Who is an outstanding astronomer in the history of China?

1. Who is the outstanding astronomer in the history of China ~ ~ ~ ~ Zhang Heng —————— Zhang Heng (78- 139), whose real name is Ping Zi, was born in Xi 'e, Nanyang (now Shiqiao, Nanyang County, Henan Province).

He was a great astronomer in the Eastern Han Dynasty and made an indelible contribution to the development of astronomy in China. In mathematics, geography, painting and literature, Zhang Heng also showed extraordinary talent and extensive knowledge. Zhang Heng is one of the representatives of Huntian theory in the middle of Eastern Han Dynasty. He pointed out that the moon itself does not shine, and moonlight is actually a reflection of the sun's light; He also correctly explained the cause of the solar eclipse and realized the infinity of the universe and the relationship between the speed of planetary motion and the distance from the earth.

Zhang Heng observed and recorded 2,500 stars, created the world's first leaky ball that can accurately perform astronomical phenomena, the first instrument to test earthquakes-the waiting wind seismograph, and also made a South Locomotive, an automatic drum car, a wooden bird flying to Wan Li and so on. Zhang Heng * * * is the author of 32 scientific, philosophical and literary works, among which astronomical works include Ling Xian and Ling Xian Tu.

In order to commemorate Zhang Heng's achievements, people named the crater on the back of the moon as "Zhang Heng Crater" and the asteroid 1802 as "Zhang Heng Asteroid". Guo Moruo, a famous writer and historian in China in the 20th century, commented on Zhang Heng: "Such an all-round development figure is rare in world history, and it has been admirable for thousands of years."

Later people called Zhang Heng a wooden saint. Zhang Hengzi Hirako.

Nanyang County (now Nanyang, Henan Province) is a native of Xi 'e County. Born in the third year of the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 78); Yonghe died in the fourth year (AD 139).

Astronomy, mechanical technology, seismology.

2. List ten famous astronomers in Chinese and foreign history, five from China and five from foreign countries. He, a famous astronomer in ancient China, Gan De, an astronomer in Warring States Period, Shi Shen, an astronomer in Wei State in Warring States Period, Jia Kui (30 ~10/) and Zhang Heng (78 ~), an astronomer and economist in Eastern Han Dynasty. He Chengtian (370~447), Zu Chongzhi (429~500), outstanding mathematician and astronomer of the Southern and Northern Dynasties (544~6 10), astronomer of the Sui Dynasty (6000). Cao Shiwei, a famous astronomer, Buddhist (date of birth and death unknown) and historian in the Tang Dynasty, lives in the middle of China. Liang Lingzan () was the maker of astronomical instruments in the Tang Dynasty. Su Song (1020 ~1101) was an astronomer and mathematician in the Song Dynasty. Yang Zhongfu (date of birth and death unknown). Guo Shoujing (1231~1316), astronomer and mathematician Wang Xun (1235~ 128 1). Xue Fengzuo (1600~ 1680), an outstanding scientist and astronomer in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, and Wang Xichan (1628~ 1682), a folk astronomer in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and Mei Wending (1633). Astronomers and mathematicians in Qing Dynasty. Li (1811~1882) was an astronomer and mathematician in Qing dynasty. Foreign astronomer: Einstein Tycho Harry Hawking Laplace Lemaistre messier Alistair.

3. Who are the famous astronomers in the history of China? Zhang Heng (AD 78- 139), a native of Xi 'e, Nanyang (now Shiqiaoxia Village, Nanyang City, Henan Province), once held the posts of Shangshu and Hejian. He was a great scientist, writer, inventor and politician in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and built a towering monument in the history of world science and culture.

Shi Shen, a native of Shishenfu, wei ren, was an astronomer and astrologer in the mid-Warring States period. Stone God's contribution to astronomy is that he and Gander measured and accurately recorded the positions of the stars near the ecliptic and their distances from the North Pole. This is the oldest catalogue in the world.

