Who can list the development and evolution of the artistic style of Shang and Zhou bronzes and its pattern potential analysis of decorative craftsmanship?

History, the ancient Chinese working people in different periods of history created with the characteristics of each era of life products and decorations, these products are not only beautiful shape, but also with its composition of the decorative pattern is also very different styles, changes in a variety of different times, both with national characteristics and with different times of the respective styles. Most of these works are the crystallization of collective wisdom and creation, and they are y connected with the material life and spiritual qualities of the Chinese nation, and are regarded as part of the symbols of Chinese culture. It is of great practical significance for the continuation of the traditional culture of the nation to understand and study the modeling and decorative patterns of the products of different periods and inherit their essence. Bronze mirrors cast in bronze appeared in China as early as the late Neolithic Longshan and Qijia cultures. As we all know, the Shang and Zhou periods were the heyday of Chinese slave society, and due to the richness of the daily life of the slave-owning class, it made the Shang and Zhou periods also become the heyday of Chinese bronze casting art. This period has been very proficient in casting technology and complex decoration, and the bronzes of this period are taken as the representative of ancient Chinese bronze casting art. The production of bronze not only reflects the level of development of smelting and casting technology in this period, but also its artistic value is unlimited, and its decorative patterns and decorative shapes are also noticed by the world. Bronze is an alloy of red copper and tin. Bronze alloy composition, depending on the use of different types of equipment and different ratios of copper and tin, which is the "Zhouli?6?1 Kaogongji" so-called six Qi, that is, six different properties of copper and tin dosing table. Bronze vessels of the Shang and Zhou periods were divided into four categories: ritual vessels (including drinking and cooking vessels, eating vessels, drinking vessels and wooden vessels), musical instruments, weapons, tools and carriages and horses. Ceremonial objects were used by the ruling class to distinguish between the inferiority and superiority levels. Among the ritual cooking and drinking vessels, there are tripods, li, etc.; food vessels are gui, beans, pellets, etc.; wine vessels are goblets, jars, zun, pots, etc.; wooden vessels are kan, disk, etc.; musical instruments are drums, cymbals, bells, bells, etc.. First, the evolution of Shang and Zhou bronze styling art Shang and Zhou bronze styling with the improvement of smelting and casting technology and the development of history there are also differences between different eras, mainly divided into two dynasties to talk about. 1, Shang. The 16th century BC to the 11th century BC of the Shang dynasty, is an important stage of development of the slave society, but also from the maturity of the art of bronze to the heyday of the period, in addition to the casting of tools, weapons, but also made a large number of bronze ritual instruments. Pre-shang dynasty bronzes, to zhengzhou, henan erligang and duling, hubei huangpo panlongcheng unearthed as a representative of the shape of the tripod, the more, goblet, etc.; Zhengzhou duling unearthed taotie milking ding, the shape of the regular solemn, thin wall, simple and sparse decorations, for the pre-shang dynasty bronzes masterpieces. In the late Shang Dynasty, the casting technology of bronze is more exquisite, the shape of the vessel is rich, popularly decorated with a variety of decorations, the bronzes of this period are all with the type of heavy and sturdy, and the decorations of the characteristics of the luxuriant and majestic. Such as Anyang Yin ruins unearthed Simuwu square tripod, Anhui Funan unearthed the dragon and tiger pattern Zun and so on. 2, Western Zhou. The 11th century BC to the 8th century BC of the Western Zhou, is the heyday of the slave society, bronze craftsmanship inherited the late Shang Dynasty style of gravity and elegance, slightly reduced wine, food vessels increased. Chunhua Shi Jia plateau unearthed animal head 鋬 tripod, 117 cm in height, weighing 226 kilograms, the shape of the solemn, freshly decorated, can be called the masterpiece of the Western Zhou early bronze. Western Zhou in the middle and late, slavery tends to stagnate and decline, bronze form and decoration increasingly simple rate. Shaanxi Fufeng unearthed Mao Gong Ding, Dak Ding are typical of the middle and late Western Zhou. Second, the evolution of Shang and Zhou bronze decorative patterns Shang and Zhou bronze decorative motifs are mainly animals, but these animals are not real-life animals, they deviate from the specific animal images, become weird, but also stylized, fantasy, horror, surreal animal images. Although some animals originated from natural life, their own characteristics have been diluted and their images have become mysterious, thus far from real life. In this period, geometric patterns were fully utilized in the decoration of bronzes, some of which were used as auxiliary decorations and some as main decorations, but there were fewer figures and even fewer plants. The most typical bronze decorative motifs in this period are: tiger, deer, cow head, phoenix and bird, cicada and other motifs, and usually in the cloud and thunder on the background and then add the theme of the relief pattern, the inscription is short, mostly a few words of the image of the clan emblem. Long inscriptions are used to see, the Shang and Zhou Dynasties bronze ware decoration has many similarities, but there are also differences. In the Shang dynasty popular taotie pattern, cloud pattern, spring pattern, and to the Western Zhou dynasty taotie pattern is not common, band pattern increase, popular Gu head of kui dragons and split the tail of the bird pattern, stealing curved pattern, band pattern, heavy ring pattern and tile pattern. 