses such as Erdan, Zuo Dan, Foreigners, Erhua and Huasi.

There are more than 40 repertoires preserved in Songyang Gaoqiang, among which Lady's Play, No.3 Scholar, Eight Immortals Bridge, Buying Water, Carp, Beads of Fire, Restaurant Killing Home and so on are its representative works. Reporting area or unit: Yuexi County, Anhui Province

Yuexi Gaoqiang is an ancient and rare opera in Yuexi County, Anhui Province, which was inherited from Qingyang Opera in Ming Dynasty. At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, scholars and businessmen traced back to the dive, and the Qingyang tune was introduced into Yuexi from the long river. Local scholars sang around the drums and organized classes to form clubs, and the high-pitched tune in western Guangdong was initially formed. In the early years of Guangxu, foreign professional tenor artists systematically taught the art of stage performance, which promoted the further development of high-pitched music in Yuexi.

Yuexi gaoqiang has a profound artistic background, and its opera literature, opera music, performing arts and basic activities are all self-contained and unique. Through the excavation, collection and arrangement of folk manuscripts in western Vietnam, more than 250 kinds of 120 dramas have been accumulated, which can be divided into two categories: drama and happy songs, among which drama accounts for the vast majority, including the wonderful passbook of five legendary dramas of southern opera, such as The Story of Chai Jing, which has high cultural taste and literary value. Its biggest feature is that it inherits the art of rolling and develops into a smooth rolling. Happy songs are auspicious words, which are mainly used in folk activities and are an important part of Yuexi folk culture. The music system of Yuexi Gaoqiang is basically a combination of Qupai and Pai, with a simple style, accompanied by gongs and drums, and a trinity of singing, helping and playing. Artists use unique hoop marks to guide singing and inherit the art industry.

The biggest feature of Yuexi high cavity is the extensive use of rolling sound. It broke the traditional Qupai structure, and freely added lyrics and spoken words without rhyme, sentence pattern and words in the front, middle, place and outside of Qupai. The wide application of rolling tune has obvious traces of the transition from Qupai style to plate cavity. Musically, Yuexi Gao Qiang has the characteristics of high pitch, harmonious voice and accompaniment of gongs and drums. Simple and noisy, euphemistic and lyrical when performing in chorus.

Another major feature of Yuexi gaoqiang is the integration of singing and folk customs, and specific special plays must be sung on specific occasions. Ru Shou Opera should sing "Birthday", "Praying for Longevity" and "Going to Court". He can sing Guanmenlou, Loulou and Wu He. Some performances also have certain rituals and procedures, forming a fixed drama custom. Embroidery, for example, is used to trouble the new house. Sing "Watching the Gate House" outside the door, sing "Going to the Hall" when passing through nave after entering the gate, sing "Sitting in the Hall" when sitting in the hall, take a break after drinking tea and cigarettes, and then enter the new house. At least a dozen people go out, a few more go out, often stay up all night and enjoy a rest.

There are two forms of expression. One is the drum, which belongs to the oratorio. Five or seven artists sat around the drum, each holding a percussion instrument, with the drummer as the leader and singing in chorus. The other is the dominant performance form in the high-pitched performance of Yuexi, which is staged in disguise. Artists with high-pitched tunes in Yuexi are divided into 10 lines, namely,,,, Jing, Ugly, Mo, Fu, Foreign and Miscellaneous. They play the characters in the play and basically follow the professional role system of Qingyang Opera. Reporting area or unit: Chenxi County and Luxi County, Hunan Province.

Chenhe Gaoqiang is a local opera dominated by Gaoqiang, including Gaoqiang, Tan Qiang and a few Kunqiang. It is popular in Chenhe, a tributary of the middle and upper reaches of Yuanjiang River, hence its name.

Chenhe Gaoqiang originated from Yiyang Opera, which is a four-tone opera. Lu Gong, a high-profile shop in Shandong, is an official in Sichuan. In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, he became an official and returned to his hometown. During the war, he lived in Chenxi and wandered among the gentry. Lu Gong's refined temperament and understanding of opera are the beginning of Chen He's high-pitched tune, which is based on the combination of local tunes, the creation of Qupai and the definition of singing. During the light years of the Qing Dynasty, some performers were exiled to Chenzhou, and the Yiyang tune was further integrated with the local tune, which made the Chenjiang tune spread among the people.

Chen He's high-profile real move towards the big red class began with the folk in Xianfeng period of Qing Dynasty. Because church organizations only sing for wealthy families such as gentry, they cannot meet the needs of ordinary people. Therefore, during the Xianfeng period, Du Fenglin, an old artist, set up the earliest Chenhe high-pitched opera troupe in western Hunan, toured around and began to go to the folk. Since then, Chen He Gao Qiang has been widely circulated.

Since the founding of New China, Chenhe Gao Qiang Art has developed rapidly. High-pitched opera troupes have been established in Chenhe, Yuanling, Luxi and other places in western Hunan. During 1956, Chen He's high-pitched operas "Broken Kiln" and "Li Huiniang" participated in the second drama exhibition in Hunan Province, which was a sensation. The performance in Beijing the following year was highly praised by party and state leaders such as Zhou Enlai, Liu Shaoqi and He Long.

In the long process of development and evolution, Chenhe Gao Qiang has formed a unique artistic style. There are 48 books including Mulian Opera, Golden Seal, Tale of Red Robe, Yipin Zhong, Pipa and Crazy Oil Pan. It has been performed in Xiangxi for a long time and is deeply loved by the masses. There are more than 500 high-profile tunes in Chenhe, which are suitable for expressing different thoughts and feelings. The main tunes are Guichaohuan, Dilong, Langtaosha, Gold Rushing Order, and moths to the fire.