Guo Shoujing (1231-1316) was a great astronomer, mathematician, water conservancy expert and instrument manufacturer in Yuan Dynasty. Think about the word, you are from Xingtai, Shunde (now Xingtai, Hebei). In 13th year of Yuan Dynasty (AD 1276), Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu captured Lin 'an, the capital of Southern Song Dynasty. On the eve of reunification, he ordered the establishment of a new calendar, and Zhang Wenqian and others presided over the establishment of a new institution-Taishi Museum. Wang Xun is in charge of Taishi Bureau, assisted by Guo Shoujing. Academically, Wang Xun is responsible for calculation, while Guo is responsible for making instruments and observing.

In the 15th (or 16th) year of Zhiyuan, Taishi Bureau changed its name to Taishi Museum, and Guo Shoujing established an observatory for Zhitai History Museum. After four years of hard work, a new calendar was finally compiled in the seventeenth year of Zhiyuan, which was named Chronological Calendar by Kublai Khan.

4. List ten famous astronomers in Chinese and foreign history: He, a famous astronomer in ancient China and an ancient jurist in China.

Gander, an astronomer in the Warring States Period. Shi Shen was an astronomer in Wei during the Warring States Period.

Jia Kui (30~ 10 1) was an astronomer and economist in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Zhang Heng (78~ 139) was a great astronomer in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

Liu Hong was an astronomer in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. He Chengtian (370~447) was an astronomer in the Southern and Northern Dynasties.

Zu Chongzhi (429~500) was an outstanding mathematician and astronomer in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Liu Zhuo (544~6 10) was an astronomer in the sui dynasty.

Li (602~670) was an astronomer and mathematician in the early Tang Dynasty. A line (real name Zhang Sui, 683~727) was a famous astronomer and Buddhist in the Tang Dynasty.

Cao Shiwei (date of birth and death unknown) was a calendarist in Tang Dezong in the Middle Ages. Liang Lingzan () was the maker of astronomical instruments in the Tang Dynasty.

Su Song (1020 ~1101) was an astronomer and mathematician in the Song Dynasty. Yang Zhongfu was an astronomer in the Song Dynasty.

Guo Shoujing (1231~1316) was an astronomer in Yuan Dynasty. Xun Wang (1235~ 128 1) was an astronomer and mathematician in Yuan Dynasty.

Xing Yunlu () was an astronomer in Ming Dynasty. Xu Guangqi (1562~ 1633) was an outstanding scientist and astronomer in the late Ming dynasty.

Xue Fengzuo (1600~ 1680) was a mathematician and astronomer in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Wang Xichan (1628~ 1682) was a folk astronomer in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Mei Wending (1633~ 172 1) was an astronomer and mathematician in Qing dynasty. Li (1811~1882) was an astronomer and mathematician in Qing dynasty.

Foreign astronomer: Einstein Tycho Harry Hawking Laplace Lemaistre messier Alistair.

5. List ten famous astronomers in Chinese and foreign history. A famous astronomer in ancient China.

He, an ancient astronomer in China.

Gander, an astronomer in the Warring States Period.

Shi Shen was an astronomer in Wei during the Warring States Period.

Jia Kui (30~ 10 1) was an astronomer and economist in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

Zhang Heng (78~ 139) was a great astronomer in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

Liu Hong was an astronomer in the late Eastern Han Dynasty.

He Chengtian (370~447) was an astronomer in the Southern and Northern Dynasties.

Zu Chongzhi (429~500) was an outstanding mathematician and astronomer in the Southern and Northern Dynasties.

Liu Zhuo (544~6 10) was an astronomer in the sui dynasty.

Li (602~670) was an astronomer and mathematician in the early Tang Dynasty.

A line (real name Zhang Sui, 683~727) was a famous astronomer and Buddhist in the Tang Dynasty.

Cao Shiwei (date of birth and death unknown) was a calendarist in Tang Dezong in the Middle Ages.

Liang Lingzan () was the maker of astronomical instruments in the Tang Dynasty.

Su Song (1020 ~1101) was an astronomer and mathematician in the Song Dynasty.

Yang Zhongfu was an astronomer in the Song Dynasty.

Guo Shoujing (1231~1316) was an astronomer in Yuan Dynasty.

Xun Wang (1235~ 128 1) was an astronomer and mathematician in Yuan Dynasty.

Xing Yunlu () was an astronomer in Ming Dynasty.

