Who is the first in the hero map of Ganlong 24?

Dourgen-First Minister of the Qing Dynasty.

Aisingiorro dourgen (1612165438+10/0/7-1650 65438+February 3 1). Ming Wanli was born in Hetuala (now the old town of Xinbin County, Liaoning Province) in the 40th year (16 12). An outstanding politician and strategist in the early Qing Dynasty.

In the eleventh year of the mandate of heaven (1626), Dourgen was named Baylor; In the second year of Tiancong (1628), 17-year-old Dourgen went out with Huang Taiji to conquer the Chahar Department of Mongolia. Because of his military service, he was named "Morgan Daiqing" and became the flag owner of Zhengbai Banner. In the ninth year of Tiancong (1635), Dourgen and others led the army to capture and surrender Ezhe, the son of Mongolian Lidan Khan, and obtained the imperial seal.

In the first year of Chongde (1636), he was named Prince Heshuo Rui for his meritorious service. In the first month of the following year, Huang Taiji ordered Dourgen to pursue Han Wangshi. Chongde made outstanding achievements in Jin Song War from six years (164 1 year) to seven years (1642). After the death of Huang taiji, Dourgen and Jill Harlan assisted Fu Lin, the ninth son of Huang taiji, as the assistant king, who was called Regent. In the first year of Shunzhi (1644), the Qing army entered the customs, and the Qing dynasty entered the Central Plains, and successively appointed Regent Uncle, Regent Uncle and Regent Father.

In the seventh year of Shunzhi (1650), he died of illness in winter while hunting in Saibei, and was named "Emperor Chengzong of Qing Dynasty" by posthumous title, who entrusted Xiu Yuan with the important tasks of making contributions to Guangye, protecting the people, establishing politics and respecting righteousness. Two months later, in the eighth year of Shunzhi (165 1), Dourgen was deprived of his title and his grave was dug. In the forty-three years of Qianlong (1778), Emperor Qianlong rehabilitated him and restored the title of Prince Rui, and evaluated him as "the most outstanding person who built the country on the foundation and became a unified industry".

Extended data

Dourgen's Political Action

politics

After the Qing army with its capital in Beijing went to Beijing, there was a debate within the ruling group whether to move the capital from Shenyang to Beijing. The opposition, led by Azig, mainly opposed to moving the capital, on the grounds that the Qing army entered the customs too quickly and lacked supplies. On the other hand, based on the overall strategy of governing China in a unified way, Dourgen advocated moving the capital to Beijing. In June of the first year of Shunzhi (the 17th year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty, 1644), Dourgen finally unified the opinions of kings, Baylor and ministers, decided to move the capital to Beijing, and sent Fu Guogong to meet Chika and others.

Establish a system

In the political system, Dourgen accepted the ready-made system of the Ming Dynasty. Among the central institutions, six are still the most important organs of state power, and all ministers are Manchu, but Baylor's personal rule system was abolished on the eve of entering the customs. By the fifth year of Shunzhi (1648), Dourgen had implemented the system of six divisions of Manchu and Han.

Dourgen tried to be more open-minded, so in addition to the original Douchayuan, he also retained six subjects and thirteen roads, repeatedly encouraging officials to criticize. Generally speaking, although the central institutions inherited the system of the Ming Dynasty, they also retained some Manchu-specific systems, and introduced institutions such as the King's Council and the Academy. Its imperial court power was far less than that of the Ming cabinet, which suppressed the efforts of the former Ming ministers to increase the imperial court power.

Reuse Han officials

When the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, everything was ready. Dourgen ordered officials to resign, recruit talents and accept pity for the urban poor. At the suggestion of Tang Ruowang, the calendar was revised and named Li Shixian. And relying on Han officials Fan Wencheng, Hong Chengchou, and others, they set up university students to exercise the duties of the original Ming cabinet. It inherited the "quasi-ticket" system of the Ming Dynasty, that is, the cabinet drafted the memorial for the emperor to review and make a decision in this chapter.