Chen He's high-pitched voice is passionate, with a wide range, high, medium and low voices can swing, and the fragments are broken all over the sky. Soft when delicate to tactfully moving. The male voice sings loudly, giving people a rough and unrestrained feeling; The high octave coloratura of female voice is euphemistic, clear and pleasing to the ear.

The actor's performance is simple and natural, with a strong earthy flavor, with the characteristics of paying attention to singing, singing more legendary books and high notes, and being good at performing cross talk. Accompanying instruments during the performance include suona, flute, jinghu, erhu, sanxian, big drum, small gong, cloud gong, cymbal and small drum. The special high-pitched suona has a high-pitched and beautiful voice, which can be integrated with singing and plays an important role in vocalization and accompaniment.

Chenhe Gao Qiang has completely preserved the national and regional characteristics and has a broad mass base. The interaction between audience and actors was realized earlier in drama performance, which is called the earliest stream of consciousness art in the world. Chen He's high-pitched voice caused a sensation when he performed abroad, and was praised as the treasure of China's plays.

The early Chenhe Gao Qiang can be divided into eight lines: Sheng, Dan, Jing, Ugly, Foreign, Vice, Late and Sticky. After the late Qing dynasty and the early Republic of China, it became the four lines of life, Dan, purity and ugliness. Among them, Sheng Jiao is divided into Zheng Sheng, Lao Sheng, Hong Sheng and Xiao Sheng, and Dan Jiao is divided into Zheng Dan, Xiao Dan, Yao Dan and Lao Dan. Reporting area or unit: Changde City, Hunan Province

Changde Gaoqiang is one of the three big tunes in Changde Han Opera: Gaoqiang, Kunqiang and Tan Qiang. On the basis of local original local music such as sacrificial songs and dances, it constantly absorbed early operas such as Yiyang Opera and Qingyang Opera in Ming Dynasty, and gradually developed and matured. Mainly popular in Xidongting District, Wuling Mountain System, Chenshui and Shui Yuan Valley, as far away as southwest Hubei and east Guizhou, 1986 was renamed Wuling Opera. From the Wanli period of Ming Dynasty to the Ganjia period of Qing Dynasty, Changde Gaoqiang was the most prosperous period, and then it gradually declined with the rise of Qiangqiang North-South Road. The representative operas of Changde Gaoqiang are offering headscarves, thinking about models, two wolves and mountains, fighting two monkeys and marrying. After liberation, new high-pitched operas such as Furong Nv and Wei Zi Biography appeared, and their performances were sensational.

Changde gaoqiang has more than 30 basic tunes and more than 70 qupai, and its singing forms include rolling and auxiliary tunes. Among them, the cavity-assisting is greatly influenced by the tune of Shui Yuan's boat songs, which can be divided into two categories: vocal cavity-assisting and instrumental accompaniment. Human voices sing in chorus, accompanied by gongs, cymbals and suona. Its singing is closely combined with local dialects, and a large number of local music materials such as witchcraft, exorcism and fishing drum tune are blended, which is very expressive. There are many ways of expression when singing, such as original sound, side sound, clip sound, low voice and so on.

Changde gaoqiang foot color is divided into four lines: raw, white, clean and ugly, including green beard, white beard, Xiao Sheng, Zheng Dan, Xiao Dan and Lao Dan, and three clean ones, such as big painted face, double painted face and small painted face.

In the performance, the pronunciation standard of Zhongzhou rhyme is combined with the tone of Changde dialect. In order to emphasize the regional characteristics of the characters, some foreign languages are also used. Changde Gaoqiang pays special attention to the training of basic performance skills and has a set of expressive action procedures. In addition, it also extracts some special performance paradigms from life to form gestures that simulate birds and animals or other static and dynamic States. Changde Gao Qiang's performances are often interspersed with some wonderful stunts, which can often receive fascinating performance effects. Rui 'an Gaoqiang, also known as Wenzhou Gaoqiang, is generally believed to have originated in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, that is, when Jiangnan Huaqiang began to form. Some people think it is Yiyang cavity or its tributaries. Its music system belongs to Qupai system, and some Qupai tunes are similar to Kunqu opera. On 1950, Mr. Qu, an old artist among villagers in Qian Lin, Xianjiang Town, adapted Rui 'an Gao Qiang, which was divided into eight levels of stringed Gao Qiang (dry singing) and four levels of high Qiang with silk accompaniment. Among the 84 traditional "orthodox" scripts, there are Siping Ruian Gao Qiang, such as Gratitude Pavilion, Recycling Board, Lei Announcement, Ziyang View, etc., as well as some passbook plays. In fact, it is far more than this number, just a combination system called treble qupai, and the names of qupai are mostly unknown.

Ryan's treble band plays cheerful suona, gongs and drums and music. In a cheerful atmosphere, the actors appeared in turn: the old man, Dahua, Xiaohua, Zheng Sheng, Lao Dan, Zheng Dan, Qingyi Dan, Wu Wen Xiao Sheng and so on. Drama can be divided into literati drama, Wuhan drama and Huaer drama. Therefore, "life is ugly, and history is loyal to good and evil;" Qin drums and cymbals play human joys and sorrows. "

When an actor sings on the stage, if it is a seven-character quatrain, one or three sentences at the end of the sentence will be sung by the band in the background or on the stage, which Wenzhou people call "dry tower". The vocalization of singing is mainly natural sound with high and intense tone, showing a simple and rough artistic style. When singing, each sentence helps the true words, and the number of lyrics is uncertain, but there are rules to follow. That is, there is only one level of help for the last cavity of each sentence (the helper helps together), and sometimes the help cavity turns up by eight degrees, and the final sound often falls. When the help cavity sentence helps the drum, it also knocks for it. At this time, we collected 125 arias, some of which were broken or mixed, called epilogue, forepart, allegro, adagio, or performance.