Utilization and development of coastal zone

Jiaozhou Bay has obvious advantages in coastal resources and great potential for development and utilization. In the process of development, we should pay attention to the comprehensive development of ports, landscapes and fisheries.

7.3. 1 port transportation

The port shipping industry in Jiaozhou Bay is very developed, which has gradually developed into a comprehensive port system such as shipping, shipbuilding, land-air combined transport, warehousing, port-facing industry, navigation administration and rescue, and has built a port-facing industrial cluster with port city characteristics.

(1) port

Jiaozhou Bay Port includes large commercial ports such as Dagang District, Yougang District and Sifang Port, fishing ports such as Dongying Fishing Port, Hongdao Fishing Port, Dongfang Fishing Port and Luo Jiaying Fishing Port, shipbuilding bases such as Qingdao Port and Huangdao Shipyard, as well as marine engineering construction bases, ship bases and tourism and research ports.

(2) Port Reserves

In order to meet the needs of coastal development in Jiaozhou Bay, some coastal sections are used as port reserve areas, including the coastal section between Haibo River and Licun River in Cangkou Waterway (developing container transportation), the coastal section south of Licun River and Nvgushan Mountain in Cangkou Waterway (port-facing industry, reserved shippers' wharf, etc.). ), coastal section between Hongshiya and Dashitou (port-facing industry and life), Dashitou coastal section-Phase I oil terminal (port reserved).

7.3.2 Coastal tourism

Jiaozhou Bay Marine Tourism Zone is connected by Binhai Traffic Avenue, which mainly relies on Jiaozhou Bay urban agglomeration, ports, fishery breeding and protected areas to derive and cultivate marine tourism functions and build a new compound marine tourism zone. Coastal tourism generally does not belong to the leading function, but coastal tourism in Hongdao is listed as the leading function. Hongdao Leisure Fishery Tourist Area relies on the construction of Hongdao urban agglomeration and inshore fishery breeding to build Hongdao bathing beach, develop leisure fishery tourism projects such as "catching the sea", fishing, sightseeing fishery and seaside holiday, and build a compound leisure fishery tourist area.

7.3.3 Marine fishery

Jiaozhou Bay has been the "maternity hospital" of various economic fish and the "hometown" of fish and shrimp since ancient times, and marine fishery is its solid function and advantage. More than 5000 years ago, the ancestors of Qingdao bravely went out to sea to catch all kinds of seafood, and the fishery resources at that time were very rich; Later, due to environmental changes and overfishing, the decline of natural resources and social and economic progress, marine aquaculture gradually developed. In recent years, the development from beach and shrimp pond culture to industrialization, deep-water cage fish culture and modern processing industry has created new growth advantages of aquaculture.

7.3.4 Coastal industries

(1) Petrochemical industry

Petrochemical industry is a pillar industry in coastal areas, relying on the advantages of ports and land. There are mainly two areas: Huangdao Petrochemical Zone, located in the north of Huangdao, has developed into a large petrochemical enterprise with refining capacity of 1 1,000×10,04t, with complete facilities, and will be one of the largest coastal oil cities in China; Huangdao Oil Storage Area is located in the northwest of Huangdao, and it also relies on Huangdao Oil Terminal. It will develop into one of the four strategic oil storage areas in China, which is of strategic significance for regulating the tight energy supply in China.

(2) Power generation industry

Power generation industry provides power for industrial and agricultural production and energy for people's lives, which is an important industry related to the national economy and people's livelihood. Power plants are mainly thermal power generation, including: ① Huangdao Power Plant, located between Huangdao Ferry Terminal and Qianwan Port, which is the largest power plant in Qingdao; (2) Qingdao Power Plant is located in sifang district, which is adjacent to land and sea, and faces Dagang in the south. It is the oldest power plant in Qingdao. After the founding of New China, it has been expanded several times. At present, due to the lack of land potential, the leakage of coal ash pools pollutes the nearby beaches, resulting in a sharp decline in biodiversity and no fishery productivity.

(3) Salt chemical industry

Jiaozhou Bay has a moderate geographical position and is suitable for the development of salt industry. Salt industry has a long history. It is an important base of crude salt and salt chemical production in Shandong Province and one of the famous sea salt producing areas in China. Modern salt drying began in Guangxu period. After the founding of New China, several large state-owned saltworks were built one after another. At present, the larger salt fields along the coast of Jiaozhou Bay are Dongfeng and Nanwan. In recent years, the benefit of salt industry has increased, and Qingdao salt industry is in a good development period. Salt chemical industry should adjust product structure to improve comprehensive economic benefits. The concentrated seawater discharged from seawater desalination and seawater circulating cooling can be used to provide a salt field for salt production. Under the condition of constant sea salt output, it can reduce the floor space and cost, and provide new space for the development of Hongdao New District. After making salt from brine, marine fine chemical products with high technology content and high added value are produced by seawater chemical resource extraction technology, which changes the backward production mode of salt chemical industry at present, reduces the cost, improves the benefit, reduces the pollution and realizes the comprehensive utilization of seawater resources.