Destroy dissidents

At the beginning of Shunzhi, Prince Su Hao, the eldest son of Huang Taiji, complained that Dourgen didn't hold him as emperor and had bad blood. In the first year of Shunzhi (1644), in the summer and April, at Wuwu New Moon, Prince Rui was invaded by language, and who entrusted him? When Dourgen accused the prince of purgatory of Chou He's crime of watching fakes, he regarded Haug as an "evil conspiracy", deprived him of his aristocratic status, abolished Haug as Shu Ren, and his party, Russia and Mutu all died.

The minister praised kindness, waited for flattery and waited for death. /kloc-in October, the king was blocked and his knighthood was restored. In the third year of Shunzhi (1646), Dourgen sent Hogg as General Jingyuan and sent troops into Sichuan to suppress Zhang's Daxi Army. In February of the fifth year of Shunzhi (1648), Haug returned to Beijing triumphantly without a grand welcoming ceremony. Dourgen had a grudge against Hogg, who was imprisoned for harboring his subordinates, taking military merits and promoting the sinner Yang Jiwei. In March, Hogg died in prison. Dourgen married Hogg Fujin.

Entry politics is not good

Dourgen has "six evil policies" such as shaving his hair, changing clothes, enclosure, occupying the house (occupying the house), charging the energy (robbing the Han people as slaves) and fleeing (escaping from the law).

(1) shave and change clothes

At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, Dourgen issued the order of "shaving hair and changing clothes". The Qing court made it clear that all Han Chinese must waste Ming Dynasty clothes within ten days wherever the Qing army went, and abide by the Manchu dress custom of shaving hair and wearing horseshoe and arrow sleeves. Offenders were executed, which aroused strong resistance from the whole country, and many people gave their lives for it.

(2) Occupy the house and enclose the land

After the Qing army entered the customs, it forcibly distributed the land of Gyeonggi to the nobles of the Eight Banners for free on the grounds that the war in the late Ming Dynasty caused a large number of ownerless land, which caused a large number of people surrounded by land to be displaced and the society became more turbulent.

In the Qing Dynasty, Beijing was the capital, and a large number of Manchu officials and people moved to Shanhaiguan, distributed in Beijing and Gyeonggi areas. In order to solve their livelihood, Dourgen ordered two things: First, hundreds of thousands of Han people in the inner city of Beijing (also known as the North City) were forcibly moved to the outer city (the South City) to make room for the Qing royal family and the officers and men of the Eight Banners. Although the Han people gave a little money for moving, it was not enough to buy a house and build a house. Many Han people are bankrupt or displaced.

There is also horse racing in Gyeonggi area. The Qing court sent officials to ride horses, pulled open the ropes issued by the Ministry of Housing, and occupied the fertile land of the people with vertical horse circles, commonly known as "horse racing covers an area." Nominally, it occupied uninhabited wasteland and distributed it to princes and nobles and officers and men of the Eight Banners. In fact, it is to occupy a lot of land of farmers for free.

(3) Arrest fugitives

In the Qing dynasty, the wealth of princes and banners did not engage in agricultural production. They set up a farm on the enclosure. Due to the lack of labor, they implemented the policy of forcing people to "invest" and recruited farmers to serve them. Many Han Chinese did not want to leave their homes or go bankrupt, so they joined the Eight Banners as slaves. Their situation is very tragic, which has caused a lot of escape problems.

Dourgen enacted a law prohibiting slaves from escaping, which stipulated that those who escaped should be arrested and flogged a hundred times and returned to their original owners; The hider was punished and his property was confiscated; Neighbors, each with a hundred lashes, exiled far away. This practice of wanton involvement and excessive punishment has had serious consequences in society, which of course runs counter to Dourgen's thought of "Man-Han family".

military affairs

Eliminate Dashun

After the Qing army entered Beijing, in the first year of Shunzhi (1644), on October 19th, Dourgen appointed Prince Azige of England as General Jingyuan, and rode more than 30,000 men with Wu Sangui, the king of the day, Shangkexi, the king of Shunzhi, from Datong via Yulin and Yan 'an to attack the Dashun army in Shaanxi. Prince Heshuo was appointed as a general, and led Gong Wang Kong Youde and Huai Shun Wang Geng to enter the south of the Yangtze River.

