What are the historical roots of Chinese ancient architecture?

Appreciation of Chinese ancient architecture Primitive society to the Han Dynasty is the formation of China's ancient architectural system. In the early primitive society, the primitive people had used natural cliff caves as living places, or constructed wood for nests. To the late primitive society, in the north, our ancestors in the use of loess layer for the wall of the earth cave, with wooden frame and grass mud to build simple cave or shallow cave, and later gradually developed to the ground. In the south, dry-structured wooden buildings appeared. After entering the class society, in the Shang Dynasty, there has been a more mature rammed earth technology, the construction of a considerable scale of the palace and mausoleum. During the Western Zhou and Spring and Autumn Periods, the ruling class built many cities centered on palaces and cities. The original simple wooden frame, through continuous improvement since the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, has become the main structural method of Chinese architecture. The emergence and use of tiles, which solved the problem of waterproofing roofs, was an important advance in ancient Chinese architecture. During the Warring States period, the scale of cities was enlarged, high platforms were more developed, and bricks and colorful paintings appeared. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the wooden frame structure technology was gradually perfected, and its main structural methods of lifting beams and piercing buckets were already mature, while high platform buildings were still prevalent, and multi-storey buildings were gradually increased. The use of stone gradually increased, and during the Eastern Han Dynasty all stone buildings appeared, such as stone shrines, stone thresholds and stone tombs. The Qin and Han dynasties also saw the construction of unprecedented palaces, tombs, the Great Wall of China, chic roads, and water conservancy projects. The Wei, Jin, and North-South Dynasties were a period of development for China's ancient architectural system. In terms of building materials, the production and quality of bricks and tiles increased, and metal materials were used for decoration. In terms of technology, the construction of a large number of wooden pagodas showed the improvement of wooden structure technology; brick structure was applied to ground architecture on a large scale, and the construction of the Songyue Temple Pagoda in Dengfeng, Henan Province marked a great progress of stone structure technology; the carving technology of stone craftsmen also reached a very high level. The construction of a large number of Buddhist buildings, the emergence of many temples, pagodas, grottoes and exquisite sculpture and murals. The Sui and Tang dynasties were the mature period of China's ancient architectural system. The Sui Dynasty built the well-planned Daxing City, dug the North-South Grand Canal, and built the world's earliest open-shoulder stone bridge, the Anji Bridge. The city layout and architectural style of the Tang Dynasty was grand and majestic. The city of Chang'an continued to operate on the basis of Sui Daxing City and became the largest city in the world at that time. In terms of building materials, the use of bricks gradually increased, and the number of brick tombs and towers increased; the firing of glaze was more advanced than that of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and its use was more widespread. In terms of building technology, also made great progress, the wooden frame method has been quite correctly using the material properties, the emergence of the "material" for the wooden frame design standards, so that the proportion of the components of the form gradually tend to stereotypes, and the emergence of a specialized grasp of the ink and rope to draw drawings and construction of the capital material craftsmen. Architecture and sculpture and decoration further integration, improve, create a unified and harmonious style. Tang Dynasty houses, according to the different levels of the owner, the size of the hall, the number of rooms, the number of shelves, as well as decorations, colors and so on have strict rules, reflecting the strict hierarchy of Chinese feudal society. The temple, mausoleums, grottoes, towers, bridges and the ruins of city palaces survived in this period, no matter the layout or modeling have a high level of art and technology, sculpture and frescoes are especially exquisite, is the peak of the architecture of China's pre-feudal society. China's earliest surviving wooden buildings in kind only in the Tang Dynasty, Wutai Mountain Nanchan Temple and Buddha Temple part of the building. Its architectural characteristics are, single building roof slope is gentle, far out of the eaves, arch proportion is larger, columns are thicker, more board door and straight bier window, style solemn and simple. The Song Dynasty was a period of great transformation of the ancient Chinese architectural system. The scale of Song Dynasty buildings is generally smaller than the Tang Dynasty, but more beautiful than the Tang Dynasty buildings, gorgeous and rich in change, appeared in a variety of complex forms of the temple and pavilion. The architectural decoration was splendid and colorful. Popular imitation of wooden building forms of masonry towers and tombs, creating a lot of gorgeous and exquisite works. The standardization of building components continued to develop on the basis of the Tang Dynasty, the operation methods of various types of work and the estimation of materials have been more strictly regulated, and appeared to summarize the experience of the construction of the architectural literature "construction method style". The Construction Method Style is the Northern Song government in order to manage the palace, altar and temple, government offices, government buildings, etc., in the Northern Song Dynasty Chongning two years (1103) issued, is a variety of architectural design, structure, materials and construction of the "norms". Existing Song Dynasty buildings are Shanxi Taiyuan Jin tune Virgin Mary Hall, Fujian Quanzhou Qingjing Temple, Hebei Zhengding Longxing Temple and Zhejiang Ningbo Baoguo Temple. Its architectural characteristics are, the roof slope increases, the eaves are not as far as the previous generation, the important building doors and windows more diamond flower partition, architectural style tends to be softer. The Yuan Dynasty was another period of development of China's ancient architectural system. The metropolis was built according to the layout of the traditional Han capital city, which was another large-scale and well-planned capital city since Chang'an City of the Tang Dynasty. The city further developed workshops, stores and entertainment buildings such as theaters and restaurants for all trades. Many Tibetan Buddhist monasteries and pagodas were built from Tibet to the capital, and Islamic temples were built in the capital, Xinjiang, Yunnan, and some cities in the southeast. The architectural art of Tibetan Buddhism and Islam gradually influenced all parts of the country. Central Asian artisans also brought many foreign elements to the arts and crafts, so that the Han craftsmen in the Song and Jin tradition of creating palaces, temples, towers and sculpture show a number of new trends. Existing Yuan Dynasty buildings include the Yongle Palace in Richeng, Shanxi Province, and the Guangsheng Temple in Hongdong. The use of the Liao Dynasty created the "column method" has become the size of the building of the same characteristics of the ****, beam structure and a new creation, many large members of the natural curved material more than slightly cut and become, forming the main features of the building structure at that time. The Ming and Qing dynasties is the last peak period of China's ancient architectural system. The Ming Dynasty due to the development of brick-making industry, brick production increased substantially, most of the Ming Dynasty city walls and part of the Great Wall of a huge scale with brick, local buildings also use a lot of brick tiles. The production of glazed tiles, both in quantity and quality, exceeded that of any other dynasty in the past. Official buildings were highly standardized and stereotyped. In 1723, the Qing Dynasty promulgated the Rules of Engineering Practice of the Ministry of Public Works, which unified the standard of modulus and materials used in official buildings and simplified the construction methods. The types and quantity of private buildings increased and their quality improved. The architecture of various ethnic groups was also developed, and local characteristics became more prominent. Royal and private gardens developed greatly on the basis of tradition, and in the Ming Dynasty there appeared a work summarizing the experience of gardening - "Garden Metallurgy", and left many excellent works. Beijing Ming and Qing dynasty Imperial Palace and Shenyang Imperial Palace is an example of the Ming and Qing dynasty palace complex, compared with the previous generation has changed a lot: Ming and Qing dynasty building eaves are shallower, arch ratio is reduced, "reduce column method" in addition to small buildings in important buildings have not been used. TOP♂