1, Taotie pattern. Also known as the animal face pattern, often symmetrical form of left and right front image decorated in the abdomen of the artifact. It has two eyes open, mouth open, revealing sharp teeth, two powerful horns on the head bent upward or downward, the appearance of a hideous horror. According to the "Lv's Spring and Autumn Annals?6?1 first knowledge of the view" records, "Zhou tripod cast taotie, with a head and no body, eating people before swallowing, the harm and its body." From this, we can see that this hideous and terrifying image of ferocity is fully consistent with the meaning of "cannibalism". Taotie this animal is nowhere to be found in nature, on its image seems to have some characteristics of cattle, but it is not a specific animal in the world can correspond to, otherwise it will not cause such a magical feeling. Taotie pattern in the Shang Dynasty is often used as the theme of decoration to decorate different objects, the late Western Zhou gradually lost the theme of the status of decoration, and often appear in the ear or foot. 2, kui dragons. Kui dragons are similar to modern dragons, but the form is concise, and one-horned and one-footed. It eye round stare, mouth wide open, mostly in side form. Its dynamics are varied, such as the head has upward, back to the head, looking down, the dragon's tail is divided into upward curling, down around, the body has a flat crouch, bowing, pirouettes, and so on, and in the organization of the difference between monolithic and conjoined. This seemingly simple image in different applications, but also showed such a rich variety of changes, so that this modeling adds a magical feeling. 3, phoenix bird pattern. Phoenix bird pattern like birds, often with a side posture for the front view or back to the head, by the two symmetrical or band-shaped shape decorated in different objects. This shape has the characteristics of the bird, but in reality nowhere to be found, is a fantasy animal, with a strong mystical color. The bird consists of a head, body, tail, claws, crown feathers and tail plume, and the interior of the shape is enriched with different patterns. The length and shape of the crown feather and tail plume vary, some are relatively simple, some are varied and extremely rich, and there are different changes such as upward or downward, beautiful posture, full of spirit. At the same time, its mouth such as the eagle into a hook, very sharp, and this shape through the different parts, making this image and produce a certain sense of strength and intensity. 4, elephant pattern. This shape is different from the above pattern, it comes from nature, reflecting the basic characteristics of the prototype, such as a huge body, long nose, thick limbs and so on. But on the other hand, due to the shape of the form, the shape of the outside of the auxiliary decorative treatment to make its features fade, the image has become a bit mysterious. For example, the front and back limbs are sticking out of a hook-shaped decoration, not only some of the leg decoration, but also in the front of the elephant head, the upper neck, buttocks and so on there are corresponding decorations appear. Shang and Zhou bronzes on other animal images are often used similar decorative techniques. In the decoration of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, in addition to the above mentioned decorations, there are many geometric patterns, these geometric patterns respectively to the main or auxiliary decorations play their due role. These different geometric patterns and a variety of magical animals **** with the composition of the Shang and Zhou bronze decorative modeling style characteristics. The reason why the Shang and Zhou bronzes show a heavy, serious and mysterious color, not only because of their shape and pattern changes to the artifacts, decorative organization also plays a very important role. The size of these intermittent, yin and yang **** exist dense pattern, are composed of symmetrical form, this form of organization undoubtedly strengthened the bronze majestic mysterious feeling, but also reflects the progress of casting technology at that time. Warring States period of bronze, whether it is the shape of the vessel or decorative patterns, have got rid of the Shang and Zhou period of the kind of solid, serene, mysterious, majestic feeling. From the depiction of "God" to people, reflecting real life. Typical bronze, such as: "feast and music attack bronze pot", this bronze pot decoration is divided into three horizontal band surface, the upper horizontal band depicts the mulberry, archery, hunting. In the middle, it depicts a banquet and hunting. The lower horizontal band depicts war. Because of the treatment of each cross-band surface is different, resulting in a colorful artistic effect. The Warring States in our history was in an era of intense change, that is, from the slave society to the feudal society, serfs into farmers plus the use of iron, greatly improving productivity. Due to the abundance of material, formed the splendid culture of the Warring States period, the plastic arts have also undergone great changes, formed the special style of the Warring States decorative arts, broke through the pre-mysterious, caracal, static art pattern, creating a new road of decorative arts after the Qin and Han Dynasties. That is, from the worship of heaven and earth ceremonies ghosts and gods to face reality, reflecting reality.