Since Li Zicheng has been trying to reverse the decline of Dashun Army in Shanxi and Henan, since 10/2, he has counterattacked Huaiqing (now Qinyang, Henan Province) and even defeated the Qing army in Baixiang Town, killing the company commanders Jin and others.

When Dourgen heard the news, he ordered Duoduo, who was attacking the Hong Guang regime in Nanming, to turn to the west, first to relieve the siege of Huaiqing, and then to cross the Yellow River from Henan, forming a north-south attack with King Azig of England, and two roads of Qing troops attacked Dashun Army at the same time. Li Zicheng was advancing Liu Zongmin, Liu Fangliang and other elite troops to the north to prepare for a decisive battle with Aziz's army in northern Shaanxi. On December 15th, Duoduo attacked Shanzhou (now west of Sanmenxia, Henan), and after Lingbao defeated Dashun Army, he moved to Tongguan.

Li Zicheng rushed to Tongguan after hearing the news. In order to ensure the victory of this campaign, the Qing army supplemented Gushan, Zhenashan and Malaxi in Zhou Pu, Shanxi (now northwest of yongji city, Shanxi), assisted the Qing army in Tongguan, and deployed red cannons to strengthen its equipment.

In the first month of the second year of Shunzhi (1645), the South Road Army led by Duoduo defeated Dashun Army in Tongguan. At the same time, the Northern Route Army led by King Azig of England is also in full swing, and it is just around the corner to join forces with Xi 'an. Li Zicheng, flanked by the north and south, abandoned Xi and fled south, left Lantian, took Shangzhou (now Shangxian County, Shaanxi Province) and moved to Huguang area.

In February, Dourgen ordered Azig to continue to pursue Dashun Army. In March, Liu Zongmin led his Dashun army to occupy the empty Wuchang, followed by the Qing army, and besieged Wuchang. On April 23, Liu Zongmin led Dashun army to abandon the city to break through, and was ambushed by the Qing army. General Liu Zongmin was wounded and captured, and the Qing army strangled him with a bowstring.

Prior to this, Li Zicheng led some Dashun troops to retreat to Tongcheng from Hanyang via Jiayu and Puyin. On May 17, Li Zicheng was killed by local villagers while worshipping God at Xuan Di Temple in Jiugongshan, Tongcheng County, which borders Hunan, Hubei and Jiangxi, and the Dashun regime was destroyed.

society

Reduce corvee and tax.

In May of the first year of Shunzhi (1644), after Dourgen entered Beijing, he announced that he would levy a thin tax from the first year of Shunzhi. The order said: "Three salaries were implemented in the Ming Dynasty. In addition to the three salaries, several trainings and salary reductions were added. The last ten years, the farthest twenty years, so that the people are in dire straits. There are more food and materials, and more names are called. Various private factions take advantage of the people. Today's agreement with the people, where the positive amount is added, will be deleted. If an official does not obey, he will be found guilty. "

Get rid of accumulated shortcomings

After Dourgen entered Beijing, he also ordered: "Since the Ming Dynasty was in trouble, Diao Fengri competed for an organization to sue, hurting money and ruining customs! From now on, they will be transformed. Before the second day of May of the first year of Shunzhi, he was exempted from punishment. Those who break the law will commit their own crimes. Tian, marriage, fighting details, there is a report. There are major cases, according to the confidentiality of the case, not allowed to appeal to Beijing. If the litigant framed a good citizen, he committed the crime of litigant. " ?

nation

Mongolia

In ethnic relations, Dourgen first inherited the paternal policy and treated Mongolia well. Horqin, Abagai, Zalute, Erdos, Guoerluos, Tumote, Su Nite, Onniute, Harqin, Aohan and Naihan went to the pass to help the Qing army fight, and Dourgen rewarded them handsomely. Later, the tribute of both sides lasted for a long time.