Other uses

Other uses of JIAOZHOU bay coast include sewage discharge (there are several sewage treatment plants in JIAOZHOU bay), scientific research (such as Hongdao Marine Science Experimental Zone) and special projects.

7.3.6 Utilization of Tidal Flat

The distribution of beaches along Jiaozhou Bay is relatively concentrated. The west coast of Jiaozhou Bay is 7km wide, and most of them are muddy beaches, which are highly utilized. Aquaculture is an important part of beach development and utilization, accounting for the vast majority of mariculture area. Most of them use coastal beaches, and shrimp ponds are the main breeding types. Yantian is another important part of beach development and utilization. The area has high solar radiation energy and long sunshine time, which is beneficial to drying salt on the beach. Therefore, except aquaculture, most of the tidal flat areas are distributed along the coast of Jiaozhou Bay as salt pans.

From the statistical data of Qingdao for many years, it can be seen that in the late 1980s, due to the vigorous development of shrimp aquaculture, the salt industry was overproduced, the supply exceeded the demand, and the benefit was low. Some salt fields were changed into shrimp ponds, and the area of salt fields gradually decreased. Since 1998, due to the improvement of the benefit of salt industry, the area of salt field is increasing again.

7.3.7 Ecological protection

The scope of ecological protection is mainly around Dagu River, including wetland protection area and water source restricted mining area.

(1) Hekou Wetland Reserve

Dagu River Estuary Wetland is the largest wetland in Qingdao, covering an area of over 400km2. The wetland is rich in vegetation such as reeds, high biodiversity and rare birds, so it has the reputation of "bird paradise". For decades, due to industrial pollution in the upstream, excessive water intake in the downstream and reclamation of shrimp ponds in the west bank of the estuary, this estuary wetland with the most active primitive ecology has gradually disappeared. Not only the rare birds have disappeared, but also the fish and shrimp in the estuary have disappeared. As long as there is drought and rain, JIAOZHOU sewage will enter the sea, and there will be contiguous beach shells, fish and shrimp and pond culture objects in the bay. If this ecological crisis is left unchecked, it will endanger the culture of Philippine clams and fish and shrimp in the north of Jiaozhou Bay, and threaten the survival of shellfish larval intensive areas in Jiaozhou Bay around Hongshiya.

In order to restore and protect the ecological environment and biodiversity of estuarine wetlands, as well as the breeding of Ruditapes philippinarum, which is endemic to Jiaozhou Bay, Daguhe Wetland Nature Reserve was designated around the core area of the estuary, with an underwater depth of -2m isobath and a depth of 5km on both sides of the estuary, and conditions were created to declare it as a national estuarine wetland nature reserve.

(2) Mining areas with limited water resources

The water source in the lower reaches of Dagu River was once the main source of urban water supply in Qingdao. Now, due to urban development and population increase, the well water in Dagu River water source has been over-exploited, endangering the regional ecological environment. Now, with the approval of Shandong Province, groundwater exploitation in this area is restricted, and a restricted mining area is set up for management.

7.3.8 Problems

At present, there are some problems in the development, utilization and protection of coastal zone, such as disorderly development, neglect of protection and negative advantages and disadvantages. , which is mainly manifested in:

1) The coastline lacks overall layout and development planning, and the same coastline is intensively used with multiple functions, which has potential safety hazards. The layout of the ports on the west coast of Jiaozhou Bay includes large containers, super-large ore terminals, ferries, large petrochemical terminals and expanded coal terminals of power plants, which leads to insufficient shuttle and detour of ships, especially in foggy days or other disastrous weather. There are great hidden dangers in the traffic safety in and out of the port and adjacent sea areas, which must be comprehensively planned and strictly managed to prevent accidents.

2) The development of tourism lacks all-round and deep development. Vigorously develop conferences, vacations, fishing tours, sports tours and other forms, give full play to the characteristics of tourism vacations, and improve the social and economic benefits of tourism.

3) Lack of overall arrangement and orderly development, neglect of protection and strict management, affecting social and economic benefits and the income of some fishermen. Fishery is originally the function and advantage of the ocean, but the environmental change and overfishing in Jiaozhou Bay lead to the decline of natural resources. The follow-up development of fishery culture is plagued by environmental pollution and the pollution of aquaculture itself because of congenital deficiency. Due to social and economic development and industrial rotation, especially suitable coastal waters and coastal zones gradually give way to ports, coastal industries and coastal tourism, which restricts the development of mariculture.

Development potential

With the development of social economy and engineering, the port group with Jiaozhou Bay as the main body will increasingly highlight its importance and play a comprehensive and multifunctional role. In recent years, Qingdao has focused on ports to promote the development of coastal industries, especially shipbuilding, heavy industry, petrochemical and other industries, forming new industrial support. As one of the country's four major oil reserves, the completion and implementation of Huangdao Oil Depot will greatly enhance China's oil reserve life, and its strategic significance is very obvious.

Qingdao's tourism is well-known at home and abroad, but Jiaozhou Bay is still in the primary development stage, with insufficient development depth and great potential.

Other resources, such as seawater desalination, wind energy, tidal energy and solar energy, also have certain potential in geographical location and environmental conditions. In the future, with the further maturity of technology and cost reduction, the above industries will have bright prospects.