Xu Guangqi (1562~ 1633) was an outstanding scientist and astronomer in the late Ming dynasty.

Xue Fengzuo (1600~ 1680) was a mathematician and astronomer in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.

Wang Xichan (1628~ 1682) was a folk astronomer in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Mei Wending (1633~ 172 1) was an astronomer and mathematician in Qing dynasty.

Li (1811~1882) was an astronomer and mathematician in Qing dynasty.

Foreign astronomers:

[Name] Albert Einstein (Jewish theoretical physicist)

Tycho

Halley

Hawking

Laplace (Marquis)

Lematre

Messier

aristarchus

6. Who were the famous astronomers in ancient China? Zhang Heng, Shi Shen, Guo Shoujing, Zu Chongzhi.

Zhang Heng (AD 78- 139) was born in Xi, Nanyang (now Shiqiaoxia Village, Nanyang City, Henan Province). He was an equal in Shangshu and Hejian. He is "intelligent, sensitive and eager to learn, like the death of Sichuan, sleepless." His morality is rampant, his articles are fluent, and his mathematics is poor, which makes you a natural skill. He was a great scientist, writer, inventor and politician in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and built a great monument in the history of world science and culture.

Shi Shen, a native of Shishenfu, was an astronomer and astrologer in the mid-Warring States period. His date of birth and death is unknown, and he lived in the 4th century BC.

According to the official "Tian Guan Shu", there were four famous astronomers in the Warring States Period: "Qi Zhong, Gan Gong; Chu,; Zhao,; Wei, Shi Shen. " It is also said that astronomy of all factions has the content of astrology. In their works, we can see the situation of fighting at that time, and record all kinds of statements about describing political events, that is, "Tian Bian Qi, three families divided into Jin, and fought for the Warring States Period. Soldiers fight for it, soldiers fight for it, and cities slaughter it. Because of hunger, they are eager for disease and suffering, and ministers are worried. Gao, Tang, Gan and Shi, because of their book biography, account for miscellaneous rice and salt. " Justice in Historical Records quoted Seven Records of Liang in the Southern Dynasties as saying that "during the Warring States Period, the stone gods wrote eight volumes of astronomy." Unfortunately, this book has been lost.

Stone God's contribution to astronomy is that he and Gander measured and accurately recorded the positions of the stars near the ecliptic and their distances from the North Pole. This is the oldest catalogue in the world. According to legend, he measured 138 stars and ***880 stars. Judging from some of the works of stone gods preserved by Zhan Jing in Kaiyuan in Tang Dynasty, the most important one is the coordinate position of 12 1 star marked with "Stone Moon" (this edition of Kaiyuan Zhan Jing records the six lost star officials). Modern astronomers have verified it according to the calculation of astronomical phenomena in different periods, indicating some coordinate values (such as the extinction of alien officials in Shishi and the ecliptic, etc.). ) may be another part (such as 28 nights distance, etc.). ) is indeed consistent with the era in the 4th century BC, that is, the Story of the Stone.

Guo Shoujing (1231-1316), a great astronomer, mathematician, water conservancy expert and instrument manufacturer in China in Yuan Dynasty, was born in Xingtai, Shunde (now Xingtai, Hebei). He was born in Yuan Taizong for three years and died in Yaner, Yuan Renzong.

Guo Shoujing inherited his grandfather Guo's studies and studied astronomy, mathematics and water conservancy. In 13th year of Yuan Dynasty (AD 1276), Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu captured Lin 'an, the capital of Southern Song Dynasty. On the eve of reunification, he ordered the establishment of a new calendar, presided over by Zhang Wenqian and others. Wang Xun is in charge of Taishi Bureau, with Guo Shoujing as the assistant. In academic circles, Wang Xun is a master of calculation, Guo.

In the 15th (or 16th) year of Zhiyuan, Taishi Bureau was renamed Taishi Museum, Wang Xun was appointed Taishi Order, and Guo Shoujing set up an observatory for Zhitai History Museum. At that time, Yang Hongyi and others participated in the * * * project. After four years of hard work, a new calendar was finally compiled in the seventeenth year of the Yuan Dynasty, which was named Chronological Calendar by Kublai Khan.