In addition, leaders of both sides also come and go from time to time, such as Wu Keshan and Ketu, Prince of Li Zhuo of Horqin Department, Zhu Xili, the king of the county, and other dignitaries, and Dourgen personally came to meet the banquet. Dourgen often meets with princes and nobles of various tribes for business, thus deepening their feelings. ] In August of the fourth year of Shunzhi (1647), Dourgen personally married the daughter of Garzinong, the director of Abagai tribe.

These are the embodiment of the traditional marriage policy. It was through this means that Dourgen maintained the stability of the north. As Wei Yuan later lamented: "When the ancestors were first created, they rushed to practice at the age of 20, and Chinese and foreign posts were logical. This is the power of Mongolian consorts."

Zha Saquetoux Khan of Gurkha, Mobei Mongolia, once called Manchu "Red tassel Mongolia", which was commensurate with the Qing Dynasty. At the beginning of the third year of Shunzhi (1646), Teng and others of Su Nite tribe rushed to Gurkha Chechen Khan in the desert north, so Dourgen ordered Tudor to lead troops to counter the rebellion and directly clashed with Tubo Tubo and Chechen Khan. After the incident subsided, the two sides exchanged letters and negotiated with envoys, and Tushetu, Chechnya and ZaSaquetoux Khan sent envoys to apologize.

Express reconciliation. However, when they moved to Inner Mongolia under the threat of galdan, it was forty years later. In addition, Dourgen and Moxi Mongolia also began to contact. After the Qing army entered the customs, many tribes under Junggar came to pay tribute, Batu Hengtaiji also established contact with the Qing court, and some tribes under Erut also helped Dourgen suppress the uprising in Gansu and other places.

Xizang

During the year of Shunzhi, Han Shi, the Dalai Lama V and Panchen IV who ruled Tibet paid tribute, and Dourgen also sent envoys with gifts to offer condolences. In the fifth year of Shunzhi (1648), Dourgen sent someone to urge Dalai to come to Beijing to strengthen bilateral relations. Dourgen did not despise the descendant leader of the Pamzhuba family in Tibet, which was no longer dominant, but also gave him the title of tin patent.

Back to Xinjiang

The leader of Turpan sent envoys to pay tribute, and Dourgen also welcomed him and agreed to renew the knighthood. In this way, during the regency period of Dourgen, the Qing court had established or restored contact with local and religious regimes in Tibet and Xinjiang, which laid the foundation for Kang Yong to further establish his rule in these areas during his reign.

diplomacy

In the early Qing Dynasty, he had frequent contacts with Lee's Korea. When Dourgen entered the customs, he was in the army with the betrothed prince. In the second year of Shunzhi (1645), the Prince and others were allowed to return to China. However, he repeatedly asked North Korea Gong Mi, fruits and other things, let North Korea choose beautiful women for him, and let the Korean kingdom panic. Japan has always been hostile to the Qing dynasty, when the Tokugawa shogunate seemed to be interested in supporting Nanming.

However, in the incident of Japanese pirates drifting in the first year of Shunzhi (1644), Dourgen treated the Japanese very favorably, summoned them many times, "inculcated them", and sent them back to China the next year to convey a friendly attitude towards Japan. Western missionaries have been in China since the late Ming Dynasty, but Dourgen did not treat them with narrow national prejudice, which can be clearly seen from his preferential treatment and trust in Tang Ruowang.

However, the Portuguese's request to enter Guangdong for trade was still rejected, which showed that Dourgen was very fond of a few foreigners who served him, and his policy was open-minded, but he was conservative about large-scale bilateral exchanges that might threaten the security of the Qing Dynasty.

References:

Baidu Encyclopedia-Twenty-four Ministers of Qing Dynasty

Baidu Encyclopedia-Aisingiorro Dourgen