Zu Chongzhi (AD 429-500) was born in Laiyuan County, Hebei Province during the Northern and Southern Dynasties. He read many books on astronomy and mathematics since childhood, studied hard and practiced hard, and finally made him an outstanding mathematician and astronomer in ancient China.

Zu Chongzhi's outstanding achievement in mathematics is about the calculation of pi. Before the Qin and Han Dynasties, people used "the diameter of three weeks a week" as pi, which was called "Gubi". Later, it was found that the error of Gubi was too large, and the pi should be "the diameter of a circle is greater than the diameter of three weeks". However, there are different opinions on how much is left. Until the Three Kingdoms period, Liu Hui put forward a scientific method to calculate pi-"secant" which approximated the circumference of a circle with the circumference inscribed by a regular polygon. Liu Hui calculated the circle inscribed with a 96-sided polygon and got π=3. 14, and pointed out that the more sides inscribed with a regular polygon, the more accurate the π value obtained. On the basis of predecessors' achievements, Zu Chongzhi devoted himself to research and repeated calculations. It is found that π is between 3. 14 15926 and 3. 14 15927, and the approximate value in the form of π fraction is obtained as the reduction rate and density rate, where the six decimal places are 3. 14 1929. There's no way to check now. If he tries to find it according to Liu Hui's secant method, he must work out 16384 polygons inscribed in the circle. How much time and labor it takes! It is obvious that his perseverance and wisdom in academic research are admirable. It has been more than 1000 years since foreign mathematicians obtained the same result in the secrecy rate calculated by Zu Chongzhi. In order to commemorate Zu Chongzhi's outstanding contribution, some mathematicians abroad suggested that π = be called "ancestral rate".

7. Who are the famous astronomers in the history of China: Gao Lu (1877~ 1947), a modern astronomer, the founder of the Chinese Astronomical Society, participated in the site selection of the Purple Mountain Observatory; Yu (1892~ 1978), a modern astronomer, was the founder of Purple Mountain Observatory. Zhang Yun (1897~ 1958), a modern astronomer; Hengli (1898~ 1989), a modern astronomer; The first director of Shanghai Observatory of Chinese Academy of Sciences, honorary director.

Chen Zungui (190 1~? ), a modern astronomer; Yuzhe Zhang (1902~ 1986), a modern astronomer; The first director of Purple Mountain Observatory of China Academy of Sciences. Modern astronomer Cheng Maolan (1905 ~1978); The first director of Beijing Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Dai Wensai (1911~1979), a modern astronomer; Famous astronomer, the first president of Nanjing University. Huang (19 15~ 1977), Chinese American, astrophysicist; Lin Jiaqiao (19 16~), a Chinese American, is a modern astronomer, physicist and mathematician, and one of the founders of the galaxy density wave theory.

Wang Shouting (1923~) is a modern astronomer, one of the pioneers of radio astronomy in China, and the second director of Beijing Observatory of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Ye Shuhua (1927~), a modern astronomer, is one of the pioneers of astronomical geodynamics in China, and the second director of Shanghai Observatory of Chinese Academy of Sciences. In ancient times, Zu Chongzhi was born in Wenyuan, Fanyang (now Laiyuan, Hebei Province).

Born in 429 A.D. in Jiankang (now Nanjing, Jiangsu), he was an official family. Although he was originally from the north, several generations of ancestors were officials in Jiangnan and were familiar with the calendar. My grandfather is in charge of civil engineering construction, and my father is also knowledgeable.

He had the opportunity to receive scientific knowledge from his family since he was a child. When he was young, he entered Hualin University, which specializes in academic research. Zu Chongzhi once worked as a state official, joined the army, served as a county magistrate, from the highest official to a captain in Changshui, and enjoyed four salaries. He died in 500 AD.

Zu Chongzhi was a great mathematician and astronomer in ancient China. His life's works are varied. Unfortunately, all the books on mathematics have been lost.

In all kinds of book catalogues at home and abroad, we can see that the titles of his mathematical works are "Composition" 6 volumes, "Notes on Nine Chapters of Arithmetic Meaning" 9 volumes and "Notes on Heavy Difference" 1 volume respectively. In astronomical calendar, he compiled Da Ming Calendar and wrote a refutation for Da Ming Calendar.

In the annotation of ancient books, Zu Chongzhi has such works as The Book of Changes, Lao Zi Yi, Zhuangzi Yi, The Analects of Confucius and The Interpretation of Filial Piety, but they are all lost. In terms of literary works, he wrote 10 volume "Telling Different Stories", and fragments of this work can be seen in books such as "Taiping Magnolia".

Zu Chongzhi was interested in astronomy and mathematics since he was a child. He collected almost all kinds of documents, records and materials from ancient times to his life for research, and personally made accurate measurements and careful calculations.

As he himself said, "measure your feet, bow detector, do your best, make a decision before you move." He carefully studied the work of scientists such as Liu Xin, Zhang Heng, Zheng Xuan, Kan Yi, Wang Fan and Liu Hui, refuted their mistakes one by one, and obtained many valuable results.

A well-known example is the value of garden rate, which is accurate to 7 digits. The calculation of garden rate π shows the mathematical level of a country and a nation.

In ancient China, like any other countries and regions with earlier cultural development in the world, the earliest rate of people using gardening was 3. This value with great error has been used until the Han Dynasty.

After entering the Han Dynasty, the improvement of garden rate attracted the attention of many scientists, who all did some work. The most important is Liu Hui, a mathematician in Wei and Jin Dynasties. He used "gardening" to calculate the gardening rate as 3. 14.

As for Zu Chongzhi's work on garden rate, its historical data can only be found in Sui Shu Zhi, and it is also recorded that Zu Chongzhi also gave two approximate fractional values of garden rate: density: π=355/ 1 13, accurate to six decimal places, approximate rate: π=22/7, accurate to two decimal places. In Europe, the calculated value after 1 100 years is 355/13, which is called "Anthonis rate".

19 12 years, Japanese mathematician Masao Sanshi proposed that π=355/ 1 13 was called "ancestral rate". It is a great pity that there is no historical record about how Zu Chongzhi calculated such an accurate result.

But judging from the situation at that time, Zu Chongzhi still used Liu Hui's Horticulture. If so, Zu Chongzhi needs to calculate the area of the regular 12288 polygon and the regular 24576 polygon in the garden. You need to add, subtract, multiply, divide, square root and other operations for more than 130 times, and each operation must be accurate to 9 digits. It is conceivable that in those days, it took great care and superhuman perseverance to calculate by listing.

The calculation of sphere volume is another great achievement of Zu Chongzhi and his son (Rihuan) in mathematics. Grandfather got the formula of sphere volume according to Liu Hui's correct method in "Nine Chapters Arithmetic Note": sphere volume =4/3πγ3.

Grandfather summed up the so-called "Zu's principle" in the process of deducing the formula of sphere volume. In the west, this principle is called "cavalieri's principle", but its discoverer, Italian mathematician cavalieri (1598 ~ 1647), was many years later than his grandfather.

Zu Chongzhi's achievements in astronomical calendar are mostly contained in his Da Ming Calendar and his Refutation for Da Ming Calendar. Through precise observation and measurement, Zu Chongzhi found many mistakes in the Yuan Kerry Calendar compiled by the famous astronomer He Chengtian, so he set out to compile the Daming Calendar, which was compiled in 462 AD at the age of 33.

Zu Chongzhi made many creative contributions to the compilation of calendars. Daming Calendar is the best calendar in this era, but it was opposed by court courtiers. It was not until 10 year after Zu Chongzhi's death that Daming Calendar was officially promulgated due to the insistence of his son (Rihuan) and the textual research on the actual astronomical phenomena.

About 1800 years ago, in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 1 17), a large astronomical instrument driven by water was successfully manufactured in Luoyang, Kyoto, Eastern Han Dynasty. Twenty years later (A.D. 138), another instrument installed in Luoyang, Kyoto, "Houfeng Seismograph", accurately reported earthquakes thousands of miles away in the west.

This marks the beginning of a new era of human recording and studying earthquakes with instruments. The inventor of these two famous instruments is Zhang Heng.